Plant Geometry Research Articles

Effect of Spacing and Nitrogen Management on Growth and Yield of Summer Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

A field experiment was carried out in Zaid 2022 at the Department of Agronomy's Agricultural Research Farm in Prayagraj (U.P).The three planting geometries used in the experiment are 30 cm x 10 cm, 40 cm x 10 cm, and 50 cm x 10 cm. There are three nitrogen management treatments used in the experiment: 50% of the Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) through inorganic fertiliser, 50% of the RDN through inorganic fertiliser in combination with 50% of Nitrogen provided through FYM with Azotobacter seed inoculation, and 50% of the RDN through inorganic fertiliser. Ten treatments were duplicated three times in the randomised block design of the experiment. Findings showed that 30x10cm spacing ,Maximum plant height (124.48 cm), dry weight (29.85 g), number of capsules/plant (78.69), number of seeds/capsule (36.39), and seed yield (552.38 kg/ha) were obtained with 5% RDN + 50% N via FYM + Biofertilizer (Azotobacter).

Planting geometry and dehaulming schedule affecting productivity of seed potato (Solanum tuberosum)

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2014–15 and 2015–16 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to study the effect of planting geometry and dehaulming scheduling on grade-wise productivity and economic returns of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with 3 planting geometries (65 cm × 11.5 cm, 65 cm × 15 cm and 65 cm × 18.5 cm) as main plots and 3 dehaulming schedules in subplots [80, 90 and 100 days after sowing (DAS)] replicated thrice. The results showed that, planting geometry and dehaulming timings significantly influenced tuber-size distribution, grade-wise tuber yield and economic returns of the crop. Among the planting geometries, the highest yields of small (<35 mm) (6.63 t/ha) and medium (35–45 mm)-size tubers (15.92 t/ha) were recorded with the closer planting geometry (60 cm × 11.5 cm), which was at par with planting geometry of 65 cm × 15 cm. Contrarily, the highest yield of large size (>45 mm) tubers (22.29 t/ha) was obtained with the wider planting geometry (65 cm × 18.5 cm) and it was also at par with 65 cm × 15 cm. The highest net returns (`379,400/ha) were obtained with planting geometry 65 cm × 15 cm and the highest benefit: cost ratio with the wider planting geometry of 65 cm × 18.5 cm followed by 65 cm × 15 cm. The highest yield of small (7.19 t/ha)-and medium (16.15 t/ha)-size tubers were obtained with dehaulming scheduling at 80 DAS. However, delayed haulm cutting up to 100 DAS significantly increased the large size (24.84 t/ha) and total tuber yields (43.72 t/ha). The highest gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio were also obtained with dehaulming at 80 DAS.

Impact of planting geometry on Ailanthus excelsa L. based silvoarable systems for food and biomass production

Impact of planting geometry on Ailanthus excelsa L. based silvoarable systems for food and biomass production

Effect of Plant Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Local Aman Rice Cultivar

Aims: Transplant (T) aman is occupying a major portion of rice based cropping system in Sylhet region, Bangladesh. Still majority of farmers are circled to cultivate local T. aman rice cultivars, but the overall yield is very low. Agronomic management can be a good option to boost up the yield potential of these local cultivars. This study was conducted to observe the influence of planting geometry on the yield of local aman cultivars.
 Study Design: Randomized complete block design.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted to find out optimum plant density of local cultivars of T. aman rice during the period from August 2017 to December 2017 at farmer’s field located at Jointapur, Sylhet.
 Methodology: The study were replicated thrice in randomized complete block design considering four rice cultivars viz. Beruin (V1), Moinasail (V2), Nagrasail (V3) and, BRRI dhan49 (Control, check variety) (V4) and four plant spacings viz. (15 × 15) cm (S1), (20 × 15) cm (S2), (20 × 20) cm (S3) and (20×25) cm (S4).
 Results: The results indicated that the highest grain yield were recorded in (2.65 t ha-1) in the variety V4, which was statistically similar with V3 (2.60 t ha-1). The highest grain yield (2.87 t ha-1) was obtained (V4 × S4) while the lowest (1.58 t ha-1) from (V1 × S1). Among the local varieties highest grain yield (2.64 t ha-1) recorded in (V3 × S4) which was statistically similar (V4 × S4).
 Conclusion: Outcomes of the study revealed that Nagrasail (V3) with (20 × 25) cm plant spacing is a promising option, and isthe best one for local T. aman cultivar cultivation in Sylhet region.

Thermal Requirement, Heat and Radiation Use Efficiency of Kharif Soybean in Middle Gujarat Region as Influenced by Cultivars and Plant Geometry

The present study proposes to measure the thermal requirements, heat and radiation use efficiency of kharif soybean cultivars (NRC 37, GS 1 and GS 2) in the central region of Gujarat. The findings of study conclude that among all the different geometry 30 x 10 cm produced highest seed (4403 kg/ha) and total biomass yield (5818 kg/ha) over the other two spacing because higher heat use efficiency (heat use efficiency (HUE) for Growing degree day (GDD)- 0.69 kg/ha/°C Day; HUE for Heliothermal units (HTU) - 0.14 kg/ha/°C Day hour; HUE for Photothermal units (PTU) - 0.05 kg/ha/°C Day hour). The cultivar NRC 37 (4415 kg/ha) produced highest seed yield followed by GS 1 (3799 kg/ha) and GS 2 (3670 kg/ha). Heat unit requirement of cultivar NRC 37 (GDD - 1952°C Day; HTU – 9894°C Day hour; PTU-25974°C day hour) was more as compared to GS 2 (GDD - 1951°C day; HTU – 9893°C day hour; PTU-25973°C day hour) and GS 1 (GDD - 1931°C day; HTU – 9809°C day hour; PTU-25681°C day hour), respectively. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) for seed yield and biomass are more in 45 x 5 cm geometry.

Improving Growth and Yield Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under the Effects of Soil Amendments and Planting Geometry

A field study was carried out at the University for Development Studies Experimental Field, Nyankpala, Ghana, to evaluate the growth and yield of sesame under the influence of planting geometry and soil amendments. The trial was a split plot laid out in a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design in Triplicate. The main plot treatments were three planting geometry (G1 = 45 x 15, G2 = 60 x 10, and G3 = 75 x 15 cm), and the sub-plot treatments were four soil amendments with a control [F0 = 0 t ha-1, F1 = 16 t ha-1 compost, F2 = 16 t ha-1 biochar, F3 = 16 t ha-1 (compost + biochar), and F4 = N− P2O5 −K2O (16−60−60 kg ha-1)]. The analysis of variance showed that all the planting geometry and soil amendments significantly (P < .05) affected growth and yield of sesame. The results indicated that the main effect of 45 x 15cm planting geometry, and the interaction effect between 75 x 15 cm planting geometry and compost application at 16 t ha-1 resulted in the maximum plant height (54.30 cm) and number of branches plant−1 (4.9), respectively at 42 DAP. However, planting geometry of 60 x 10 cm increased seed yield by 10 and 57%, compared to 45 x 15 and 75 x 15 cm planting geometry, respectively. Similarly, the application of compost at 16 t ha-1 promoted the highest capsule weight (1,719 kg ha-1), seed yield (1,115 kg ha-1) and 1000-seed weight (3.46 g). The percentage increase in various soil amendments over the control is shown in the following order: number of branches (B 22% < NPK 24%< B+C 27%< C32%); number of seeds per capsule (B+C 4% < B 5 % < NPK 7% < C 8%); and seed yield (B+C 75% < B 80%< NPK 137% < C157%).
 Therefore, compost application at 16 t ha-1 and planting geometry of 60 x 10 cm is recommended for sesame production.

Technical Analysis of a Large-Scale Solar Updraft Tower Power Plant

This study investigates the possibility of applying a large-scale solar updraft tower power plant in India with local ground conditions as an environmentally friendly and economically viable energy source. A reference model Solar Updraft Tower Power Plant (SUTPP) is constructed to examine the influence of the most prominent plant dimensional parameters, including collector radius (RCollector), tower height (HTower), and tower radius (RTower) with dimensional limits and intervals on the power output of the SUTPP. Udat, Rajasthan, India, is used as a reference location for meteorological conditions to evaluate SUTPP power output equations for a ranging power output, with position coordinates of 27°35′ and 72°43′. Multiple simulations for the objective function are carried out, and the outcomes are compared to the optimized dimensions of each set of plants. The model examines the effect of variation in ambient, plant geometry, and material conditions on power output and analyzes efficiency and power output for optimizing configuration. There exists no definitive approach to determining the proper correlation between the geometrical parameters of a SUTPP with optimized power output. For a fixed power output, the tower radius (RTower) serves as the most influencing dimensional parameter in SUTPP performance. A change in tower height (HTower) has a detrimental impact on SUTPP output and performance. An initial increase in collector radius (RCollector) has a positive influence on SUTPP performance; however, this effect reduces as collector radius (RCollector) increases.

Physiological Characters and Yield of Transplanted Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana L.) as Influenced by Different Plant Geometry and Graded NPK Levels

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu during Rabi season (Oct - Mar) 2018 – 19 to evaluate the effect of different plant geometry and graded NPK levels on the performance of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) under transplanted condition. The experiment was planned with different spacing in combination with different fertilizer levels viz., Absolute control (Random planting without fertilizer application), farmer practices (30 × 10 cm + 100% RDF), square planting of 25 × 25 cm with 100%, 125 % and 150 % RDF, square planting of 30 × 30 cm 100 % 125 % and 150 % RDF. SPAD values were found to increase progressively from 30 to 60 DAT but declined at harvest. Among all the treatments, higher SPAD value and light interception percentage were recorded under plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm + 150 % RDF (47.30 & 71.02, 61.55 & 88.24 and 29.17 & 83.68 at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, respectively). It was significantly on par with the spacing of 25 × 25 cm + 125 % RDF (45.62 & 70.15, 59.43 & 87.30 and 27.60 & 82.16 at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, respectively). The treatment 25 × 25 cm with 150 % RDF was identified as the best yield attributes, and yield-producing treatment as it has recorded higher no. of productive tillers hill-1 (7.3), no of fingers earhead-1 (7.5), finger length (cm) (9.8) and test weight (g) (2.8), grain (2692 kg ha-1) and straw yield (4129 kg ha-1) and it was on par with 25 × 25 cm + 125 % RDF. The lowest SPAD values, light interception percentage, yield attributes and yield were recorded in absolute control.

Influence of crop geometry and spacing of Long pepper (Piper longum) under the agro-ecological condition of Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam, India

An experiment was conducted in the Experimental Farm Garden, at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat to see the influence of crop geometry and spacing of Long pepper (Piper longum). Result showed that the plants grown with support crop geometry of 60 x 40 cm yielded maximum (516.59 kg/ha Dry), which was significantly higher than the crop grown without support. The other yield attributing parameters also found superior in the above method growing with support and plant geometry. But the B.C ratio is better in the case of without support method in crop geometry 60x40cm (1.89 ) compared to with support, i.e. 1.84

Cluster microclimate, canopy management and its influence on the berry (size and composition) quality

Sunlight and microclimate inside the clusters’ zone are key factors in berry development and must composition. Plant geometry and training system should be joined with a proper sunlight and temperature cluster microclimate and, also in the rest of the plant. Berry temperature can vary between 2 and 10 ºC or even more in inner clusters, depending on their exposure (Spayd et al., 2002). Sunlight, air ventilation within the canopy, temperature cluster and microclimate are affected by the exposure and radiation percentage received by grapes during its growth and maturation period (Deloire and Hunter 2005). In Mediterranean conditions (warm and dry climate), the use of porous systems may help plants establish a better leaf distribution inside this area (de la Fuente et al., 2015), providing more space and enhancing certain physiological processes, both in leaves (photosynthesis, ventilation, transpiration) and berries (growth and maturation). Grapes exposed to direct radiation are more sensitive to ripening and they can even suffer a dehydration process in the Mediterranean regions, where the temperature during the ripening after midday is frequently between 30-35 ºC or higher than 40 ºC (de la Fuente et al., 2015). A key point for well microclimate management inside the canopy is heat flux control, which is usually generated by three factors: surface area (SA) to PAR (direct or indirect) radiation; intensity or thermal value (related to the temperature) and time of exposure (de la Fuente, 2009; de la Fuente et al., 2013). Sprawl systems are non-positioned systems where vegetation is in multidirectional directions. Therefore, as sun position changes along the day, some leaves are first shaded and then others, so the sun leaf exposure decreases (Gutiérrez et al., 2021). The study was conducted in D.O. Uclés vineyards (lat. 39º50’8” N; long. 3º09’48.6” W; elevation 746 m above sea level) during the 2020 season, in cv. Tempranillo. The trial was designed with two training system: Vertical Shoot Positioned (VSP) and Sprawl (SP). Berry sampling was done every three days within the final 15 days before the estimated harvest date. A single sample comprised 100 berries collected from the clusters of the 10 selected vines in each block. Weight, size, must composition (reducing sugar, pH, acidity, volatile acidity, etc.) and skin composition (total and acylated monomeric pigments, TPI) were analysed. Regarding the berry composition, SP accumulated larger concentration of reducing sugars (+7.4%). No statistical differences were observed in the remaining oenological parameters measured in the berries between treatments. Nevertheless, inside total pigments and color parameters, TPI values reached significantly higher (+40%) in the SP vs VSP treatments. In the total concentration of pigments (including the acylated fraction) and pH, no differences were founded. Berry's weight and size showed some relevant differences between treatments. During the end maturity-harvest period, the berry weight (12-11%) and berry size (6-9%) were higher in SP treatment compared to VSP. These results suggest that the SP systems can induce an increment of reducing sugars, and TPI and also, can modulate the berry weight and size, helping to control overripening and berry dehydration processes. Therefore, sprawl systems (SP) represent an alternative to VSP systems in warm areas for achieving an increment of pigments, as well as for better control of the accumulation of reducing sugars, without compromising the harvest yield (higher berry weight and size).

Physio-agronomic performance of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) genotypes under various planting geometry

Physio-agronomic performance of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) genotypes under various planting geometry

Standardization of Cultivars and Plant Geometry to Achieve Higher Productivity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The present investigation was carried out with three rice cultivars (AU1 GSR, ADT 46 and BPT 5204) in main plots and five establishment methods (Broadcasting, line sowing, recommended spacing, wider spacing and SRI planting) in sub-plots in split-plot design. Results showed that SRI method produced higher plant height, number of tillers and dry matter accumulation than recommended spacing. SRI produced higher grain yield than recommended spacing and wider spacing, respectively. Among varieties, maximum growth attributes viz., plant height, number of tillers and dry matter accumulation. And Yield parameters like number of productive tillers m-2, filled grains panicle-1, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index was observed with AU1 GSR.

Agronomic Practices Enhancing the Productivity of Bidi Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) – A Review

Bidi tobacco is commercially cultivated under rainfed vertisols in late rainy season i.e., September (2nd fortnight). Six week old seedlings should be planted during August-September at planting geometry of 75 cm x 75 cm and ridge planting is advisable for higher moisture conservation. Standard bidi tobacco production requires 110 kg N, 70 kg P2 O5 and 50 kg K2 O ha-1 which is closely dependent on mineral nutrient supply. Topping is done either at bud stage or early flowering stage by keeping 12–15 leaves. Bidi tobacco grown with two irrigations each at 5 cm depth / 0.4 IW/ CPE (first at 60 days after transplanting and second between 35-45 days after first irrigation) increased the yield which resulted from more leaf width. Foliar application of 2.5% KNO3 or 2.5% AS + SOP twice at 45 and 60 DAT to bidi tobacco is optimum for supply of nitrogen and potassium under moisture deficit condition. Application of foliar spray with Triacontanol 0.1% EW @ 2ml /l at early growth stage and grand growth stage is economical during drought period. Bidi tobacco recorded higher seed yield (532 kg ha-1) and oil yield (173.4 kg ha-1) when planted at 60 cm x 60 cm with application of 150 % RDF (165 N+105 P2 05 +75 K2 O ha-1).

Optimization of nitrogen application and planting geometry for production of cut chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

Nutrition and planting geometry are the two key factors affecting the production and quality of cut stems in chrysanthemum. The present investigation was undertaken to standardize the nitrogen nutrition and planting geometry for chrysanthemum var. “Yellow Star” cultivated for cut flowers. The data revealed the proportionate increase in plant height, chlorophyll content, days to bud appearance and days to 50% inflorescence anthesis and length of cut stem with increase in nitrogen dose and row spacing. However, flower diameter, number of flowers per stem, cut stem diameter, vase life, and water absorbed by cut flower decreased proportionately with increase in nitrogen dose and row spacing. Application of N@100 Kg ha-1 to chrysanthemum planted at 20x10 cm spacing produced cut stems of acceptable length, more number of flowers of bigger size and optimum postharvest longevity. The amount of nitrogen can be reduced to 1/3rd to grow cut chrysanthemums planted at twice the row spacing for longer cut stems of appreciable vase life.

Effect of planting geometry for single eye budded settling on growth, yield andquality of sugarcane under south Gujarat condition

Effect of planting geometry for single eye budded settling on growth, yield andquality of sugarcane under south Gujarat condition

Effect of sowing window, planting geometry and nutrient-management on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard in Vertisols of south-eastern Rajasthan

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2017–18, 2018–19 and 2019–20 at Agricultural Research Station, Agricuture University, Kota, India, to find out suitable nutrient-management levels, planting geometry and sowing window for Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L.). The treatments comprised sowing window, viz. 10 October, 20 October and 30 October, in main plots; planting geometry, viz. 30 cm × 10 cm and 45 cm × 10 cm and nutrient-management levels, viz. 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) N80 + P40 + K30 + S40 + Zn5 kg/ha), 125% RDF and 150% RDF, in subplots were laid out in split-plot design with 3 replications. Application of 125% RDF N100 + P50 + K37.5 + S50 + Zn6.25 kg/ha had significance influence on plant height (215.39 cm), dry matter/plant (54.83 g), primary and secondary branches/plant (5.99 and 14.17), siliquae/plant (184.89), seeds/ siliqua (15.59), 1,000-seed weight (5.01 g), seed yield (2.67 t/ha), oil content (38.42%) and oil yield (1011.72 kg/ ha), protein content (21.10%), net returns (`87,570/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.06), total nutrient uptake by crop NPKS (108.44, 27.39, 164.22 and 14.77 kg/ha, respectively) and available nutrients in soil NPKS (299.0,49.8,467.5 and 10.3 kg/ha, respectively) and zinc (1.36 mg/kg) over 100% RDF and at par with 150% RDF. The crop-sowing period extended from 10 to 30 October were found optimum and had non-significant effect on yield attributes, seed yield and economics, However, significant improvement in dry-matter/plant (58.63 g), primary and secondary branches/plant (6.09 and 14.50), siliquae/plant (202.66), seeds/siliqua (15.64), 1,000-seed weight (5.18 g), seed yield (2.62 t/ha and benefit : cost ratio (3.05), protein content (21.06 %), available nutrients in soil and total nutrient uptake by crop were observed at planting geometry of 45 cm × 10 cm over 30 cm × 10 cm. Thus, extent of sowing window from 10 to 30 October, planted at 45 cm × 10 cm crop geometry and fertilized with 125% RDF (N100 + P50 +K37.5 + S50 + Zn6.25 kg/ha) proved beneficial for obtaining high seed yield and net returns of Indian mustard in Vertisols of south-eastern Rajasthan.

Growth and yield of AGCr-1 coriander affected by plant geometry and nutrition

A study was conducted during Rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at the Research Farm of ICAR-NRC on Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan to assess the influence of plant geometry and different levels of nutrition on vegetative growth and yield of coriander variety Ajmer Green Coriander-1 (AGCr-1). The treatments comprised of three crop geometry (25 cm x 5 cm, 25 cm x 7.5 cm and 25 cm x 10 cm) and three levels of NPK (40:25:20 kg ha-1, 50:35:25 kg ha-1 and 60:45:30 kg ha- 1) laid out in Randomized Factorial Block Design. The vegetative growth attributes viz., plant height at different growth stages, length of first leaf, length of second leaf, number of basal leaves plant-1, primary branches plant-1 and secondary branches plant-1 recorded the highest level with the application of 60:45:30 kg ha-1 NPK combined with (25 cm x 7.5 cm) crop geometry. Similarly, yield parameters like number of umbel plant-1, number of umbellates umbel-1 and seed yield (1253.0 kg ha-1) were also maximum with the same treatment.

Increasing the productivity of rajma through proper sowing date and plant geometry

Rajma (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation is gaining popularity in Terai to Hills of Nepal. The poor plant establishment and yield due to the results of unsuitable sowing time and row spacing are the main reasons for lower productivity of it. Therefore, the date of sowing and row spacing trials were conducted in two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018 at the Grain Legumes Research Program, Khajura, Banke. A widespread and registered variety of rajma PDR 14 was used in the experiment. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four sowing dates (a) 11th October, (b) 26th October, (c) 10th November and (d) 25th November as the main-factor, and three rows spacing (a) 30 cm, (b) 40 cm and (c) 50 cm as the sub-factor, consisted of three replications. The effect of the date of sowing on all the yield and yield attributing characters was found significant at a one percent significance level. Similarly, row spacing has resulted in a significant difference in grain yield. Rajma sown on 26th October (Kartik 9) produced 12, 38 and 64% higher grain yield than sown on 11th October, 10th November and 25th November, respectively. Moreover, rajma seeds sown on 26th October with 30 cm × 10 cm plant geometry produced the highest grain yield (2185 kg/ha). The narrow row spacing seemed well than the wider row in rajma production. There is a great potential to increase the production and productivity of rajma through an appropriate time of sowing and row spacing.

Role of Agronomic Interventions on Quality and Yield of Oil in Transplanted Canola (Brassica napus L.)

Canola is an important oilseed crop throughout the world and is grown in more than fifty-three countries. Planting geometry plays an important role in achieving higher production, because of an optimum number of crop plants per unit area and efficient utilization of available nutrients. Planting geometry has an effect on yield through its influence on light interception, rooting pattern and moisture extraction. Besides the research for best plant geometry, it is also essential to screen suitable varieties for procuring a higher yield of seed as well as oil. A field experiment entitled “Role of agronomic interventions on quality and yield of oil in transplanted canola (Brassica napus L.)” was carried out at Student’s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during winter (rabi) season of 2021-2022 on sandy loam soil. The experiment was laid out in split plot design (SPD) with three replications and twelve treatment combinations comprising of three different varieties in main-plots viz., V1 (Kenola-1001), V2 (Hyola Adv-45) and V3 (GSC-7) with four planting geometries viz., S1 (45 cm x 10 cm), S2 (45 cm x 20 cm), S3 (45 cm x 30 cm) and S4 (45 cm x 40 cm) allotted in sub-plots. Among the varieties, GSC-7 recorded significantly higher oil yield and oil content (8.63 q ha-1 and 42.31%) as compared to Hyola Adv-45 (6.85 q ha-1 and 40.17%) and Kenola-1001 (5.70 q ha-1 and 38.33%). Among various planting geometries, S1 (45 cm x 10 cm) recorded significantly higher oil yield and oil content (8.44 q ha-1 and 42.92%). Significantly higher content of stearic acid (2.69%), palmitic acid (5.04%), linoleic acid (16.39%), linolenic acid (7.57%) and erucic acid (1.73%) were recorded in GSC-7 variety. Sub-plot treatment S1 recorded arithmetically improved stearic acid (2.51%), palmitic acid (4.60%), linoleic acid (15.72%), linolenic acid (7.21%) and erucic acid (1.62%) content compared to other treatments. Statistically improved protein content (24.72%) and NPandK (3.97%, 0.73% and 0.95%) was recorded in GSC-7.

Retraction: Optimizing planting geometry for barley-Egyptian clover intercropping system in semi-arid sub-tropical climate.

Retraction: Optimizing planting geometry for barley-Egyptian clover intercropping system in semi-arid sub-tropical climate.