Plant Geometry Research Articles

Effect of seed priming and plant geometry on productivity and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in modified system of wheat intensification under subtropical conditions of Jammu

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2018–19 and 2019–20 at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, to evaluate the effect of seed priming and plant geometry on productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in modified system of wheat intensification under subtropical conditions of Jammu. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments comprised different combinations of primed and un-primed wheat seed sown at 4 different plant geometries (20 cm × 5 cm, 20 × 10 cm, 20 cm × 15 cm and 20 × 20 cm) along with conventional sown wheat. The results indicated that, primed seed sown at plant geometry of 20 cm × 5 cm exhibited significantly higher number of tillers/m2 (346.9), dry-matter accumulation (167.4 g), ears/m2 (359.3), grain yield (5.25t/ha) and straw yield (6.49t/ha) which was at par with the primed wheat seed sown at plant geometry of 20 cm × 10 cm and conventional sowing of primed seed. However, with respect to mean grain and straw yields, the primed seed sown at plant geometry of 20 cm × 5 cm registered 23.87 and 20.43% increment in grain and straw yield over conventional sowing of wheat. Further, the conventional sowing of primed seed recorded the highest net returns (`85,874/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.28).

Effect of sowing schedules and crop geometry on photo-thermal energy utilization and productivity of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in Jammu region

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir during the winter (rabi) season of 2014–15 and 2015–16, to study the effect of different dates of sowing and planting geometries on photo-thermal energy utilization and productivity of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj.] var. ‘Giriraj’. Results revealed that the crop sown on 15 October showed significant increase in yield attributes, viz. siliquae/plant (276.5), seeds/siliqua (17.2), test weight (3.54) and seed yield (1.31 t/ha) besides concomitant increase in utilization of thermal energy envisaged through accumulated growing degree-days (1671.2 oC/day), helio-thermal units (9,336.6 oC/day/hr) and photo-thermal units (17,859.7 oC/day/hr) as well as heat-use efficiency (HUE) of seed (0.783 kg/ha/oC/day) and biological yield (3.35 kg/ha/oC/day) as compared to the other dates of sowing. Seed yield of Indian mustard declined progressively with advancement in sowing beyond 15 October. However, among the different planting geometries, the maximum average seed yield (1.14 t/ha) was observed at planting geometry of 30 cm × 10 cm, being at par with 30 cm × 20 cm spacing but significantly higher than the other planting geometries to the tune of 11.1, 17.2 and 23.7% over the spacings 30 cm × 30 cm, 45 cm × 15 cm and 45 cm × 30 cm, respectively. The heat-use efficiency of seed and biological yield was found higher in earlier-sown Indian mustard and decreased progressively with delayed sowing.

The role of xerophytic vegetation on fog harvest

Fog is an important resource for plant growth in arid communities. However, it is unclear whether small shrubs have an ability to capture fog water. We aimed to test this role and expected that were modulated by plant geometry (e.g., height, volume), as neighbor tree species do. Moreover, if xerophytes are adapted to this water resource, they should follow the temporal fluctuations in atmospheric fog offer, to exhibit a high efficiency in fog harvest, and capturing more fog than rain. Two sites in north-central Chile were worked, where 11–12 species per site were studied. Three funnels connected to bottles were placed beneath each plant, and evaluated monthly to quantify fog dripping. Fog offer was measured with standard fog collectors (SFCs). Several species collected more water than the controls in open spaces, reaching up to 182 mm/yr. A significant correlation of water harvest with plant height and volume was found. Only in the xeric site, water capture correlated significantly with SFC data. The capture efficiency was also the highest in this site. Fog harvest by plants was several times the rainwater input (31–34 mm), highlighting the role of xerophytes in the capture of the more abundant resource supplied by fog.

Cost-Effective Flight Strategy for Aerial Thermography Inspection of Photovoltaic Power Plants

Thermography from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is widely used for module condition surveys and defect detection in solar (photovoltaic) power plants. This article presents an optimized defect inspection procedure in which a two-stage autonomous flight strategy is adopted to reduce the operation time, and thereby the cost. The first stage is a fast high-altitude flight for rapid coverage of the entire plant. The resolution on the modules is then somewhat degraded, but adequate for detection of possible defect locations. In the second stage, an optimized flight path is calculated to revisit and image only the detected locations from a lower altitude, where the resolution is sufficient for the classification of defects. This concept is studied through simulations of different plant geometries and defect densities. The simulations are supported by actual data, including a plant-scale survey. The proposed strategy is shown to have the potential for significant savings in operation time, on the order of 60% in the experimental case with 2% module defects. Commonly reported defect densities of 0.5% to 1% will give even larger savings. The inspection strategy is shown to be especially beneficial for plant geometries representative of high latitudes.

Effects of Mechanical Transplanting Methods and Planting Geometry on Yield Formation and Canopy Structure of Indica Rice under Rice-Crayfish Rotation

The rice–crayfish continuous production system developed rapidly due to its high economic benefits and eco-friendly nature in China. This study explored the effects of mechanically transplanted methods and planting geometry on the relationship between rice yield and canopy structure, under rice-crayfish rotation using excellent-quality indica rice, and carried out in 2018 and 2019. Three mechanical transplantation methods were set as follows: carpet seedlings mechanically transplanted with 30 cm equal row spacing (CMTE), pot seedlings mechanically transplanted with narrow row spacing with alternating 23 cm/33 cm wide row spacing (PMTWN), and equal row spacing at 28 cm (PMTE). Different plant spacings (CMTE1-CMTE6, PMTWN1-PMTWN6, PMTE3, and PMTE4) were set in accordance with different mechanical transplanting methods. CMTE and PMTWN both included six transplanting densities, while PMTE included 2 transplanting densities. Results showed that rice yield was improved by 2.87–6.59% under PMTWN when compared to CMTE, which was mainly due to the increase in spikelets per panicle and filled-grain percentage. Dry matter accumulation was increased and larger leaf area indexes were observed under PMTWN than CMTE at the rice main growth stage. Yield of CMTE and PMTWN treatments increased at first and then declined with decreased planting density. Under suitable planting density, PMTWN could optimize rice population structure and increase rice yield compared with PMTE. For tested rice variety, pot seedlings were mechanically transplanted alternating alternating 23 cm/33 cm wide row spacing, combined with a plant spacing of 16.8 cm, was proper for its yield improvement under rice-crayfish rotation.

Effects of Different Sowing Schedules and Planting Geometry on Yield and Productivity of Brassica Juncea L.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different sowing schedules and planting geometry on yield and productivity of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Giriraj. Among the different sowing schedules, sowing mustard crop on 2nd decade of October was found to produce significantly higher seed and biological yield. The early sowing of mustard crop recorded higher values of utilization and accumulation of various agromet indices like growing degree days (GDD), helio-thermal units (HTU) and photo-thermal units (PTU) as well as higher values of photothermal index (PTI) at different phenological stages than other treatments in comparison. Among the planting geometry significant increase in the seed and biological yield was observed in the plots sown with planting geometry of 30 cm × 10 cm which however was found to be at par with 30 cm × 20 cm. The maximum and minimum temperature and thermal indices at vegetative and reproductive stages had a significant correlation on seed yield of mustard crop during the three years of experimentation. Similarly, heat use efficiency was also significantly related with seed and biological yield of mustard. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(3): 631-635, 2022 (September)

Effect of Seed Priming and Plant Geometry on Yield and Economics of Wheat in Modified System of Wheat Intensification under Sub-Tropical Conditions of Jammu

Effect of Seed Priming and Plant Geometry on Yield and Economics of Wheat in Modified System of Wheat Intensification under Sub-Tropical Conditions of Jammu

Effect of planting geometry and fertilizer levels on growth and yield of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L)

The experiment was done on finger millet during the zaid season of 2021-22 at crop research farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh). The treatments consisted of three planting geometry viz., 20 cm × 20 cm, 25 cm × 25 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm and three NPK levels viz., 75%, 100% and 125%. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with nine numbers of treatments and replicated thrice. The results showed that treatment with 30 cm × 30 cm spacing at 125 % NPK /ha growth parameters viz., maximum plant height (69.73 cm), number of tillers per plant (17.36 g/plant), dry weight per plant (7.36 g) while yield were recorded highest with treatment 20 cm × 20 cm spacing at 125 % NPK /ha. viz., Grain yield (45.76 t/ha), Straw yield (4.33 t/ha) and harvest index (44.91) of finger millet at harvest. This may due to the highest plant population with close spacing treatment and higher number of heads/ m2 as compare with wide spacing.

Photosynthetic Response of Soybean and Cotton to Different Irrigation Regimes and Planting Geometries.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) are the major row crops in the USA, and growers are tending toward the twin-row system and irrigation to increase productivity. In a 2-year study (2018 and 2019), we examined the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to better understand the regulatory and adaptive mechanisms of the photosynthetic components of cotton and soybean grown under varying levels of irrigations and planting geometries in a split-plot experiment. The main plots were three irrigation regimes: (i) all furrows irrigation (AFI), (ii) alternate or skipped furrow irrigation (SFI), and iii) no irrigation or rainfed (RF), and the subplots were two planting patterns, single-row (SR) and twin-row (TR). The light response curves at vegetative and reproductive phases revealed lower photosynthesis rates in the RF crops than in AFI and SFI. A higher decrease was noticed in RF soybean for light compensation point (LCP) and light saturation point (LSP) than that of RF cotton. The decrease in the maximum assimilation rate (Amax) was higher in soybean than cotton. A decrease of 12 and 17% in Amax was observed in RF soybean while the decrease is limited to 9 and 6% in RF cotton during the 2018 and 2019 seasons, respectively. Both stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) declined under RF. The moisture deficit stress resulted in enhanced operating quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), which is probably due to increased photorespiration. The non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), a measure of thermal dissipation of absorbed light energy, and quantum efficiency of dissipation by down-regulation (ΦNPQ) increased significantly in both crops up to 50% under RF conditions. The photochemical quenching declined by 28% in soybean and 26% in cotton. It appears soybean preferentially uses non-photochemical energy dissipation while cotton uses elevated electron transport rate (ETR) under RF conditions for light energy utilization. No significant differences among SR and TR systems were observed for LCP, LSP, AQE, Amax, gs, E, ETR, and various chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. This study reveals preferential use of non-photochemical energy dissipation in soybean while cotton uses both photochemical and non-photochemical energy dissipation to protect PSI and PSII centers and ETR, although they fall under C3 species when exposed to moisture limited environments.

Response of Rice Establishment Methods on Different Dates on Yield and Yield Attributing Characteristics of Rice in Mid-hills of Nepal

An experiment was conducted in the summer season of 2019 and 2020 at the National Agronomy Research Centre to find out the response of various establishment methods and dates on the performance of rice. The experiment was carried out in 2 Factorial Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with 3 replications in an area of 12 m2 and planting geometry of 25 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants. The establishment methods were Sprouted Direct Seeded Rice (SDSR) broadcasting, puddled transplanting, and unpuddled transplanting at three dates viz. 10th June, 26th June, and 10th July. Twenty four hours water-soaked seeds were allowed to sprouting for 48 hours and broadcasted in a puddled plot. 22 days old seedlings were transplanted in a puddled and unpuddled plots. Recommended doses of fertilizer @ 100:30:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1 was used in the experiment. SDSR produced the highest yield of 4.2 Mt ha-1 compared to puddled transplanting method with 3.4 Mt ha-1. The highest grain yield was recorded on 10th June (5.9 Mt ha-1) followed by 26th June (4.0 Mt ha-1). Sprouted direct seeded rice permitted to mature early and produced the higher grain yield.

Response of maize (Zea mays) to different row arrangement and plant geometry of intercropped sesame (Sesamum indicum) in Fincha Valley, Western Ethiopia

One way to feed alertly increasing world population is through improving sustainable production and productivity per unit of land. Cereal/legume intercropping practice increase productivity and enhance land use efficiency. However, issue about identification of planting pattern and geometry of associated crop is highly important. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2020 in Fincha valley to assess the response of maize crops to the inter-row arrangement and intra-spacing of intercropped sesame on yield, yield components, and productivity of the intercropping. The study was conducted using randomized complete block design combining four-row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 2:2) and three intra-spacing of intercropped sesame (10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm) with three replications. The main effect of row arrangement significantly influenced the number of kernels/cob and the harvest index of maize. The highest number of kernels/cob (491.5) and harvest index (35.31%) were obtained from the 2:1 row arrangement. A combination of intra-spacing of intercropped sesame 20 cm with 2:1 row arrangement resulted in the highest ear weight (265.8 g). A row arrangement 1:1 at 20 cm intra-spacing resulted in the highest above-ground biomass (24.21 t/ha) and grain yield of (8.39 t/ha). Maize under (2:1 x 15 cm) produced the highest thousand kernels weight (428.1 g). In system evaluation, the intercropping system gave a greater value of LER (1.11) indicating 11% land-use efficiency over sole cropping. Therefore, growing of maize with sesame at row arrangement of 1:1 in combination with 20 cm intra-spacing of sesame was recommended for the study area.

Qualitative and quantitative response of sugarcane cultivars under different planting geometry

Planting geometry could be an important factor in harvesting sugarcane's maximum production in Pakistan's irrigated agriculture. Therefore, the present experiment was designed to investigate the potential effects of two planting geometry (i.e., 75 cm apart single row trench, farmers' practice, and 120 cm apart dual rows trench plantings, recommended practices by Agricultural Research Wing) on three high yielding cultivars of sugarcane (e.g., HSF 240, CP 77-400 and CPF 249) at farm area of Sugarcane Research Institute (SRI), Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad during 2019-20. The treatments were randomized in Complete Block Design (CBD) under split-plot arrangements using three replications. The results showed that planting geometry of 120 cm apart dual rows trench planting produced significantly higher tillers (15.32 m-2), millable canes (103085 ha-1), total fresh biomass (123.41 t ha-1), average cane weight (0.95 kg) cane yield (97.94 t ha-1), and harvest index (79.29 %). Among the cultivars, the highest tillers (16.16 m-2) were recorded by HSF 240, but maximum millable canes (104195 ha-1), total fresh biomass (128.70 t ha-1), average cane weight (0.98 kg) and cane yield (101.95 t ha-1) were observed in CP 77-400. Furthermore, a higher sugar recovery (12.66%) was obtained from CPF 249 compared to HSF 240 and CP 77-400. Planting geometry had no impact on the sugar recovery of the cultivars

Influence of Planting Geometry and Nitrogen Levels on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Soil Fertility Status in Scented Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An experiment was carried out during 2018 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Kaul (Kaithal) to study the influence of kharif planting geometry and nitrogen levels on nutrient (N, P and K) content, uptake and soil fertility status under scented rice (Pusa 1121). The experiment was conducted using split plot design with four replications having three planting geometry in main plots and five nitrogen levels in sub plots. N, P and K concentrations in grain and straw were Grain and straw yield were significantly higher at 20 cm x 15 cm and 120 kg N/ha. non-significant with planting geometry. However, these concentration increases significantly with increase in nitrogen level and maximum at 120 kg N/ha. N, P and K uptake by both grain and straw were significant at planting geometry 20 cm x 15 cm and nitrogen rate of 120 kg/ha. The available N, P O and K O of experimental field before cultivation were 163, 27 and 379 kg/ha, respectively. N, P O and K O content in soil after 2 5 2 2 5 2cultivation was higher under 30 cm x 20 cm. However, N content in soil after cultivation was maximum at 120 kg N/ha, but P O and K O content 2 5 2was in control.

Impact of Plant Geometry and Zinc on Growth and Yield Attributes of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

During Zaid 2021, a field experiment was undertaken at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The experiment was set up using a Randomized Block Design, with nine treatments reproduced three times over the course of a year. The treatments which are T1: 40cm x 20 cm + 15 kg/ha ZnSO4, T2: 40cm x 20 cm + 20 kg/ha ZnSO4, T3: 40cm x 20 cm + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4, T4: 50cm x 20 cm + 15 kg/ha ZnSO4, T5: 50cm x 20 cm + 20 kg/ha ZnSO4, T6: 50cm x 20 cm + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4, T7: 60cm x 20 cm + 15 kg/ha ZnSO4, T8: 60cm x 20 cm + 20 kg/ha ZnSO4, T9: 60cm x 20 cm + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4 used. The results showed that application of 60cm x 20 cm + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4 recorded significantly highest plant height (166.02 cm), Number of leaves/plant (12.25), Dry weight/plant (141.58 g/plant), number of cobs/plant (1.76), length of the cob/plant (16.90 cm), Cob girth (15.46 cm) whereas maximum crop growth rate (48.65 g/m2/day) was recorded with treatment 40cm x 20 cm + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4 whereas, cob yield (6.45 t/ha) and Green fodder yield (20.55 t/ha) recorded maximum in 40cm x 20 cm + 25 kg/ha ZnSO4..The treatment with 40 x 20 cm spacing and application of 25 kg of zinc is advised for recommendation, as it is recorded maximum cob yield, green fodder yield, and benefit cost ratio in treatment T3.

Influence of Mechanical Transplanting Methods and Planting Geometry on Grain Yield and Lodging Resistance of Indica Rice Taoyouxiangzhan under Rice–Crayfish Rotation System

Rice–crayfish rotation expanded rapidly in China, as it provides considerable profit and reduces pesticide application. This study investigated the impact of different mechanical transplanting methods and planting geometry on the yield and lodging resistance of an indica rice variety under a rice–crayfish rotation system in 2018 and 2019 in Hongze Lake district, using an excellent-quality variety Taoyouxiangzhan. Seedlings were mechanically transplanted using two mechanically transplanted carpet seedling (MTCS) with equal spacing (30 cm) at five spacings and mechanically transplanted pot seedling (MTPS) with wide and narrow rows (23 cm + 33 cm) at five spacings. The yield of MTPS was 8.3% higher across 2 years under the most optimum density than MTCS using the same density, mainly due to a significantly increased number of spikelets per panicle. Accompanied by the decrease in planting density, rice yield first increased and then decreased under each mechanically transplanting method, and reached the maximum in the A4 and B4 treatments (63.9 × 104 seedlings ha−1), respectively. Compared with MTCS, MTPS significantly increased the fresh weight of single stem, plant height, gravity center height, ear weight, length and area of the upper three leaves, so as to increase the bending moment at basal internodes by whole plant (WP), while it also increased the stem diameter, wall thickness and stem and leaf sheath dry weight per unit length of the second internode at the base, resulting in a significant increase in the force applied to break the base segment (F) and the bending moment of whole plant (M). The higher increase percentage in M than WP led to a decreased lodging index. The lodging index of both mechanically transplanting methods reduced with declined planting density in virtue of the improved breaking load of the basal internode, and it was primarily a result of increased stem diameter, wall thickness and plumpness of basal internode. The balance between the high yield and lodging resistance of Taoyouxiangzhan under a rice–crayfish rotation system can be realized at 63.9 × 104 seedlings ha−1, with MTCS at 15.7 cm plant spacing and MTPS at 16.8 cm. Generally, MTPS showed obvious advantages in yield and lodging resistance than MTCS.

Effect of Zinc Levels and Plant Geometry on Growth and Yield of Kharif Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season (2021) at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Allahabad (U.P.) to assess the response of finger millet on spacing and zinc levels on growth and yield. Soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture. Treatments consisted of T1- Zn @ 2kg/ha + 30 cm x 10 cm, T2- Zn @ 2kg/ha + 20 cm x 10 cm, T3- Zn @ 2kg/ha + 40 cm x 10 cm, T4- Zn @ 4kg/ha + 30 cm x 10 cm, T5- Zn @ 4kg/ha + 20 cm x 10 cm, T6- Zn @ 4kg/ha + 40 cm x 10 cm, T7- Zn @ 6kg/ha + 30 cm x 10 cm, T8- Zn @ 6kg/ha + 20 cm x 10 cm, T9- Zn @ 6kg/ha + 40 cm x 10 cm. An experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, with 9 treatments replicated thrice. Results revealed that maximum plant height (95.49 cm), numbers of tillers per plant (9.86), plant dry weight (21.98 g/plant), effective tillers per m2(466.66), test weight (4.5 g) and number of fingers per plant (7.1), grain yield (3.23 t/ha) and straw yield (4.30 t/ha) was significantly influenced with application zinc 6 kg/ha and crop sown at spacing 30x10 cm. It can be concluded that zinc 6 kg/ha + spacing 30x10 cm was found to be more productive.

Multi-Scale Influence of Flexible Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) on Estuarine Hydrodynamics

Bottom friction is an important process in coastal and estuarine environments because it can reduce wave heights and moderate tidal currents. When modeling large systems with spatially varying hydraulic properties, bottom friction values are commonly derived from land use classification products. However, estimation of bottom friction for vegetated areas can be more challenging due to the complicated and time-varying geometry of the roughness elements. This is particularly true of flexible, buoyant submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) species, such as seagrasses and kelps, that deform under waves and currents. In this study we incorporate a dynamic friction model that includes the temporal variation in SAV drag forces into a depth-integrated coupled circulation-wave model. In vegetated areas, the bottom friction is continuously updated based on plant geometry, water depth, and combined wave-current velocities. Taking a multi-scale approach, we use the model to investigate the impact of SAV dynamics on both the localized and the integrated bay-wide hydrodynamics of a riverine and tidally influenced estuary. First, we investigate SAV modification of velocity fields and its implications for sediment transport and circulation pathways. Then, we show how SAV can modify tidal behavior throughout the estuary.

Growth and yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)in additive Intercropping system with Mung bean.

Some crops perform better in intercropping systems with other crops relative to their solcropping . Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was adopted to be studied in a field experiment within an additive intercropping system with mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in a three rows in combinations (1:3 and 1:4 and 1:5) sunflower-Mung bean intercropped and sole cropped for studding growth , yield components and yield traits during the summer of 2021 at two different agro ecological locations of the governorate of Erbil- Iraq. Experiments were triplicated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), Each location was a parcel of a local farmers land in the villages of Shamamr (Latitude: 406227, Longitude: 397954 rainfall isocline (350 mm y-1)) and Dukalla (Latitude: 358033 m, Longitude: 3993384 m),at the last of the semi insured and the first of the non-insured rainfall zones respectively . Shamamr location suppressed Dukalla location in most of morphological traits at the ages of 20 days after sowing (DAS), nd 60 DAS. Treatment row combination (1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) showed advantages in yield component traits over sole cropping of sunflower might be due to resources gains as solar radiation, conditioning heat environment and space .No advantages of intercropping were observed among cropping systems in seed yield while the treatment (1:5) possessed the highest Harvest index (0.6). Sunflower in Shamamr location is believed to perform better under intercropping system. More planting geometry is recommended to obtain more precise results. References : Abràmoff, M.D., Magalhães, P.J. and Ram, S.J., 2004. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics international, 11(7), pp.36-42. Anas, M., Jabbar, A., Sarwar, M.A., Ullah, R., Abuzar, M.K., Ijaz, A. and Latif, S., 2017. Intercropping Sunflower with Mung beanfor improved productivity and net economic return under irrigated conditions. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 30(4). Bindi, M. and Olesen, J.E., 2011. The responses of agriculture in Europe to climate change. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1), pp.151-158. Dizayyee , Aryan Suad Ahmed . (2019).Modes of Interference Compatibility of Wheat, Chickpea and Wild mustard Intercropping in Different Row Proportions. PhD Dissertation , University of Salahaddin , College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences. Gebru, H., 2015. A review on the comparative advantages of intercropping to mono-cropping system. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(9), pp.1-13. Jeon, D.J., Ki, S.J., Cha, Y., Park, Y. and Kim, J.H., 2018. New methodology of evaluation of best management practices performances for an agricultural watershed according to the climate change scenarios: A hybrid use of deterministic and decision support models. Ecological Engineering, 119, pp.73-83.(abstract). Jubr Al-Layla, M. and Shahadha Khalid Al-Juheishy, W., 2012. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT INTERCROPPING SYSTEM IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) ANDMUNGBEAN (Vigna radiata L.). Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 40, pp.62-74. Khan, M. N., Shoaib Muhammad, Mahboob Asrar, M. S. Ashraf, and Qamar Rafi. "MB (Vigna radiata) intercropping enhances productivity of late season irrigated cotton in Punjab." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology 8, no. 4 (2020): 472-479. Lithourgidis, A.S., Dordas, C.A., Damalas, C.A. and Vlachostergios, D., 2011. Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Australian journal of crop science, 5(4), pp.396-410. Mousavi, S.R. and Eskandari, H., 2011. A general overview on intercropping and its advantages in sustainable agriculture. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1(11), pp.482-486. Nawar, A.I., Salama, H.S. and Khalil, H.E., 2020. Additive intercropping of SF and soybean to improve yield and land use efficiency: Effect of thinning interval and nitrogen fertilization. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 80(2), pp.142-152. Shi, H., Tian, H., Lange, S., Yang, J., Pan, S., Fu, B. and Reyer, C.P., 2021. Terrestrial biodiversity threatened by increasing global aridity velocity under high-level warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(36). Vandermeer, J.H., 1992. The ecology of intercropping. Cambridge University Press. (book) .

Effect of Plant Geometry and Sulphur on yield, Oil Content and Economics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

A field experiment entitled “Effect of Plant geometry and Sulphur on yield and Economics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)” was conducted during Zaid season 2021 at Krishi Vigyan kendra, SHUATS, Allahabad, (U.P.). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 6.7). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments consisted of Spacing (25x15cm2,30x15cm2,35x15cm2) and Sulphur (20 kg,30kg,40kg/ha) which were replicated thrice and effect was observed on Gujarat til-4 sesame variety. The result showed that there were significant increase in growth and yield parameters viz., The results obtained that yield parameters such as capsule (35.87/plant), seeds (38.47 /capsule), test weight (2.90 g), seed yield (867.97 kg/ha), stover yield (1554.20 kg/ha), harvest index (39.36%) and oil content (48.32%) were recorded maximum in the treatment combination of 30 cm x 15 cm + 40 kg sulphur at Harvest. However, in economic point of view, maximum gross returns (INR 82,456.83/ha), net returns (INR 56,779.83/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.2) were obtained highest in the treatment combination of 30 cm x 15 cm + 40 kg Sulphur respectively.

Influence of Dates of Sowing and Planting Geometry on Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Baby Corn

During the summer season of 2018, a field experiment was conducted at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. The treatments consisted of four date of sowing viz., 20th February (D1), 2nd March (D2), 12th March (D3) and 22nd March (D4) in main plot and four planting geometry practices viz., 40 cm x 20 cm (S1), 40 cm x 25 cm (S2), 45 cm x 20 cm (S3) and 45 cm x 25 cm (S4), in sub-plot with three replications. The results revealed that 2nd March sowing recorded higher plant height, number of cobs per plant, weight of cob, cob yield and fodder yield which was at par with 12th March sowing and significantly higher than other sowing dates. Similar effects of these treatments were also observed in respect to N, P, K uptake and economics. Among the different planting geometry, yield of cob without husk and fodder yield, gross return and net return were found to be higher under spacing 45 cm x 20 cm as compared to others. Total N, P and K uptake were also found to be higher under 45 cm x 20 cm spacing than rest of the planting geometry. Planting geometry had non-significant effect on available N,P2O5 and K2O status of soil after harvest of the crop.