Plant Dry Matter Weight Research Articles

Impacts of soil type and drought stress on growth and cesium accumulation in Napier grass.

In our previous study, the decontamination efficiency of cesium-137 (137Cs) by Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) in the field was shown to be variable and often influenced by natural environmental factors. To elucidate the factors influencing this variable 137Cs-decontamination efficiency, we investigated the influences of soil type and drought stress on Cs accumulation using cesium-133 (133Cs) in Napier grass grown in plastic containers. The experiment was performed using two soil types (Soil A and B) and three different soil moisture conditions: well-watered control (CL), slight drought stress (SD), and moderate drought stress (MD). Overall, our results indicate that soil type and drought have a significant impact on plant growth and 133Cs accumulation in Napier grass. Plant height (PH), tiller number (TN), leaf width (Wleaf), and dry matter weight of aboveground parts (DWabove) and root parts (DWroot) in Soil B were greater than those in Soil A. Drought stress negatively affected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem (PS) II photochemistry and potential activity of PS II), PH, TN, Wleaf, DWabove, DWroot, and total 133Cs content (TCs), but it had a positive effect on 133Cs concentration. The 133Cs concentration in the aboveground parts (Csabove) was increased by MD approximately 1.62-fold in Soil A and 1.11-fold in Soil B compared to each CL counterpart. The TCs in the aboveground parts (TCsabove) decreased due to drought by approximately 19.9%-39.0% in Soil A and 49.9%-62.7% in Soil B; however, there was no significant effect on TCsabove due to soil type. The results of this study indicate that soil moisture is a key factor in maintaining Napier grass 137Cs-decontamination efficiency.

Molecular Identification of Trichoderma Isolates and Their Effect in Combination with Zyngiberaceae Extracts on Maize Downy Mildew Incidence and Plant Growth

Research was done to molecularly identify Trichoderma isolates and to study the effect combination of Trichoderma isolates and Zingiberaceae extracts on downy mildew intensity as well as the growth of maize. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. The experiment consisted of combination between Trichoderma isolates (no Trichoderma, East Lampung isolate, and Plant Clinic isolate) and Zingiberaceae extracts: ginger/jahe (Zingiber officinale), turmeric/kunyit (Curcuma longa), lengkuas (Alpinia galanga), galangale/kencur (Kaempferia galanga), temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), and temu hitam (Curcuma aeroginosa). Variables observed were disease incidence, incubation periode, plant height, and dry matter weight. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance and the difference between means were tested using LSD test at 5% significant level. Based on molecular identification, both Trichoderma isolates (East Lampung isolates and Plant Clinic isolate) are Trichoderma asperrelum. The results showed that combination of T. asperellum isolates and Zingiberaceae extracts lowered the disease incidence of maize downy mildew, prolonged the incubation period, increased plant height and dry matter weight. The best result was shown by combination of T. asperellum isolate from NTF East Lampung and tumeric extract.

Potensi Peningkatan Hasil Jagung Manis (Zea Mays Saccharata Sturt) Melalui Kombinasi Dosis Pupuk Nitrogen dan Kalium

This study aims to obtain the right dosage of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers as well as the interaction between nitrogen and potassium in increasing the growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata). This study used a factorial randomized block design consisting of 2 treatment factors, namely nitrogen and potassium fertilizer treatment, with 3 replications. Factor I Nitrogen fertilizer treatment with the dose: N0: Without nitrogen fertilizer (control), N1: Nitrogen fertilizer 150 kg/ha Urea, N2: Nitrogen fertilizer 300 kg/ha Urea. Factor II Potassium Fertilizer : K0 : Without Potassium Fertilizer (control), KI : Potassium Fertilizer 200 kg/ha K2O, K2 : Potassium Fertilizer 300 kg/ha K2O. The parameters observed in this study were plant height (cm), cob length (cm), cob weight (grams), cob diameter (grams) and dry chestnut weight (grams). The results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of nitrogen fertilizers and potassium fertilizers had a significant to very significant effect on all observed variables. The interaction of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers had a significant effect on cob weight and had a very significant effect on plant height, cob diameter and dry matter weight and had no significant effect on cob length.

Facile coating of micronutrient zinc for slow release urea and its agronomic effects on field grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Slow release urea has been widely tested in recent past as an effective method to enhance the crop productivity with fewer environmental concerns. However, very few research studies have been performed using micronutrients as a source of slow release of urea nitrogen. A laboratory and field study were carried out to check the agronomic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its bulk salt coatings on urea prills on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (0.25, 0.5 and 4% elemental zinc) were coated on urea prills to slow down the release rate. Bulk zinc oxide salt (ZnO) with similar concentrations was also used in parallel to make a comparison between nano and bulk salt. The SEM of zinc oxide nanoparticles clearly depicted zinc oxide nanoparticles size within a range of 50-90 nm. The XRD and FTIR spectrums also showed its characteristics peak at designated positions. Field study revealed than 0.5% zinc oxide nanoparticles coated urea boosted the crop growth and yield in comparison to the bulk zinc oxide coated urea having similar zinc concentrations, i.e., 0.25%, 0.5% and 4% elemental zinc. The plant parameters like plant height, root length, root volume, grain yield and dry matter weight were significantly increased due to application of zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Matter Production Characteristics and Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Different Nitrogen Application Patterns in Chinese Double-Cropping Rice Systems

Panicle-stage nitrogen fertilizer is popular in parts of China due to its higher nitrogen recovery efficiency compared to basal and tiller nitrogen. However, the effect of conversion from basal to panicle-stage nitrogen on matter production, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) in Chinese double-cropping rice systems remains largely unknown. Here, we elucidate the effect by using two types of one-time basal nitrogen patterns (A and B), three panicle-N allocation patterns (C, D, and E), and the local conventional patterns (CK). The two-year experiment demonstrates that E (basal/tiller/spikelet-promoting /spikelet-developing nitrogen = 0:4:3:3) produced the greatest annual grain yield, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, and nitrogen partial productivity. The annual dry matter weight and nitrogen increment of panicle, nitrogen transportation of stems contributes the most to annual yield and NUE. Furthermore, the yield increase could be attributed to the higher effective panicles, plant dry matter weight at tillering, and net photosynthesis rate at heading. Moreover, years and varieties affect the yield in different N treatments. The improvement in the net photosynthesis rate at the milk stage also significantly increases nitrogen recovery efficiency. These findings suggest that it is worth paying attention to the rational ratio of tillering to panicle fertilizer without applying a base fertilizer, to synchronously increase the grain yield, NUE in Chinese double-cropping rice systems.

Evaluation and screening of low phosphorus stress tolerance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

A field experiment was carried out to screen low phosphorus tolerance indexes in common bean. Analysis and comparison of the coefficient of variation of the relative values of phosphorus efficiency-related indexes in 30 common bean varieties subjected to different phosphorus treatments were identified. Plant dry matter weight, phosphorus accumulation, and acid phosphatase activity are important indexes for determining low-phosphorus tolerance. A comprehensive evaluation system for low-phosphorus tolerance in common bean was established using the fuzzy membership function method. Varieties with a composite index ≥ 0.49 were identified as low phosphorus tolerant varieties, including “Longyun 13,” “Longyun 6,” and “Long17- 3525,” while varieties with a composite index ≤ 0.27 were identified as varieties sensitive to low phosphorus, including “Long12-2752,” “NR,” and “Long15-1554.” Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 903-909, 2021 (September) Special

English

Rhizobium isolates from wild pea nodules were characterized on the basis of microbiological characteristics. P4, P7, P12, P14, P16, P19, P20, P22, P23 and P24 isolates grew at the 4.5 pH, P5, P6, P11, P12, P13, P14, P16, P17, P19, P20 and P21 isolates grew at 4% NaCl and P7, P8, P10, P11, P12, P14, P19, P20, P22, P23, P24 and P25 isolates grew at 40°C. Resistance to antibiotics (μg mL-1) was investigated in a large propotion of isolates; streptomycin sulphate (80), rifampisin (40), erythromycin (30), chloramphenicol (100), Penicillin (40). In this study, local Rhizobium bacterial isolates were isolated from wild pea root nodules and their efficacy was investigated. Isolates significantly increased plant dry matter weight. The highest nitrogen fixation was achieved with P4 inoculation. Glutamine synthetase and leghemoglobin content of the nodules were determined in the inoculated with the highest P4 isolate. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Evaluation of the agricultural potential of the serpentinite rock as a soil remineralizer.

Magnesium is one of the essential elements for the plant growth. However, when the supply of magnesium is required exclusively, few economically feasible options are available. Serpentinite represents an alternative source of magnesium, although little is known about its potential and efficiency under tropical soil conditions. This work aimed to evaluate the use of serpentinite as a soil remineralizer, as well as magnesium fertilizer. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design, with seven treatments and four replications, as follows: three levels of serpentinite, mix of serpentinite and phonolite, and the controls with dolomitic limestone and without fertilization. Two plant species (Zea mays L. corn hybrid BRS - 1055 and Phaseolus vulgaris L. common bean variety BRS - Estilo) and two contrasting soils (clayey and sandy texture), were used in pots. Results showed that serpentinite's free silica and toxic element contents fitted the legal requirements. No statistically significant difference was observed for the plant dry matter weight production in the serpentinite and dolomitic limestone control, as well as in the pure serpentinite and the mix with phonolite treatments. The serpentinite was able to supply and to fullfil magnesium requirements for growth and development of corn and bean plants.

Growth and yield response of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris (L.) to media mixture ratios of sand, acacia soil, and goat manure

Northern Namibian soils are predominantly sandy. A mixture of Acacia soils, sandy and goat manure is frequently used for growing various plants. However, the extent to which variations in proportions of these substrates affect growth and yield is not known. The study was conducted at the University of Namibia, Ogongo campus during the period April to August 2020 to determine optimum mixing ratios for sandy, Acacia erioloba soil and goat manure on the growth and yield of Swiss chard. Treatments were Sandy, Acacia soil and goat manure mixed in 5 different ratios of respectively; 1:2:1; 2:3:2; 1:1:1, 2:1:2, 1:1:2 and Acacia soil (control). Samples from each mixture used for pot filling were taken to the soil laboratory for textural analysis. A complete randomized experiment with 8 replications was laid under the University’s shade house. Measured parameters were plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry matter weight and chlorophyll content. Results showed that media was significantly different across all the measured parameters at 1 % probability level. The medium mixture 2:3:2 outperformed the rest of the mixtures in almost all the parameters. The results of the study indicated that acacia soil alone is not optimum for pot filling but must be supplemented with substrate that is rich in mineral content like goat manure. However, the mixing ratio is a key consideration for optimal vegetable production. We recommend the use of media mixture 2:3:2 to improve yield of Swiss chard.

Phytotoxicity and Effect of Ionic Liquids on Antioxidant Parameters in Spring Barley Seedlings: The Impact of Exposure Time

The influence of the ionic liquids (ILs) tetrabutylammonium bromide [TBA][Br], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole bromide [BMIM][Br], and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide [TBP][Br] added at different concentrations to the soil were studied for the growth and development of spring barley seedlings. Samples were harvested at three different time points: day 7, 14, and 21 after addition of ILs. The results show that [TBP][Br] was the most toxic. The introduction of this IL at the dose of 100 mg kg−1 of soil DM decreased the growth of seedlings at all test dates. The addition of the studied ILs to the soil in higher doses resulted in an increase in peroxidase and catalase activity, which may indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress in plants. An increase in the content of plant dry matter weight, contents of H2O2 and proline and a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments in barley seedlings were also observed. The malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase activity fluctuated randomly during the experiment. As a result, it was found that the phytotoxicity of ILs and the magnitude of oxidative stress in seedlings depended more on the added doses of these compounds than on the measurement date.

Shading and its reflections on growth and gas exchanges of Microdesmia rigida (Benth.) Sothers & Prance

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of shading on growth and gas exchange of seedlings of Microdesmia rigida, keeping them under the levels of 0% (full sun), 50% and 70% shading, arranged in a completely randomized design (DIC), with four replications. Plant height, stem diameter, height/diameter ratio, absolute growth rate, leaf area, plant dry matter weight, dry root/shoot weight ratio, Dickson Quality Index (DQI), transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, internal CO2 concentration, chlorophyll contents a, b and total were analysed. There was a reduction in the rate of transpiration and increase in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate and internal CO2 concentration with increased shading. Shading decreased the concentration of chlorophyll a while promoting an increase in chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, with no significant difference between the levels of 50% and 70% of shading. The shaded environments provided greater growth in height, diameter, leaf area, in addition to providing greater accumulation of dry mass and IQD. It is recommended to produce seedlings of M. rigida seedlings, during the nursery phase, under 50% shading, as this condition provides the achievement of better seedling quality indexes.

Overexpression of SikRbcs2 gene promotes chilling tolerance of tomato by improving photosynthetic enzyme activity, reducing oxidative damage, and stabilizing cell membrane structure.

Red blood cell is a small subunit encoding 1, 5‐ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (Rubisco). It could control the catalytic activity of Rubisco and play an important role in plant photosynthesis. SikRbcs2, a small subunit of Rubisco, is cloned from Saussurea involucrate. It has a strong low‐temperature photosynthetic and photorespiration ability, but its mechanism in cold tolerance remains to be unknown. The results of quantitative PCR showed that SikRbcS2 gene could be induced by low‐temperature, osmosis, and salt stress. Its expression was increased with the decrease of temperature, which was consistent with the habitat of Saussurea involucrata. Overexpression of Sikrbcs2 could significantly increase the mRNA expressions of SlrbcL and SlRCA in transgenic tomato seedlings. Furthermore, the activity and content of Rubisco and Rubisco activase (RCA) in transgenic tomato seedlings were also significantly higher than those in wild‐type plants. The contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, soluble sugar, and starch in the leaves of transgenic plants were significantly higher than those in WT plants, as well as the plant height, leaf area, and dry matter weight. Moreover, compared with WT, MDA content was decreased, and activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX were significantly higher in transgenic lines. In conclusion, our results suggested that overexpression of SikRbcs2 can reduce the damage of low temperature on photosynthesis of tomato seedlings. It could help achieve relatively stable photosynthesis, enhance scavenging ROS ability of tomato seedlings, maintain stable membrane structure, and improve cold tolerance of tomato.

Isolation, characterization and symbiotic performance evaluation of soybean (Glycine max) nodulating rhizobia from different districts of Bangladesh

Rhizobia can meet up nitrogen requirement of legumes by biological nitrogen fixation through symbiosis. The main objective of this study was to find out the morpho-physiological diversity of indigenous soybean nodulating rhizobia and to find effective rhizobial strains for enhancing better soybean production at different environmental conditions. Fourteen rhizobial strains were isolated and studied their morph-physiological characteristics; evaluated their nodulation and symbiotic efficiency at potted soil. Among the strains, seven were slow growing, four were intermediate to slow growing and three were fast growing. The strains exposed creamy, milky-white and transparent single colonies between 1.17 and 3.67 mm in diameter after 3 to 7 days on growth medium. Twelve strains were alkali producers and only two strains were acid producers. Most of them tolerated both acidic pH (4.0 and 5.0) and alkaline pH (9.0 and 10.0) conditions. All strains tolerated to 1.0% NaCl but none of them survived at 5.0% salt stress. They retained their normal growth up to 37oC but most of them showed growth susceptibility at 45oC and growth was inhibited at 50oC. The strains were inoculated as treatments on soybean plants to compare their performance on growth of soybean along with urea and control treatment. Overall, rhizobial treatments significantly increased nodulation and growth of soybean plants over recommended dose of urea and negative control. Diverse rhizobial strains were associated with soybean root nodules in Bangladesh. The strains SB-27, SB-28 and SB-212 were very effective and produced almost double plant dry matter weight over some other strains, dose of urea and negative control. The physical stress tolerant and highly symbiotic strains deserve to be effective as bio-fertilizer for soybean crop production.

Response of varieties of maize to bio-fertilization of Bread yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae L.)

A field experiment was conducted in experimental field of Department Of Field Crops- Agriculture College/ University Of Anbar (Abu-Ghariab) during spring and autumn season of 2016 to study the effect of three maize cultivars (Massara, Sarah, and Maha) and four levels from bread yeast extract (Saccharomyces Cervisiae L.) 0, 10, 20, and 30 g L-1 were sprayed on the foliar. The two factors of the study were organized as split plot within RCBD with three replications. However, cultivars occupied the main plots while the yeast levels were put in the sub plots. The results of the study showed the following: In spring season, the level 30 g L-1 was significantly in plant height, number of ears, plant dry matter weight, weight of 500 grain, and the level 20 g L-1 gave significant differences in leaf area. While level 10 g L-1 showed a significant difference in grain in number a row total and grain yield of. In autumn season, 30 g L-1 level recorded significant in number of ears, leaf area and plant dry matter weight. While the level of 20 g L-1 was superior in plant height, number of rows and total yield grain. However, the level of 10 g L-1 was prominent in 500 grain weight and number of rows. In the spring season, Maha cultivar was significantly superior in the plant height, plant dry matter weight, and number of grains in row. While Sarah cultivar was significantly superior in leaf area, number ears in plant, and number of rows in ear, weight of 500 grains, total yield grain. As for autumn season, Massara cultivar was significantly superior in leaf area number of ear, and plant dry matter weight. While Sarah cultivar was significantly prominent in number of rows in ear). While Maha cultivar was significantly superior in plant height, weight of 500 grains and total yield. As for the interaction between the study two factors, it significantly affected in most studied traits, however Sarah cultivar plants that treated with 30 g L-1 gave the highest values of most traits means and for the two seasons of the study.

Application of Various Concentrations of Liquid Waste from Oil Palm Mill on the Growth of Oil Palm Plant (Elaeis guinensis, Jacq)

Waste water from oil palm mill can be utilized for irrigation and fertilization on plantation land (land application) because it contains nutrients required by plant and its capability to decrease negative impact on environment. The waste water was sprayed on oil palm plant having 4 months, 8 months and 12 months old. This study was conducted within plastic house using Factorial Completely Randomized Design which consisted of liquid waste concentration with 6 levels as well as oil palm plant ages with three replications. The research objective was to determine the respond of oil palm plant at different ages to the addition of liquid waste concentrations from oil palm mill. The plants were planted within drum consisting of soil from tidal swamp land and liquid waste from private oil palm mill in Banyuasin District. Liquid waste characteristics of oil palm mill from anaerobe pond were as follows: BOD = 24,820.2 mg/l, N = 650.2 mg/l, P = 25 mg/l and K = 295.1 mg/l. Data was tested by using statistical method to determine treatments effect and followed by difference test amongst treatments. The results showed that plant age treatments had highly significant effect on plant height, numbers of stem and plant dry mater weight. Treatment of liquid waste doses had highly significant effect on plant height in 5 months after treatment and plant dry matter weight. Interaction between liquid waste doses and plant ages had no significant effect. Treatment of 12 months plant age and liquid waste of oil palm mill at dose of 2,500 mg/l was significantly different from other treatments. Keywords: Waste Water of Oil Palm Mill -Plant Age – Plant Growth

Growth and yield performance of soybean with the application of Bradyrhyzobium inoculant via furrow and seed

Given the high costs of agricultural production, especially due to the price of fertilisers, particularly nitrogen, the use of inoculants to supply nitrogen to soybean crops is a widely recommended practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of applying inoculants through seed and planting furrow in soil previously cultivated with soybean and Brazilian native “cerrado” biome soil under greenhouse conditions. Seven treatments were tested: 1) inoculation via seed (inoculant + fungicide + micronutrient), 2) treatment via seed (fungicide + micronutrient), 3) control (only seed), 4) inoculation via furrow-dose 1 (recommended dose), 5) inoculation via furrow-dose 2 (twice the recommended dose), 6) inoculation via furrow-dose 3 (three times the recommended dose) and 7) inoculation via furrow-dose 1 + seed inoculation. We evaluated plant height, fresh and dry matter weight of the aerial part and nodules, number of total, viable and non-viable nodules, number of pods per plant and grain yield. Inoculation was more effective when used in cerrado soil, but soybean performance in treatments without inoculation was higher in previously cultivated soil. Application through furrow proved to be a viable practice due to the similarity of the results obtained with the traditional application by seed.

Growth and yield performance of soybean with the application of Bradyrhyzobium inoculant via furrow and seed

Given the high costs of agricultural production, especially due to the price of fertilisers, particularly nitrogen, the use of inoculants to supply nitrogen to soybean crops is a widely recommended practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of applying inoculants through seed and planting furrow in soil previously cultivated with soybean and Brazilian native “cerrado” biome soil under greenhouse conditions. Seven treatments were tested: 1) inoculation via seed (inoculant + fungicide + micronutrient), 2) treatment via seed (fungicide + micronutrient), 3) control (only seed), 4) inoculation via furrow-dose 1 (recommended dose), 5) inoculation via furrow-dose 2 (twice the recommended dose), 6) inoculation via furrow-dose 3 (three times the recommended dose) and 7) inoculation via furrow-dose 1 + seed inoculation. We evaluated plant height, fresh and dry matter weight of the aerial part and nodules, number of total, viable and non-viable nodules, number of pods per plant and grain yield. Inoculation was more effective when used in cerrado soil, but soybean performance in treatments without inoculation was higher in previously cultivated soil. Application through furrow proved to be a viable practice due to the similarity of the results obtained with the traditional application by seed.

Enhancing grain yield, biomass and nitrogen use efficiency of maize by varying sowing dates and nitrogen rate under rainfed and irrigated conditions

The prime objective of the study was to investigate the effect of sowing date and nitrogen application rates on maize dry matter, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency under rainfed and irrigated condition. The field experiment was a randomized split plot design with three replicates. Sowing date was taken as the main plot and nitrogen rate was considered as the subplot under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Two planting dates were considered, namely; timely and late sowing scenarios. The nitrogen rates considered were 0 (N0), 75 (N75), 100 (N100) and 125 (N125) kgha−1 and 0 (N0), 60 (N60), 80 (N80) and 100 (N100) kgha−1 of urea for irrigated and rainfed maize, respectively. Grain yield and other yield parameters (kernel number, and cob number), plant dry matter weight, agronomic efficiency (AEN), partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were measured. The results revealed that sowing on recommended date with higher nitrogen rate significantly increase grain yield and yield components. The sowing dates clearly exhibited 16.14%, and 15.99% loss of average grain yield of rainfed maize for the years 2012 and 2014, respectively. 9.79%, and 11.98% average grain yield loss from the irrigated maize during the years 2013 and 2014, was observed under late sowing condition compared to timely sowing time, respectively. On an average, grain yield for N100, N80, and N60 were 292%, 249%, and 149% higher than that of N0, under the rainfed maize, respectively. Grain yield for N125, N100, and N75 were 340%, 271% and 204% were higher than that of N0 under irrigated maize. The increase in nitrogen rate from N0 to N100 under rainfed and N0–N125 under irrigated maize suggested a decrease in NUE, AEN and PFPN values, respectively. Additionally, the lower AEN and NUE values showed that a further reduction in N application rate was possible. The study also revealed that a combination of sowing dates with appropriate nitrogen rates could increase grain yield and NUE.

Influência de fertilizante de liberação controlada em mudas de Tabernaemontana catharinensis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes doses de fertilizantes de liberação controlada em Tabernaemontana catharinensis. O experimento foi conduzido em Frederico Westphalen, RS, sendo testadas cinco doses e dez repetições alocadas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis analisadas foram: incrementos de diâmetro do caule, da altura da planta e peso de matéria seca da parte área. Observou-se que o efeito das doses 3 e 6 kg m-3 comportaram-se de forma semelhante, havendo incremento no desenvolvimento de mudas de jasmim-catavento, mostrando efeitos negativos em doses mais altas.

Effect of sowing time on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) growth and yield in central Korea

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum MOENCH) is a traditional Korean crop that gaining global attention as a health food due to its rich nutrition. Climate change effects such as high temperature, cold weather, flooding, and drought induce plant stress, reduced production yield of upland crops. In general, buckwheat is grown during the fall season in Korea. Flooding is a severe environmental stress factor, and flooding during the early growth stage of buckwheat causes large reductions in yield. Therefore, we established optimum growth parameters to maximize buckwheat yield. The optimum temperature for harvesting of buckwheat was approximately 1,083 ~ 1,515°C. The number of growing degree days (G.D.D.) from flowering to harvest was 509 ~ 673°C. Plant hight, stem diameter, and dry matter weight were reduced as planting date was delayed (p < 0.05). We investigated buckwheat sowing time during fall, and established an optimum cropping system according to the local climate conditions in central Korea. The growth period of buckwheat cultivar ‘Yangjueol’ was approximately 56 ~ 60 days during fall, and yield was higher than that of cultivar ‘Daesan’. The results indicated that buckwheat yield in central Korea was maximized by sowing cultivar on 25th August and cultivar ‘Daesan’ on 15th August. The yield of Yangjeol sown in spring was 119 kg 10a-1, whereas the yield of Daesan sown in summer was 158kg 10a-1. The results of this study established the effects of sowing time on growth and yield in central Korea. We propose an optimum cropping system for improving quality.