Mixture Of Plant Extracts Research Articles

Changes in Bacterial Population of Gastrointestinal Tract of Weaned Pigs Fed with Different Additives

This study aimed to provide novel insights into the gastrointestinal microbial diversity from different gastrointestinal locations in weaning piglets using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Additionally, the effect of different feed additives was analyzed. Thirty-two piglets were fed with four different diets: a control group and three enriched diets, with avilamycin, sodium butyrate, and a plant extract mixture. Digesta samples were collected from eight different gastrointestinal segments of each animal and the bacterial population was analysed by a PCR-RFLP technique that uses 16S rDNA gene sequences. Bacterial diversity was assessed by calculating the number of bands and the Shannon-Weaver index. Dendrograms were constructed to estimate the similarity of bacterial populations. A higher bacterial diversity was detected in large intestine compared to small intestine. Among diets, the most relevant microbial diversity differences were found between sodium butyrate and plant extract mixture. Proximal jejunum, ileum, and proximal colon were identified as those segments that could be representative of microbial diversity in pig gut. Results indicate that PCR-RFLP technique allowed detecting modifications on the gastrointestinal microbial ecology in pigs fed with different additives, such as increased biodiversity by sodium butyrate in feed.

Yumurtacı Tavuk Rasyonlarına İlave Edilen Borik Asit ve/veya Bitki Ekstraktı Karışımının Yumurta Verimi ve Yumurta Kalitesi ile Kan Kolesterolü Üzerine Etkileri

Yumurtacı Tavuk Rasyonlarına İlave Edilen Borik Asit ve/veya Bitki Ekstraktı Karışımının Yumurta Verimi ve Yumurta Kalitesi ile Kan Kolesterolü Üzerine Etkileri

Development of the Composition, Technology, and Standardization of Tablets Containing Dry Extract of Meadowsweet Filipendula Ulmaria (L.) Maxim.

A commercially viable composition for tablets containing dry meadowsweet [Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.] extract was developed. A direct pressing method was proposed and product quality standards were defined based on a study of the processing properties of the dry plant extract and tableting mixtures. A combined method for both qualitative (TLC on silica gel, UV spectroscopy) and quantitative (differential spectrophotometry using quercetin State Standard Sample) was developed for determination of flavonoids in the tablets. Three batches of tablets satisfying all requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia XIth Ed. and Industry Standard 64.7.170 – 75 were manufactured based on the dry meadowsweet extract.

천연 식물추출물 복합제를 이용한 오디균핵병 및 뽕나무이에 대한 친환경 방제기술 개발

Study on Eco-friendly Control Effect of Natural Plant Extract Mixtures on Mulberry Popcorn Disease and Mulberry Sucker-Eco-friendly farming,Microbials,Mulberry,Mulching materials,Natural plant extracts,Popcorn disease,Sucker

Evaluation of cytotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of leaf extracts of three medicinal plants using Allium cepa chromosome assay

In the present study, the Allium cepa chromosome assay was employed as a preliminary test to investigate the mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of three plants, namely Clinacanthus nutans, Adhatoda vasica, and Carica papaya, used by traditional practitioners in Malaysia against a direct acting mutagen-Methyl Methanesulphonate (MMS). Onions were planted in various treatment groups: plant extract alone, treatment 1 (pre-treatment with MMS and transfer into plant extracts), and treatment 2 (mixture of MMS and plant extracts). The bulbs planted in the extract alone for cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assessment revealed that none of the extracts of the three plants except the 50 mg/kg of methanol extract of A. vasicawere cytotoxic to A. cepa cells, but a moderate level of mutagenicity was observed at 200 and 400 mg/kg of methanol extract of C. papaya and at 400 mg/kg of aqueous extract of C. nutans. Antimutagenic screening on the other hand revealed that all the extracts tested were able to reduce the percentage chromosomal aberration induced by MMS, both in treatment 1 and 2. Besides that, MMS-induced cell death was also observed to be reduced in onion root cells treated with the plant extracts. Therefore, taking all the results obtained into consideration, the order of the plant extracts with increasing suppressiveness against MMS was C. papaya < A. vasica < C. nutans.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i8.15588 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, July 2013, 2(8): 131-140

The Antitumor Effects of a Plant Extract Mixture

Cancer is the most common cause of death in Japan. Fundamental and clinical studies on cancer were conducted from the viewpoint of Western medicine so far. However, a sustained complete remission has not been achieved yet. In order to alleviate the side effects of anticancer drugs, some traditional herbal medicines (Kampo medicines) have been prescribed to cancer patients. We have been studying on antitumor substances in medicinal herbs and found an antitumor medicinal herb named Rhus verniciflua (lacquer, Urushi in Japanese). To investigate the antitumor effect in vitro, a plant extract mixture was prepared from six medicinal herbs containing lacquer. The plant extract mixture containing lacquer (Rv-PEM) inhibited the proliferation of several mouse and human tumor cell lines. Rv-PEM had more potent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human leukemia cell lines (MOLT-3, KG-1) than on other tumor cell lines. The IC50 values of Rv-PEM on MOLT-3 and KG-1 cells were 0.208 and 0.293 mg/mL, respectively. After treating Rv-PEM to the tumor cells, DNA fragmentation and Caspase-3 and -9 activity increased in the treated cells. The mechanisms of the inhibitory proliferation activity of Rv-PEM would involve apoptosis of human leukemia cells (MOLT-3, KG-1, K-562) by the mitochondrial pathway.

HERBAL CONTROL OF MOSQUITO LARVAE

Mosquitoes are the vectors for the dreadful diseases of mankind. For control of larval stages of mosquito, herbal plant extracts/ botanical insecticides are being tried. In the present study aqueous extract of some traditional medicinal herbal plants i.e. Neem ( Azadirechta indica ), Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), Tulasi ( Ocimum santum ), and Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) were tested for their Larvicidal activity. The successful attempt is made to kill the larvae, the premature stage of mosquitoes by using safe and socio-economical herbal plant extract mixtures. Ginger+Tobacco, Neem+Tobbaco and Ginger Neem, Turmeric, Tobacco and Tulasi showed highest larvicidal activity. The results obtained show that this plant material exhibited larvicidal activity and could be considered as potent natural larvicidal agent without any toxic effects.

In Vitro Effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper®, a Plant Extract Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates

Treatment of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections requires combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs which have several toxic side effects. Thus there is a need for safer and effective new drugs. Ankaferd Blood Stopper® (ABS), which is a mixture of plant extracts prepared from Alpinia officinarum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Thymus vulgaris, Urtica dioica and Vitis vinifera, has homeostatic and antibacterial effects. Standard solutions of ABS are already being used topically for post-traumatic and post-operative bleeding control in our country. This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of ABS against M.tuberculosis isolates. A total of 57 clinical isolates [17 multidrug resistant (MDR), 11 resistant to only isoniazid (INH), one resistant to INH and streptomycin (STR), two resistant only to STR, two resistant only to ETM, and 24 susceptible to all drugs] and three standard strains [H37Rv (susceptible to all drugs), ATCC 35822 (INH-resistant), ATCC 35820 (STR-resistant)] were included in the study. Agar dilution method was used to detect the MIC values of ABS. In the study, ABS MIC value was determined as 10.94 µg/ml for M.tuberculosis H37Rv strain which was susceptible to all anti-tuberculosis drugs, whereas it was determined as 21.88 µg/ml for INH-resistant ATCC 35822 and STR-resistant ATCC 35820 strains. The MIC values for 24 susceptible clinical isolates were as follows; 10.94 µg/ml (n= 17), 21.88 µg/ml (n= 6) and < 1.37 µg/ml (n= 1). When evaluating 17 MDR clinical isolates, MIC values were determined as 5.47 µg/ml (n= 1), 10.94 µg/ml (n= 5) and 21.88 µg/ml (n= 11). MIC values were ranging between < 1.37-21.88 µg/ml among 11 INH-resistant isolates. These isolates were susceptible to other first line anti-tuberculosis drugs. MIC value of one isolate resistant to both of INH and STR was determined as 21.88 µg/ml. MIC value of the two sole STR-resistant isolates was 21.88 µg/ml. MIC values of the two sole ETM-resistant isolates were determined as 21.88 µg/ml and 10.94 µg/ml. MIC50 and MIC90 values for the tested bacteria were 10.94 µg/ml and 21.88 µg/ml, respectively. It was concluded that 16 fold diluted concentration of the topically used ABS solution was found to be active against tuberculosis bacilli in vitro. Thus ABS might be used as a supportive agent together with anti-tuberculous drugs during debridement of multiple drug-resistant M.tuberculosis caused osteomyelitis and lymphadenitis lesions.

Yumurtacı Tavuk Rasyonlarına Farklı Seviyelerde Bitki Ekstraktı ve Bakır İlavesinin Yumurta Verimi ve Kalitesi, Yumurta Sarısı Kolesterolu ve Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonuna Etkileri

Yumurtacı Tavuk Rasyonlarına Farklı Seviyelerde Bitki Ekstraktı ve Bakır İlavesinin Yumurta Verimi ve Kalitesi, Yumurta Sarısı Kolesterolu ve Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonuna Etkileri

Cold Plant Extract Mixture from the Plants Solanaceae Are Cytotoxic for Cancer Cells

Cold Plant Extract Mixture from the Plants Solanaceae Are Cytotoxic for Cancer Cells

Application of spectroscopy in herbal metabolomics

Application of spectroscopy in herbal metabolomics

Toxicity of Plant Extract Mixtures on Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) with Biomaterials and Material Applications

The bioactivity of two plant extract mixtures on Lasioderma serricorne adults were investigated. As biomateriasls, the two plant extract mixtures had potent contact toxicity and fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne adults, which significantly increased with increasing treatment dosages. The toxicity of plant extract mixtureⅡ was stronger than that of plant extract mixture. For the contact toxicity, the LD50 values of plant extract mixtureⅠ and plant extract mixture Ⅱ were 2.89 and 1.37 µL/cm2, respectively. For the fumigant toxicity, the LD50 values of plant extract mixtureⅠ and plant extract mixture Ⅱ were 284.42 and 82.95 µL/L air, respectively.

The potency of Chloropyrifos and Camphor extract on Spodoptera littoralis (BOISD.)

The biological and biochemical effects chloropyrifos, camphor extract and their combination were studied against the 4 th instars of Spodoptera littoralis under semi-field conditions. The results indicated that the LC50 for chloropyrifos was 0.08 ppm and 13.3 x 10 3 ppm for the camphor extract. The estimated Co-toxicity factor was 13.2 So, there is an additive effect between camphor oil and chloropyrifos against S. littoralis. Oil extract of camphor prolonged larval and pupal duration also the same effect happened when using mixture of camphor extract and chloropyrifos. This prolongation was accompanied with a reduction in pupal weight of the treated larvae. While when using chloropyrifos only the larval and pupal duration were shortened Also % of pupation and % of adult emergence were more decrease in plant extract and insecticide mixture than each compound alone. Biochemical studies showed that, total protein content of larval instars decreased by 31, 26 and 13.5 % for camphor extract, chloropyrifos and its combination, respectively. Also, the activity of acid phosphatase, α-esterase was significantly decreased. Where the alkaline phosphatase, activity increased When compared with control.

Fractal dimension in mass spectra from herbal extracts: Hypothesis for a new method of phytocomplex characterization

In order to explore new possibilities to optimize the quality control of herbal products, a non-conventional method of analysis of complex systems, the fractal analysis, applied to ElectroSpray Ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometry, was evaluated. The ESI spectra obtained with herbal commercial products were converted into bitmap images and submitted to fractal analysis using the so-called “box counting” method. The fractal dimension (D B ) so obtained permitted to classify single plant extracts. Also the ESI spectrum obtained with a mixture of plant extracts contained in a commercial herbal product provided a fractal pattern; statistical analysis on several replicates obtained with different batches indicated that D B tends to display a normal distribution around a mean value, which might be suggested as a typical reference for that product. D B of ESI spectra of plant extracts which underwent thermal treatment indicates that this measure maybe useful also to evaluate the changes occurring with aging of the product. In conclusion, D B might be proposed as a new promising technique of investigation to be used, coupled to mass spectrometry, as a summary measurement of complexity of the overall phytochemical composition and stability of a herbal product.  2013 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA Full Paper

In vitro antioxidant synergism and antagonism between food extracts can lead to similar activities in H2O2‐induced cell death, caspase‐3 and MMP‐2 activities in H9c2 cells

The cardio-health-promoting activity of some foods may be due to their specific antioxidant content. The antioxidant activity of a mixture of plant extracts has been shown to differ from the activity of the individual extracts. As a result, the activity of the mixture can be described as synergistic, antagonistic or additive. This in vitro study evaluated the relationship between the in vitro antioxidant capacity of mixtures and their bioactivity when cardiomyocytes (H9c2) were challenged with H(2)O(2). A mixture of raspberry and adzuki bean extracts produced a synergistic response and a mixture of broccoli and soybean extracts produced an antagonistic response in chemical-based antioxidant assays. When these extracts were tested in cell cultures, individually and in mixtures, the mixture of raspberry and adzuki bean protected the cardiomyocytes from H(2)O(2)-induced cell damage significantly better than the individual extracts. Conversely, the mixture of broccoli and soybean extracts was less effective in protecting H9c2 cells. The synergistic and antagonistic effects of the mixtures in protecting cell damage were brought about by enhanced or reduced ability in attenuating caspase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 activities elevated by H(2)O(2). Food mixtures with synergistic antioxidant activity and protective property against reactive oxygen species-induced cell death can potentially be incorporated into novel functional foods or beverages with optimum health benefit. The antagonistic effect of food mixtures can be a health concern and thus should be avoided.

The effect of plant extracts fed before farrowing and during lactation on sow and piglet performance

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a mixture of plant extracts (XTRACT 6930), consisting of 5.4% (wt/wt) carvacrol (oregano), 3.2% cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) and 2.2% capsicum oleoresin (Mexican pepper), on piglet and sow performance when used as dietary supplements to the sows. The experiment was performed on 40 sows, divided into two groups (control and experimental) of 20 sows per group. The study was conducted from day 90 of pregnancy until weaning at day 28. The sows in the control group received the basal diet, and the sows in the experimental group (XT group) received the basal diet, supplemented with 100 mg of XTRACT/kg feed. Backfat thickness of the sows at points P2 and P4 was measured on day 90 of pregnancy and at weaning. Milk samples were collected from each sow on day 15 &plusmn; 2 of lactation. The backfat thickness of the sows that received the plant extracts was significantly thicker at weaning than that of the controls, showing less loss of backfat during lactation. The lactose content in the milk of the XTRACT group was higher than that of the control. Piglets of the sows supplemented with the plant extract had a significantly higher average daily gain during the suckling period and a higher body weight at weaning. The mortality of piglets during the suckling period was significantly lower in the XTRACT group than in the control group. The results showed that the plant extract supplementation of sows during late pregnancy and lactation had a beneficial effect on the performance of the sows and piglets.Keywords: XTRACT 6930, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, capsicum oleoresin, sows, piglets

The effects of sensory functional ingredients on food preferences, intake and weight gain in juvenile pigs

When exposed to a novel diet during food transition, pigs often decrease voluntarily their food intake, which can lead to impaired growth. The aim of the present study was to test the palatability of eight unknown food additives (mixture of various essential oils and other plant extracts) and to identify among them the additives that were likely to improve food preferences, intake and weight gain in juvenile pigs. In Experiment 1, 12 juvenile female pigs were subjected to one- and two-way choice tests to investigate their spontaneous preferences between a standard grower diet and nine experimental diets composed of the familiar grower diet added with the sensory functional ingredients (N1–N8) at predefined concentrations. As the control diet was preferred over the N5, N6, N7 and N8 diets, only the N1, N2, N3 and N4 additives were selected for Experiment 2. In Experiment 2, 12 juvenile female pigs were subjected to two-choice feeding tests to investigate their relative preferences between the four remaining experimental diets. Overall, the analysis of individual and collective consumption and preferences suggests that some additives might be more palatable than others, at the tested concentrations, and that preferences are subjected to a great inter-individual variability. Experiment 2 enabled to identify the N1 and N3 additives as the best candidates for Experiment 3. In Experiment 3, the spontaneous food intake of 24 juvenile female pigs was assessed during a food transition. After nine days during which they were fed a familiar starter diet, the pigs were divided into three experimental groups and fed an unfamiliar grower diet added with either the N1 additive, the N3 additive, or with no additive (control). Albeit the adjunction of the functional ingredients in the novel diet did not increase food intake or weight gain in these particular experimental conditions, it might enable to maintain a normal consumption the day of the food transition, contrary to the control diet, although the results were not significant. Further studies using complementary tests where a unique food is provided in controlled conditions, in addition to two-choice tests, might enable to investigate more accurately the efficiency of the sensory additives to improve food palatability, preferences and intake in pigs.

Two cases of acute coronary syndrome after intake of Clavis PANAX, coincidence or consequence?

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is an epidemic in today's world. It is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and death. Therefore, remedies to control or heal the disease are continuously sought. In addition to scientifically researched therapies, patients frequently utilize alternative medicine. However, effective and toxic doses, metabolisms, and drug interactions of the herbs and herbal nutrition supplements are largely unknown. Herein, we present two cases with acute coronary syndrome. The first case was admitted with a diagnosis of acute inferior myocardial infaction (MI) and a stent was implanted to the occluded right coronary artery (RCA). There was a 50% stenosis in his left anterior descending artery (LAD). He was admitted with a diagnosis of non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) 6 months later. In the coronary angiogram, there was stent restenosis in RCA, the lesion in LAD had become thrombotic and progressed to a stenosis of 90%. He was referred to surgical revascularization. The second case was admitted for acute inferior MI and a stent was implanted to the occluded circumflex artery. Two months later, he was hospitalized for NSTEMI. Progression of coronary plaques to stenosis and stent restenosis was detected and he was referred to surgical revascularization. Both patients used the product sold as Clavis Panax, which contains panax ginseng, tribulus terrestris, and oat, after their first coronary intervention. Intake of a mixture of plant extracts may have serious consequences in humans as drug interactions and side effects are unknown.

KIOM-79 attenuated cell damage induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress by inhibiting apoptosis in RINm5F cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular compartment responsible for biosynthesis and folding of newly synthesized proteins destined for secretion, such as insulin. ER stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and is associated with pancreatic β-cell damage. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of KIOM-79, a mixture of plant extracts, on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced ER stress in pancreatic RINm5F β-cells. STZ induced characteristics of ER stress; the release of Ca2+ from ER, increased ER staining, induction of glucose-regulated protein-78, phosphorylation of PKR-like ER kinase, and eukaryotic initiation factor-2α, as well as cleavage of activating transcription factor-6, whereas KIOM-79 inhibited these changes. Moreover, KIOM-79 inhibited STZ-induced apoptotic cell death. STZ induced CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP) and cleavage of caspase 12, which are ER stress-induced apoptosis regulatory proteins; however, KIOM-79 suppressed these effects. KIOM-79 suppressed apoptosis induced by STZ treatment in CHOP siRNA-transfected cells. Furthermore, KIOM-79 restored cell viability decreased by STZ treatment via ER-stressed apoptosis. The pancreatic β-cells damaged by STZ had decreased levels of insulin, and KIOM-79 restored the levels. Taken together, these results suggest that KIOM-79 had cytoprotective effects against STZ-induced apoptosis by interrupting the ER stress pathway.

Effect of dietary plant extracts mixture on pork meat quality

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a plant extracts mixture including carvacrol (oregano), cinnamaldehyde (cinnamom), and capsicum oleoresin (Mexican pepper) on the meat quality of pigs. The study was carried out on 60 pigs, divided into two groups (control and experimental), 30 pigs each. The control group was given a basal diet and the experimental group (XT group) received the basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg (XT). The fattening of pigs was carried out from a body weight of 30 to 100 kg. The pigs XT group had a lower M. longissimus dorsi (LD) electrical conductivity at 24 hour post-mortem, lower drip loss and cooking loss from the LD muscle, however, had a higher water holding capacity and a* values (redness) in the fresh meat. The plant extracts significantly increased the sensory quality of the fresh meat and the cooked meat.