Plant Clitoria Ternatea Research Articles

Tb-doped strontium aluminate nanophosphor: Cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and bioimaging in plant cells

This study explores the novel application of terbium-doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles for fluorescence imaging in plant cells. The study encompasses microwave assisted solid state synthesis as well as the structural and optical characterization of terbium-doped strontium aluminate nanophosphors, their toxicity studies in plant and animal cells and their use as a fluorescent dye for plant imaging. The X-ray diffraction pattern analysis, along with Rietveld refinement studies, show the formation of SrAl2O4 as a dominant crystalline phase. Photoluminescence investigations demonstrate green emission from Tb3+ transition levels. In vitro biocompatibility of terbium-doped strontium aluminate nanophosphors was studied using L929 fibroblast cells. The plant Clitoria ternatea was used to examine phytotoxicity. The samples' potential for bioimaging was further investigated. Our findings reveal improved growth of seedlings, positioning these nanoparticles as promising tools in plant-related research. This study advances our understanding of nanoparticle-plant interactions and holds potential for transformative applications in agriculture.

Phytochemicals and Medicinal Uses of Clitoria ternatea

The plant Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as 'Butterfly pea,' has a rich history of traditional use in Ayurvedic medicine, where different parts of the plant are utilized to used health concerns like indigestion, constipation, arthritis, skin diseases, liver, and intestinal problems. Beyond its medicinal uses, the flowers of C. ternatea have gained popularity worldwide as ornamental flowers and have been traditionally employed as a natural food colorant. This review paper aims to explore recent advancements in the medicinal uses and study of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers, focusing on their potential biological activities. By examining these developments, the paper seeks to provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential and diverse applications of C. ternatea flowers, opening new avenues for further research in this promising area of study. of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. Clitoria ternatea flower is a promising candidate for functional food applications owing to its wide range of pharmacotherapeutic properties as well as its safety and effectiveness.

GREEN TECHNOLOGY TO SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZERO VALENT IRON NANOPARTICLES FROM EXTRACT OF CLITORIA TERNATEA

Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm in size, they consist of macromolecular materials in which the active ingredients is dissolved, entrapped, or encapsuled, or absorbed. For environmental remediation the recent studies indicate the potential of iron nanoparticles. Biological resources such as bacteria, algae, fungi and plants have been used for the production of low-cost, energy-efficient and nontoxic environmentally friendly products. Nano scaled irons were synthesized from the plant Clitoria ternatea extract of under environmental condition at room temperature by using 0.01M FeCl3 (ferric chloride) at 30 oC in 30 min. The zero valent iron nanoparticles are synthesized in oxidation state. Box Behnken design optimization tool was used to predict the nanoparticles yield with three variables. The reductants present in the plant extracts act as reducing and stabilizing agent. A systematic characterization of nano scaled iron particles was performed using UV-Vis, pH, FT-IR and SEM studies. The diameter of iron nanoparticles was found within the range 50-100 nm. In the green nanotechnology the valuable approach of synthesis of nanoparticles by the exploitation of different biomaterials. This study focuses on various studies outlining the novel routes for biosynthesis of these nanoparticles by plant resources along with outlining the future scope of work in this area

COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF TELANG FLOWER EXTRACT (CLITORIA TERNATEA) AS AN ANTI-INFLAMMANTORY DRUG

Telang Flower (Clitoria ternatea) is one of the plants rich in benefits for human health. Genistein is a natural bioactive compound derived from nuts and some plants with potential effects beneficial in some human degenerative diseases. The purpose of this research is to conduct bioinformatic studies of herbal compound in the plant Clitoria ternatea. The method used is modeling and computation using ChemDraw Pro 12.0 and Chem3D programs and analyze active compounds using website Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical databases, PubChem, and Swiss Target Prediction. The results obtained were extract Clitoria ternatea contains one active compound in it. Identified compound active in this plant, namely Genistein or 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) chromen-4-one. The total energy obtained from the compound Genistein after being optimized after 100steps and at a temperature of 300K which is 29,698 kcal/mol. Genistein is a soy-derived isoflavone and phytoestrogen with antinoplastick activity. Genistein exhibits antioxidant activity, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive. Genistein is a relative antioxidant bad. Genistein is currently being studied in clinical trials as a treatment for prostate cancer.

Transcriptomic profiling of the medicinal plant Clitoria ternatea: identification of potential genes in cyclotide biosynthesis

Clitoria ternatea a perennial climber of the Fabaceae family, is well known for its agricultural and medical applications. It is also currently the only known member of the Fabaceae family that produces abundant amounts of the ultra-stable macrocyclic peptides, cyclotides, across all tissues. Cyclotides are a class of gene-encoded, disulphide-rich, macrocyclic peptides (26–37 residues) acting as defensive metabolites in several plant species. Previous transcriptomic studies have demonstrated the genetic origin of cyclotides from the Fabaceae plant family to be embedded in the albumin-1 genes, unlike its counterparts in other plant families. However, the complete mechanism of its biosynthesis and the repertoire of enzymes involved in cyclotide folding and processing remains to be understood. In this study, using RNA-Seq data and de novo transcriptome assembly of Clitoria ternatea, we have identified 71 precursor genes of cyclotides. Out of 71 unique cyclotide precursor genes obtained, 51 sequences display unique cyclotide domains, of which 26 are novel cyclotide sequences, arising from four individual tissues. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of fractions from different tissue extracts, coupled with precursor protein sequences obtained from transcriptomic data, established the cyclotide diversity in this plant species. Special focus in this study has also been on identifying possible enzymes responsible for proper folding and processing of cyclotides in the cell. Transcriptomic mining for oxidative folding enzymes such as protein-disulphide isomerases (PDI), ER oxidoreductin-1 (ERO1) and peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases)/cyclophilins, and their levels of expression are also reported. In particular, it was observed that the CtPDI genes formed plant-specific clusters among PDI genes as compared to those from other plant species. Collectively, this work provides insights into the biogenesis of the medicinally important cyclotides and establishes the expression of certain key enzymes participating in peptide biosynthesis. Also, several novel cyclotide sequences are reported and precursor sequences are analysed in detail. In the absence of a published reference genome, a comprehensive transcriptomics approach was adopted to provide an overview of diverse properties and constituents of C. ternatea.

Efficacy of crude extracts of Clitoria ternatea for antibacterial activity against gram negative bacterium (Proteus mirabilis)

Abstract In the present study, antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts of the plant Clitoria ternatea were tested against the urinary tract infection causing pathogen Proteus mirabilis. Initially, 63 clinical samples from different age groups were collected for evaluating the urinary tract infection. Then, the clinical samples were examined for the presence of Proteus mirabilis bacterium by assessing morphological, biochemical, and cultural characteristics. To assess the zones of inhibition for various antibiotics towards Proteus mirabilis, disc diffusion method involving standard antibiotic discs was used. The antibacterial activities of antibiotics against Proteus mirabilis showed that ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and tetracycline exhibited better zones of inhibition. Further, the extracts from the leaves of Clitoria ternatea were prepared with different solvents such as acetone, isopropyl alcohol and petroleum ether and the extract yield was higher in acetone than the other two solvents. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for acetone and the lowest antibacterial activities were observed for isopropyl alcohol, and petroleum ether extracts against Proteus mirabilis. In addition, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds.

Current Status and Recent Developments in Biopesticide Use

Biopesticides have attracted attention in pest management in recent decades, and have long been promoted as prospective alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Biopesticides have also attracted great interest in the international research community, with a significant increase in the number of publications devoted to the subject. Recently, new substances, like strains of the fungus Talaromyces flavus SAY-Y-94-01, extracts of the plant Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea), products of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, products of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis strain Xd3 (Btt-Xd3), the alkaloid compound oxymatrine, fermentation products of the bacterium Lactobacillus casei strain LPT-111, stilbenes accumulated in grape canes, and olive mill wastes, have been reported in the literature as promising compounds for use as biopesticides, but more field research is required to assess the effects on specific pest problems under diverse cropping systems. Nevertheless, biopesticides have not yet reached the desired level of use, whereby they could displace the dominance of chemical pesticides, given that the commercialization of new products in the market is lagging behind. Currently, biopesticides comprise a small share of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about $3 billion worldwide, accounting for just 5% of the total crop protection market. Fewer biopesticide-active substances are registered in the European Union (EU) than in the United States, India, Brazil, or China, due to long and complex registration processes in the EU, which follow the model for the registration of conventional pesticides. Nanoformulations and microencapsulation technologies can improve the stability and residual action of biopesticide products, and this could increase their field use. Regulations that promote registration of low-risk compounds with the provision of incentives could also facilitate commercialization and availability of biopesticides in the market.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CLITORIA TERNATEA- A REVIEW

Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used over the ages for its potency and minimal side effects. Due to this, the exploration is at its highestpeak. Seeing this phenomenon the climbing plant Clitoria ternatea (CT) belonging to the Fabaceae family and commonly known as 'Butterflypea' and Shankpushpi, has been taken up which is used in Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine, because of its varied uses over centuries as a memoryenhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing and sedative agent. A wide range of secondarymetabolites including triterpenoids, flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins and steroids has been isolated from Clitoria ternatea Linn. Its extractspossess a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, local anaesthetic,antidiabetic, insecticidal, blood platelet aggregation-inhibiting and for use as a vascular smooth muscle relaxing properties. This plant has a longuse in traditional. Ayurvedic medicine for several diseases and the scientific studies has reconfirmed those with modern relevance. The pantcontains many active constitutes like alkaloids, glucosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates etc. This review is an effort to explorethe phytochemical constituents and pharmacological studies of CT, which have been in clinical use in the Ayurvedic system of medicine alongwith a critical appraisal of its future ethno pharmacological potential in view of many recent findings of importance on this well-known plantspecies.

Butelase-mediated cyclization and ligation of peptides and proteins.

Enzymes that catalyze efficient macrocyclization or site-specific ligation of peptides and proteins can enable tools for drug design and protein engineering. Here we describe a protocol to use butelase 1, a recently discovered peptide ligase, for high-efficiency cyclization and ligation of peptides and proteins ranging in size from 10 to >200 residues. Butelase 1 is the fastest known ligase and is found in pods of the common medicinal plant Clitoria ternatea (also known as butterfly pea). It has a very simple C-terminal-specific recognition motif that requires Asn/Asp (Asx) at the P1 position and a dipeptide His-Val at the P1' and P2' positions. Substrates for butelase-mediated ligation can be prepared by standard Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) chemistry or recombinant expression with the minimal addition of this tripeptide Asn-His-Val motif at the C terminus. Butelase 1 achieves cyclizations that are 20,000 times faster than those of sortase A, a commonly used enzyme for backbone cyclization. Unlike sortase A, butelase is traceless, and it can be used for the total synthesis of naturally occurring peptides and proteins. Furthermore, butelase 1 is also useful for intermolecular ligations and synthesis of peptide or protein thioesters, which are versatile activated intermediates necessary for and compatible with many chemical ligation methods. The protocol describes steps for isolation and purification of butelase 1 from plant extract using a four-step chromatography procedure, which takes ∼3 d. We then describe steps for intramolecular cyclization, intermolecular ligation and butelase-mediated synthesis of protein thioesters. Butelase reactions are generally completed within minutes and often achieve excellent yields.

Screening and antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes isolated from the rhizosphere of Clitoria ternatea

The air dried rhizosphere soil samples pretreated with calcium carbonate was employed for the isolation of actinomycete strains. Serial dilution plate technique was used for the isolation of actinomycetes. A total of 20 actinomycete strains designated as BS1-BS20 were isolated from the rhizosphere of medicinal plant Clitoria ternatea. All the 20 strains were subjected to primary screening for antimicrobial activity. Among the 20 strains screened, 10 strains exhibited high antimicrobial spectrum against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.

Immunostimulating and Gram-negative-specific antibacterial cyclotides from the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea).

Cyclotides are plant-derived, cyclic miniproteins with three interlocking disulfide bonds that have attracted great interests because of their excellent stability and potential as peptide therapeutics. In this study, we characterize the cyclotides of the medicinal plant Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) and investigate their biological activities. Using a combined proteomic and transcriptomic method, we identified 41 novel cyclotide sequences, which we named cliotides, making C. ternatea one of the richest cyclotide-producing plants to date. Selected members of the cationic cliotides display potent antibacterial activity specifically against Gram-negative bacteria with minimal inhibitory concentrations as low as 0.5 μm. Remarkably, they also possess prominent immunostimulating activity. At a concentration of 1 μm, cationic cliotides are capable of augmenting the secretion of various cytokines and chemokines in human monocytes at both resting and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated states. Chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 1β, interferon γ-induced protein 10, interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor α were among the most upregulated with up to 129-fold increase in secretion level. These findings suggest cyclotides can serve as potential candidates for novel immunomodulating therapeutics. The protein sequences reported in this paper (cT13-cT21) are available in the UniProt Knowledgebase under the accession numbers C0HJS0, C0HJS1, C0HJS2, C0HJS3, C0HJS4, C0HJS5, C0HJS6, C0HJS7 and C0HJS8, respectively. The transcriptome data in this paper are available at the Sequence Read Archive database (NCBI) under accession number SRR1613316. The protein precursors reported in this paper (ctc13, ctc15, ctc17-ctc19, ctc21-ctc53) are available at GenBank under the accession numbers KT732712, KT732713, KT732714, KT732715, KT732716, KT732717, KT732718, KT732719, KT732720, KT732721, KT732722, KT732723, KT732724, KT732725, KT732726, KT732727, KT732728, KT732729, KT732730, KT732731, KT732732, KT732733, KT732734, KT732735, KT732736, KT732737, KT732738, KT732739, KT732740, KT732741, KT732742, KT732743, KT732744, KT732745, KT732746, KT732747, KT732748 and KT732749, respectively.

A high-throughput peptidomic strategy to decipher the molecular diversity of cyclic cysteine-rich peptides.

Cyclotides are plant cyclic cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs). The cyclic nature is reported to be gene-determined with a precursor containing a cyclization-competent domain which contains an essential C-terminal Asn/Asp (Asx) processing signal recognized by a cyclase. Linear forms of cyclotides are rare and are likely uncyclizable because they lack this essential C-terminal Asx signal (uncyclotide). Here we show that in the cyclotide-producing plant Clitoria ternatea, both cyclic and acyclic products, collectively named cliotides, can be bioprocessed from the same cyclization-competent precursor. Using an improved peptidomic strategy coupled with the novel Asx-specific endopeptidase butelase 2 to linearize cliotides at a biosynthetic ligation site for transcriptomic analysis, we characterized 272 cliotides derived from 38 genes. Several types of post-translational modifications of the processed cyclotides were observed, including deamidation, oxidation, hydroxylation, dehydration, glycosylation, methylation, and truncation. Taken together, our results suggest that cyclotide biosynthesis involves ‘fuzzy’ processing of precursors into both cyclic and linear forms as well as post-translational modifications to achieve molecular diversity, which is a commonly found trait of natural product biosynthesis.

Mercury Induced Oxidative Stress of Antioxidants in<i> Clitoria ternatea</i> L.

Biofertilizers are the special formulation of specific beneficial microorganisms that promote the growth of plant crops by converting the unavailable form of nutrients into available form. Here, the effect of heavy metal stress on antioxidant enzymes were studied in Clitoria ternatea L.leaves. Clitoria ternatea L.plant was grown for 30 days and the heavy metal mercuric chloride was sprayed after 10 days from the date of planting. Effect of mercuric chloride was observed in treated plants. The selected plant Clitoria ternatea L. was grown under mercuric chloride treatment in a specified concentration 1 µg/10 ml. The control plant maintained without the treatment of mercuric chloride. Antioxidant effect of mercuric chloride was measured under controlled and treated conditions. The selected plant Clitoria ternatea L.was grown under mercuric chloride in treatment. Further it increases H2O2 content and the antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were observed in mercuric chloride treated plants when compared with control. Here mercuric chloride was accumulated more in matured leaves. The results are discussed with the literature.

Mercury Induced Oxidative Stress of Antioxidants in<i> Clitoria ternatea</i> L.

Biofertilizers are the special formulation of specific beneficial microorganisms that promote the growth of plant crops by converting the unavailable form of nutrients into available form. Here, the effect of heavy metal stress on antioxidant enzymes were studied in Clitoria ternatea L.leaves. Clitoria ternatea L.plant was grown for 30 days and the heavy metal mercuric chloride was sprayed after 10 days from the date of planting. Effect of mercuric chloride was observed in treated plants. The selected plant Clitoria ternatea L. was grown under mercuric chloride treatment in a specified concentration 1 µg/10 ml. The control plant maintained without the treatment of mercuric chloride. Antioxidant effect of mercuric chloride was measured under controlled and treated conditions. The selected plant Clitoria ternatea L.was grown under mercuric chloride in treatment. Further it increases H2O2 content and the antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were observed in mercuric chloride treated plants when compared with control. Here mercuric chloride was accumulated more in matured leaves. The results are discussed with the literature.

Discovery and development of a new semiochemical biopesticide for cotton pest management: assessment of extract effects on the cotton pest Helicoverpa spp.

AbstractThe Australian cotton production system is dominated by transgenic Bt (Bollgard II®) cotton varieties, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae). These provide good control of lepidopteran pests (Helicoverpa spp.; Noctuidae) but are not effective against sucking pests. Recent trends in the frequency of resistance alleles in Helicoverpa spp. indicate the threat of pest resistance. Therefore, new technologies are required to manage the development of resistance and the resurgence of sucking pests. Consequently, the study was aimed to develop a semiochemical product able to deter feeding and oviposition of Helicoverpa spp., as well as cause direct mortality to the pest on transgenic and non‐transgenic crops. Plants including sorghum, sweet corn, pigeon pea, and lucerne (used as refuge crops in cotton), various cotton genotypes (MHR11, Lumein, and Sicala VII), and the native plant Clitoria ternatea L. (Fabaceae) were cultivated within cotton crops and in cages, and assessed for the occurrence of oviposition by Helicoverpa spp. and survival of the pest larvae. The results indicated that pigeon pea, cotton, sorghum, and sweet corn were most preferred for Helicoverpa spp. oviposition and feeding, whereas C. ternatea was least preferred. We used a solid phase extraction technique to obtain six fractions of an extract of C. ternatea, which we assessed for bioactivity against Helicoverpa spp. We found that fractions 2, 3, 4, and 6 had oviposition and feeding deterrence as well as direct toxicity to Helicoverpa spp. Clitoria ternatea fractions 2, 3, 4, and 6 have been developed into a product (Sero‐X®) that is effective against Helicoverpa spp. and sucking pests, and is in an advanced stage of commercialisation.

Standardized Clitoria ternatea leaf extract as hyaluronidase, elastase and matrix-metalloproteinase-1 inhibitor

Aim:Plant Clitoria ternatea L. is claimed to possess a wide range of activities including antiinflammatory, local anesthetic and antidiabetic effect, etc. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the wound healing potential of standardized C. ternatea leaf extract in terms of different enzymatic models, which are mostly associated with skin wound.Materials and Methods:The methanol extract and fractions were screened for its hyaluronidase, elastase, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) inhibitory activity compared with standard oleanolic acid. The activity was rationalized through reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) standardization of the extract and fractions with respect to its isolated biomarker taraxerol (yield 5.27% w/w).Results:The extract showed significant (P < 0.001) hyaluronidase (IC50 18.08 ± 0.46 μg/ ml) and MMP-1 (P < 0.05) inhibition, but the elastase inhibition was insignificant (IC50 42.68 ± 0.46 μg/ml). Among the fractions, ethyl acetate fraction showed significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of hyaluronidase (IC50 28.01 ± 0.48 μg/ml) and MMP-1 (P < 0.01). The HPLC analysis revealed that the extract and the ethyl acetate fraction are enriched with taraxerol (5.32% w/w and 4.55% w/w, respectively).Conclusions:The experiment validated the traditional uses of C. ternatea and may be recommended for use in the treatment of different types of skin wounds, where taraxerol may be a responsible biomarker.

Discovery and Characterization of Novel Cyclotides Originated from Chimeric Precursors Consisting of Albumin-1 Chain a and Cyclotide Domains in the Fabaceae Family

The tropical plant Clitoria ternatea is a member of the Fabaceae family well known for its medicinal values. Heat extraction of C. ternatea revealed that the bioactive fractions contained heat-stable cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs). The CRP family of A1b (Albumin-1 chain b/leginsulins), which is a linear cystine knot CRP, has been shown to present abundantly in the Fabaceae. In contrast, the cyclotide family, which also belongs to the cystine knot CRPs but with a cyclic structure, is commonly found in the Rubiaceae, Violaceae, and Cucurbitaceae families. In this study, we report the discovery of a panel of 15 heat-stable CRPs, of which 12 sequences (cliotide T1-T12) are novel. We show unambiguously that the cliotides are cyclotides and not A1bs, as determined by their sequence homology, disulfide connectivity, and membrane active properties indicated by their antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and cytotoxicities to HeLa cells. We also show that cliotides are prevalent in C. ternatea and are found in every plant tissue examined, including flowers, seeds, and nodules. In addition, we demonstrate that their precursors are chimeras, half from cyclotide and the other half from Albumin-1, with the cyclotide domain displacing the A1b domain in the precursor. Their chimeric structures likely originate from either horizontal gene transfer or convergent evolution in plant nuclear genomes, which are exceedingly rare events. Such atypical genetic arrangement also implies a different mechanism of biosynthetic processing of cyclotides in the Fabaceae and provides new understanding of their evolution in plants.

In vitro propagation of Clitoria ternatea L.: A rare medicinal plant

A rapid micro-propagation protocol was established for rare medicinal plantClitoria ternatea L. Multiple shoot formation was induced from shoot tip, node and cotyledonary node explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP. Nodal explants gave the largest number (11.1) of shoots followed by cotyledonary node and shoot tip. MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l GA3 was found most suitable for shoot elongation. Ex vitro rooting was achieved when the basal cut ends of elongated shoots were dipped in 250 mg/l IBA solution for half an hour followed by transplantation in plastic cups containing sterilized soilrite. The acclimatized plantlets were successfully established in the field with 90% survival rate. The plantlets are growing well without any phenotypic aberrations. Key words: Clitoria ternatea, aparajita, axillary shoot proliferation.