Plant Geometry Research Articles

Estimation of Genetic Variability for Yield and Its Component Traits in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The present investigation was conducted with 12 chickpea genotypes, raised in randomized block design with three replications during the Rabi season 2023-2024 at at Organic Research Farm, Karguanji, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.). The experiment was laid-out in randomized block design with three replications of the plant geometry was maintained at 30 cm x 10 cm. The present experimental material showed a wide range of phenotypic variation for number of seed per pod, number of primary branches per plant, biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and harvest index whereas, low phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for plant height, 100-seed weight, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity as revealed by high values of Coefficient of Range. The estimates of high heritability coupled with high genetic advance expressed as a per cent of mean were observed for biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and number of pods per plant manifesting the preponderance of additive gene action on the expression of these traits. In the investigation, genotypes viz., RSG-44 and Aruna were superior not only for seed yield per plant but also related traits like 100-seed weight, biological yield per plant, number of pods per plant and number of primary branches per plant.

Investigating Different Planting Geometry and Nutrient Management to Enhance Teff Productivity in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India

A field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station (ZARS), Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka on red sandy loam soil to study the “Investigating different planting geometry and nutrient management to enhance teff productivity”. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design, consisting two factors viz., Factor 1: Two planting geometry (S1: 30 cm × 10 cm and S2: 45 cm × 10 cm) and Factor 2: Five Nutrient management (N1: 50 % RDF, N2: 75 % RDF, N3: 100 % RDF, N4: 125 % RDF and N5: Absolute control (6 t FYM ha-1 commonly applied to all except control treatments) and replicated thrice. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was higher under 30 cm × 10 cm spacing (5.74, 1.04 and 3.29 kg ha-1, respectively) and among nutrient levels, application of 125 per cent RDF resulted in statistically higher uptake nitrogen (7.35 kg ha-1), phosphorous (1.33 kg ha-1) and potassium (4.28 kg ha-1). Significantly higher (12.58 %) grain protein content was obtained with application of 125% RDF. Maintaining 30 cm × 10 cm spacing recorded significantly higher grain (2.37 q ha-1) and straw yield (3.65 q ha-1). Application of 125 % RDF resulted in significantly higher straw yield, however significantly higher grain yield (2.73 q ha-1) was obtained under 100% RDF. Application of 100% RDF along with narrow spacing yielding substantially higher gross returns (₹90,776 ha-1), net returns (₹60,021 ha-1), and a commendable B:C ratio of 2.77.

Effect of plant geometry and NPK combinations on growth, flowering, and seed production of annual phlox (Phlox drummondii Hook.)

Effect of plant geometry and NPK combinations on growth, flowering, and seed production of annual phlox (Phlox drummondii Hook.)

Planting Geometry May Be Used to Optimize Plant Density and Yields without Changing Yield Potential per Plant in Sweet Corn.

Planting geometry is one of the most important management practices that determine plant growth and yield of corn. The effects of eight planting geometries (35 × 23 cm, 40 × 21 cm, 45 × 19 cm, 50 × 18 cm, 55 × 17 cm, 60 × 16 cm, 65 × 15 cm, 70 × 15 cm) on plant growth and yields of three sweet corn hybrids (Argos F1, Challenger F1, Khan F1) were investigated under Erzurum, Türkiye conditions in 2022 and 2023 years. Variance analysis of the main factors shows a highly significant effect on whole traits but in two-way interactions some of the traits were significant and in the three-way interactions, it was insignificant. As an average of years, the number of plants per hectare at the harvest varied between 92,307 (35 × 23 cm) and 120,444 (70 × 15 cm) according to the planting geometries. The highest marketable ear number per hectare (107,456), marketable ear yield (24,887 kg ha-1), and fresh kernel yield (19,493 kg ha-1) were obtained from the 40 × 21 cm planting geometry. The results showed that the variety Khan F1 grown at 40 × 21 cm planting geometry obtained the highest marketable ear number (112,472), marketable ear yield (29,788 kg ha-1), and fresh kernel yield (22,432 kg ha-1). The plant density was positively correlated with marketable ear number (r = 0.904 **), marketable ear yield (r = 0.853 **), and fresh kernel yield (r = 0.801 **). The differences among the varieties were significant for the studied traits, except for plant density and kernel number per ear. In conclusion, the variety Khan F1 should be grown at the 40 × 21 cm planting geometry to maximize yields under study area conditions without water and nutrient limitations.

Productivity and profitability of sesame (Sesamum indicum)- chickpea (Cicer arietinum) organic cropping system as influenced by nutrition and planting geometry

An experiment was conducted during 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to optimize organic nutrition and planting geometry for improved productivity and profitability of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) organic cropping system. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design (SPD) with three organic nutrition management practices in main plots, viz. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) to supply recommended doses of nitrogen (RDN) i.e. 52.5 kg/ha for sesame and 15 kg/ha for chickpea; Application of FYM to supply RDN + natural farming concoctions (NFCs) i.e. beejamrit, ghanjeevamrit and jeevamrit; and Control i.e. without application of FYM and NFCs. In sub-plots, four planting geometries were evaluated for sesame (30 cm × 15 cm, 45 cm × 10 cm, 60 cm × 10 cm, and paired rows) and chickpea (30 cm × 10 cm, 45 cm × 7 cm, 60 cm × 7 cm, and bed planting). Application of FYM significantly improved growth, yield attributes and seed yield of sesame and chickpea compared to the control, whereas the addition of NFCs along with FYM did not further enhance these parameters significantly during both the years. Paired row sowing followed by (fb) bed formation led to notably higher seed yield in sesame, while chickpea sown at 30 cm × 10 cm spacing achieved the highest seed yield, statistically equivalent to sowing at 45 cm × 7 cm and bed planting. The most productive system, recorded a sesame equivalent yield of 18.1 q/ha, net returns of ₹1,06,224/ha, and a benefit cost (B:C) ratio of 1.51, achieved through paired row sowing of sesame and bed planting of chickpea. Conclusively, the optimized organic nutrition and planting geometry significantly enhanced the productivity and profitability of the sesame-chickpea cropping system, with paired row sowing and bed planting emerging as the most effective strategies.

Modifying row-configuration and vermicompost application reduces intercropped peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield instability and penalty in sorghum at Babile, Eastern Ethiopia

The yield of intercropped peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in cereal crops was drastically reduced by 20–55 %, presumably due to high interspecific competition caused by illogical field layout and imbalanced fertilizer application. Field experiments were conducted in the Babile district of Eastern Ethiopia during the main cropping seasons of 2021 and 2022 to assess the possibilities of minimizing the peanut yield penalty and instability while improving sorghum production. The treatments consisted of two monocrops (SM = sole sorghum, GM = sole peanut), three row-configurations (S1G1 = 1-row sorghum with 1-row peanut, S1G2 = 1-row sorghum with 2-row peanut, MBILI = Managing Beneficial Interactions in Legume Intercrops via modifying 2-rows of sorghum with 2-rows of peanut), and four vermicompost levels (0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 t/ha), which were factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Peanut under MBILI with 4.5 t/ha vermicompost boosted peanut seed/pod and dry pod yield by 17.5 % and 20 %, respectively, with a corresponding rise of sorghum grain yield by 72 % and net profit by 48 %. Unlike GM, intercropping peanut with sorghum significantly increases yield with time, which shows the high yield stability and sustainability of intercropping over monocropping. Interestingly, peanut yield in this treatment was statistically on par with pure stand, supporting the concept that MBILI row-configuration is necessary for maintaining the potential yield of the peanut crop. Similarly, the assessment of bio-ecological indices infers the superiority of the MBILI in terms of land use efficiency, yield advantage, and profitability compared to other combinations. This implies that modifying the planting geometry along with balanced nutrient supply could alleviate the detrimental effects of sorghum over peanut by minimizing interspecific competition, thereby giving better yield and economic value for subsistence farmers.

Effect of planting geometry and nutrient management on yield and it’s attributing characters of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Effect of planting geometry and nutrient management on yield and it’s attributing characters of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Role of planting geometry and growth regulators in enhancing cotton quality

Role of planting geometry and growth regulators in enhancing cotton quality

Soil health and sugarcane productivity management through integrated nutrient management by using different organic manure sources and planting geometries in lateritic soils of Konkan region of Maharashtra

Soil health and sugarcane productivity management through integrated nutrient management by using different organic manure sources and planting geometries in lateritic soils of Konkan region of Maharashtra

Effect of planting geometries and integrated nutrient management practices on growth, yield, quality and economics of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) of Konkan region

Effect of planting geometries and integrated nutrient management practices on growth, yield, quality and economics of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) of Konkan region

Effect of cropping systems, top feeds and planting geometry on growth, yield and economics of top feeds

The present study was conducted to find out the effect of cropping systems, top feeds and planting geometry on the growth, yield and economics of different top feeds. The experiment was laid out in a split-split plot design with 18 treatment combinations and three replications. The treatments consisted of two cropping systems (C1-sole crop of top feeds, C2-intercrop of bajra napier hybrid), three top feeds [(F1-agathi (Sesbania grandiflora), F2-erythrina (Erythrina indica), F3-drumstick (Moringa oleifera)] and three planting geometry (G1-2 m x 1 m, G2- 2 m x 0.5 m, G3-paired system). The data over three years revealed that intercropping top feeds with bajra napier hybrid at a paired system (C2F1G3) recorded the highest mean number of branches in all three years. However, intercropping agathi at 2 x 0.5 m (C2F1G2) recorded the highest mean leaf stem ratio (0.82). Pooled data over three years also revealed that intercropping agathi at 2 x 0.5 m geometry recorded the highest total green fodder yield (30.16 t ha-1), total dry fodder yield (7.55 t ha-1), gross return (Rs 201200 ha-1), net returns (Rs 139000 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.25). Hence, among different tree grass combinations, growing agathi with bajra napier hybrid at 2 x 0.5 m geometry was found as most promising system for meeting the fodder requirements of Kerala.

Response of Summer Groundnut Varieties as Influenced by Plant Geometry

A field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2023 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.) to study the “Response of summer Groundnut varieties as influenced by plant geometry”. The experimental treatments comprised of three types of Groundnut varieties vi, Kadiri-6, TAG-24, Kadiri Amaravathi and three different planting geometry viz, 30 cm x 15 cm, 35 cm x 15 cm, 45cm x 10 cm, forming total 9 treatment combinations each was replicated thrice and laid out in randomized block design. The results showed that the significantly highest plant height (37.78cm), maximum number of nodules/plant (125.77), highest plant dry weight (22.37 g), maximum number of pods/plant (30.20), maximum number of kernels/pod (1.50), higher seed index (32.20 g), higher seed yield (2.19 t/ha), higher haulm yield (5.20 t/ha), and higher harvest index (35.86%), shelling percentage (55.97%)was recorded in treatment 7 [Kadiri Amravati+ Spacing (30 cm x 15 cm)]. Similarly, maximum gross return (141650.00 INR/ha), net return (97386.00 INR/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.20) was also recorded in treatment 7 Kadiri Amaravathi + Spacing (30 cm x 15 cm) as compared to other treatments. It was concluded that in Groundnut variety with the combination of Kadiri Amaravathi and spacing of (30cmx15cm) in Treatment-7 was recorded highest seed yield and B: C ratio.

Effect of Planting Geometry and Inorganic Fertilizers with Nano Urea Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Rice Crop (Oryza sativa L.)

The present investigation entitled “Influence of planting geometry and inorganic fertilizers with nano urea on productivity of rice crop (Oryza sativa L.).” was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad-224229 (U.P.) during Kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023. Fifteen treatment combinations comprised of three planting geometry C1 (20 cm × 10 cm), C2 (20 cm × 15 cm) and C3 (20 cm × 20 cm) in main plot with five fertility levels F1 - 100% RDF (150:60:40), F2 [100% RDF + Two foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1(Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)], F3 [75% RDF + Two foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1(Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)], F4 [50% RDF + Two foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1(Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)] and F5 - Control [no fertilizers] were executed in split plot design keeping fertility levels in sub plot with three replications. The soil of experimental plot was silty loam in texture with low in orgainic carbon and nitrogen médium in phosphorus and high in potassium. The treatment combination C1 (20 cm × 10 cm) along with F2 [100% RDF + two foliar applications of nano urea at 3000 ml ha-1 (during Tillering and Panicle initiation stages)] demonstrated significantly elevated levels of quality and nutrient uptake, including protein content (%), yield (kg ha-1), NPK content (%), and NPK uptake (kg ha-1). This performance was comparable to the combination of C1 (20 cm × 10 cm) with F3 [75% RDF + two foliar applications of nano urea at 3000 ml ha-1 (during Tillering and Panicle initiation stages)], and notably surpassed other treatments. In summary, the utilization of C1 (20 cm × 10 cm) coupled with F2 [100% RDF + foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1 (during Tillering and Panicle initiation stages)] exhibited superior outcomes across all parameters of quality and nutrient absorption, leading to increased rice crop yield and profitability over both study years.

Effect of Planting Geometry and Inorganic Fertilizers with Nano Urea on Growth Indices of Rice Crop (Oryza sativa L.)

An experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India during Kharif season 2022 and 2023 to find out the effect of planting geometry and inorganic fertilizers with nano urea on growth indices of rice crop. All the growth indices parameters viz. Crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1) Relative growth rate (g g-1 day-1x 10-3), Net Assimilation rate (g m-2 day-1) and yield were significantly higher with the treatment P1 (20 cm × 10 cm) and F2 [100% RDF + foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1(Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)] at par with treatment combination P1 (20 cm × 10 cm) and F3 [75% RDF + foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1(Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)] and significantly higher than the other treatments. It can be concluded that treatment C1 (20 cm × 10 cm) with the application of F2 [100% RDF + foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1 (Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)] proved better during both the year for all growth indices to achieve higher yield and remuneration of rice crop.

Yield Potential and Economics of Chilli + Amaranth Intercropping System as Influenced by Plant Geometry and Fertigation

Background: Intercropping is a method of increasing cropping in order to increase productivity by mixing several crops and more effectively utilising the available resources. The productivity of intercropping systems can be increased by using the right planting geometry, together with effective nutrition and water management. Methods: The experiment was carried out at the Water Management Research Unit in Vellanikkara. The experiment was set up using a randomised block design that was triple duplicated. Two different planting geometries, normal row planting and paired row planting, three nutrient levels, or 100, 75 and 50% of the NPK recommendation for both crops as fertigation and two irrigation levels, or 100% Epan and 75% Epan, made up the treatments. Result: The yield of intercropped chilli was 41% lower than that of chilli grown as a pure crop, according to crop performance under the intercropping and pure crop systems. However, intercropping increased amaranth production by 17% compared to pure crop. Amaranth receives nutrients from the fertigation supplied to the chilli crop in addition to the fertigation of amaranth. Because of this, intercropped amaranth produced more dry matter; absorbed more nutrients and produced a better yield. Gross return, net return and B:C ratio was used to evaluate the economic advantage of the intercropping system. In comparison to pure crops of chilli (Rs.197716) and amaranth (Rs.24548), the net return of the chilli-amaranth intercropping system (Rs. 428212) was 116 per cent higher and 164 per cent higher, respectively. The study indicated that there is an effective utilization of space, nutrients and water when amaranth was raised as an intercrop with chilli.

Ecological weed management and square planting influenced the weed management, and crop productivity in direct-seeded rice

Herbicide use may pose a risk of environmental pollution or evolution of resistant weeds. As a result, an experiment was carried out to assess the influence of different non-chemical weed management tactics (one hoeing (HH) at 12 DAS followed by (fb) one hand weeding at 30 DAS, one HH at 12 DAS fb Sesbania co-culture and its mulching, one HH at 12 DAS fb rice straw mulching @ 4t ha−1, one HH at 12 DAS fb rice straw mulching @ 6 t ha−1) on weed control, crop growth and yield, and economic returns in direct-seeded rice (DSR). Experiment was conducted during kharif season in a split-plot design and replicated thrice. Zero-till seed drill-sown crop (PN) had the lowest weed density at 25 days after sowing (DAS), while square planting geometry (PS) had the lowest weed density at 60 DAS. PS also resulted in a lower weed management index (WMI), agronomic management index (AMI), and integrated weed management index (IWMI), as well as higher growth attributes, grain yield (4.19 t ha–1), and net return (620.98 US$ ha–1). The cultivar Arize 6444 significantly reduced weed density and recorded higher growth attributes, yield, and economic return. In the case of weed management treatments, one HH at 12 DAS fbSesbania co-culture and its mulching had the lowest weed density, Shannon-weinner index and eveness at 25 DAS. However, one hoeing at 12 DAS fb one hand weeding at 30 DAS (HH + WH) achieved the highest grain yield (4.85 t ha–1) and net returns (851.03 US$ ha–1) as well as the lowest weed density at 60 DAS. PS × HH + WH treatment combination had the lowest weed persistent index (WPI), WMI, AMI, and IWMI, and the highest growth attributes, production efficiency, and economic return.

Planting precision: Investigating the soybean growth dynamics with different varieties and planting geometries

Planting precision: Investigating the soybean growth dynamics with different varieties and planting geometries

Effect of planting geometry on the performance of sesame varieties

Effect of planting geometry on the performance of sesame varieties

Effect of plant geometry and nitrogen management on productivity in wheat

Effect of plant geometry and nitrogen management on productivity in wheat

Growth, yield and economic returns from the dual purpose baby corn (Zea mays) under different planting geometry and nitrogen levels

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2012 at Karnal, Haryana to evaluate the effect of 6 planting geometry viz. 40 cm × 15 cm, 40 cm × 20 cm, 50 cm × 15 cm, 50 cm × 20 cm, 60 cm × 15 cm and 60 cm × 20 cm and 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha) on dual purpose baby corn (Zea mays L.). The plant height, leaf area index (LAI), baby corn yield (1.88 t/ha), total green fodder yield (30.8 t/ha) as well as dry fodder yield (6.52 t/ha) were higher in 50 cm × 15 cm planting geometry than all other planting geometry, however, plant girth and fresh weight per plant were significantly higher in 60 cm × 20 cm planting geometry. Net returns ( 162.4 × 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.31) were higher in 50 cm × 15 cm geometry than all other planting geometry. Most of the growth and yield attributes of baby corn were significantly improved by nitrogen application up to 120 kg N/ha. However, green (32.3 t/ha) as well as dry fodder yield (6.66 t/ha) increased significantly with increase in the level of nitrogen application up to 180 kg/ha. Highest net returns ( 155.9 × 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.21) were recorded with the application of 180 kg N/ha.