Plant By-products Research Articles

Green ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from waste broccoli leaves: Optimization, identification, biological activity, and structural characterization

In this study, an efficient natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES, 30 mL/100 mL water content) was identified and coupled with ultrasonication to extract phenolic compounds from broccoli leaves (BLs). A NADES prepared using choline chloride and 1,2-propylene glycol (ChCl-PG) at a molar ratio of 1:2 provided the highest extraction rate. Phenolic extraction conditions were optimized using single-factor experiments coupled with response surface methodology. The optimal parameters were as follows: solvent-to-solid ratio, 36.35 mL/g; extraction temperature, 49.5 °C; extraction time, 31.4 min; and ultrasonic power, 383 W. Under these parameters, the phenolic yield was 4.91 mg/g. Quantitative analysis revealed that neochlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound, followed by ferulic acid, erucic acid, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid. Furthermore, the isolation of broccoli leaf phenolics (BLPs) using ultrasonication-assisted extraction coupled with ChCl-PG (UAE + ChCl-PG) yielded a higher total phenolic content than other extraction methods. These BLPs also had greater antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS assay) and inhibitory effects against S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella. DSC, FT-IR, and SEM results further validated the synergistic efficiency of the new phenolic extraction process. Accordingly, this study offers an efficient and green alternative strategy for extracting phenolic compounds from plant by-products.

INNOVATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE MULTI-SERVICE MODELS TO BOOST LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEM

INNOVATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE MULTI-SERVICE MODELS TO BOOST LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEM

Consumer acceptance of the use of plant and animal by-products of food manufacturing for human nutrition

The food industry is generating considerable quantities of either animal- or plant-based by-products during food-production worldwide. While many of the by-products are suitable for human nutrition or the production of by-product-based foods, an essential prerequisite for their successful market establishment is consumer acceptance. In this light, a consumer survey was conducted in order to assess their general acceptance of both plant and animal by-products used for human nutrition. A total of 614 German consumers were surveyed by means of an online questionnaire. Using the statistical evaluation method of cluster analysis, four consumer segments could be identified that are characterized by specific patterns of acceptance of the use of plant and animal by-products for human nutrition: 1.) consumers with generally low acceptance of by-product use (5.9%), 2.) consumers with generally medium acceptance of by-product use (34.3%), 3.) consumers with acceptance of plant by-product use (15.3%), and 4.) consumers with generally high acceptance of by-product use (44.5%). The findings are relevant for the food industry, as well as consumer research and politics.

BIOINSECTICIDE POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS FROM <i>Persea americana</i> (LAURACEAE) SEEDS ON <i>Aedes aegypti</i> MOSQUITOES

Mosquitoes represent the most important agent disseminating infectious diseases like yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and malaria, among others. An essential strategy for its control is killing them at immature stages using industrial insecticides. However, those chemicals often generate resistance and affect the environment and human health. Agricultural and plant by-products constitute a new sustainable option to obtain harmless and eco-friendly bioinsecticides to prevent mosquitoes from spreading. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) seed extracts and their insecticide activity against Aedes aegypti at larval and pupal stages. The ethanol extracts from avocado seeds were obtained by Maceration/stirring (MaE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) methods. The main chemical profile was determined by quantitative and UPLC assays. Insecticide activity was assessed by the exposition of mosquitoes at larval and pupal stages to seed extracts. Human cell lines were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Soxhlet methodology was more efficient in the extraction of P. americana seeds metabolites (42.13±1.76 mg/mL) compared with MaE (20.46±1.66 mg/mL) (p< 0.05). Additionally, SE showed a higher amount of polyphenols (5.12±0.18 mg/mL). The UPLC spectra analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols, mainly catechin, and neolignan constituents. Both extracts showed larvicidal and pupicidal effects, but SE was more active at lower concentrations. Moreover, no significant toxic effects on human monocytes and fibroblast cell lines were found after treatment. In sum, avocado seed by-products can be considered an eco-friendly insecticide and its use may help to substantially decrease the vector-transmitted diseases in developing countries.

Innovative extraction technologies of bioactive compounds from plant by-products for textile colorants and antimicrobial agents

AbstractThe agriculture and horticulture industries generate many by-products while processing commodities, leading to significant environmental and societal dilemmas. Bioactive compounds obtained from by-products of plants are also known as ingredients in traditional medicines and the food industry due to their potential health benefits for humans as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. On the other hand, an extensive array of colorants from natural sources has been scrutinized recently in different sectors to mitigate the negative ecological impacts of synthetic dyes, especially in modern textile manufacturing. Approaching these matters, this paper reviews various chemical compositions of plant secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, essential oils, tulipalins, and factors that influence the isolation process. Moreover, the article offers an updated view of the advanced technologies for extraction, focusing on eco-friendly solvents such as water, supercritical carbon dioxide, and deep eutectic solvents. Eventually, a comparison of different extraction methods is highlighted to devise the most appropriate strategy for industries. Graphical abstract

Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and bacterial labeling capacities of four plant byproduct carbon dots

The comprehensive utilization of food resources has been an issue of interest. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) were prepared by green hydrothermal method using four plant byproducts, and then the preparation of fluorescent CDs was verified by particle size, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis as well as UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that all four CDs had particles smaller than 50 nm and at a concentration of 128 μg/mL, CDs had similar ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals as vitamin C. Also, all four CDs had extensive fluorescence properties. In addition, CDs showed good antibacterial properties and fluorescence properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings suggest that these four CDs have a promising future in the field of food detection and preservation, and provide useful information for the thorough utilization of food resources.

Technogenic parent materials drive Technosols humus system formation on an industrial brownfield

The study of humus systems provides a lot of information on soil ecological functioning, such as fauna functional community, soil nutrient status, organic matter decomposition, and microbial food web. Technosols have highly heterogeneous physicochemical properties and so far, their humus systems are poorly described and the mechanisms behind their formation are still largely to be studied. In order to fill this knowledge gap, this study was conducted to get better understanding of the factors involved in the development of different Technosols humus system after brownfield rehabilitation. Our sampling strategy followed a pollution diagnostic report and allowed to cope with the spatial heterogeneity of the studied area. We studied 24 soil profiles and identified 3 different humus systems on two different rehabilitation substrates: 7 Mull, 3 Amphi and 14 Techno-moder. Our results showed that the development of zoOH horizon resulted from the nature of underlying horizons but not from the main litter type. On Techno-moder, the accumulation of organic matter in the form of fecal pellets as a zoOH horizon resulted in an increase of 130% of nitrogen on soil surface. Contrary to what was expected, we did not find a threshold of heavy metals leading to the formation of zoOH horizon, with highest lead concentration found in the A horizon of Mull systems. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that neoformed organic matter is biochemically stabilized as condensed polyphenols and melanized hyphae. EDX analysis revealed that such ultrastructures are associated with Ca and Zn that may explain their stability on the Technosols surface. Development of zoOH horizon on Technosols built from coking plant by-products allowed to improve soil surface chemical and biological properties. The evolution of the humus systems as a result of vegetation succession and microbial community composition should be further studied to specify the mechanisms involved in Technosols humus system dynamics.

Synthesis and characterisation of MWCNTCOOH and investigation of its potential as gas sensor

Monitoring and control of hazardous gases have been a top concern because they lead to serious public health issues, such cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses, central nervous system abnormalities and other illnesses. These gases are also linked to global warming, which affects the surrounding environment. Therefore, harmful emissions should be limited and neutralised. Traditional gas sensors have slow speed, expensive operation, labour and capital intensive and invasive. Scholars need to develop an inexpensive, rapid, efficient, highly sensitive, portable sensors with a low power consumption and a high level of reliability. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesised using plant byproducts. TEM, FE-SEM and AFM were employed to identify MWCNTs. Gas test showed that the sensor had high sensitivity levels of 5.6 and 8.8 and response times as low as 24.3 and 21.6 s for H2S and NO2, respectively.

Valorization of bio-colorants extracted from Hypercium scabrum L. plant for sustainable and ecological coloration of wool yarns

Recently, natural dyes are being explored all over the world as safer and highly sustainable bio-based alternatives to synthetic dyes. Agricultural wastes and plant by-products are the most commonly explored alternatives with dual benefits of waste reclamation and sustainable dye production with extra value-adds. Hypercium scabrum plant contains interesting bio-dye molecules with high flavonoids and tannin contents. The present study aims at exploring the potential of H. scabrum plant extract to color wool textiles with a focus on sustainable bio-dye production and fastness properties. The extracted bio-dye was quantitatively (for total phenolic (2.733 mg per CE/g) and total flavonoid (1.140 mg per GAE/g) content using the Folin–Ciocalteu method) and qualitatively (UV–Vis, FT-IR, and EDX) characterized. The effect of dyeing parameters like pH (2–8), temperature (60–90 °C), dry-weight content of plant material as a dye (25–150% o.w.f.), and dyeing time (15–120 min) on color strength (K/S) values were assessed. Color fastness assays showed good resistance to light, washing, and rubbing. The effect of artificial aging (Xenon arc lamp) on the color strength of dyed wool yarns under different exposure times (0–48 h) was explored. The highest color fading occurred in control dyed samples with a first-order rate constant of 131.57 h−1 and a half-life period of 5.26 x 10−3 h. Color difference (ΔE) values suggested that mordanted samples showed less fading compared to control dyed samples at equal times of Xenon exposure. Additionally, the dyed samples were washed in double distilled water, tap water, and 4 g/L NaCl solution to check their effects on the corresponding K/S values while 4 g/L NaCl solution mimics the real conditions of perspiration. Maximum color leaching occurred in 4 g/L NaCl washing with a first-order rate constant of 11.57 min−1. Cost analysis of the dye extraction and dyeing procedure revealed that the process is sustainable and economical. Thus, the use of H. scabrum whole plant can provide a clean, economical, and sustainable source of alternative natural dyes that can be used to substitute synthetic analogs.

Effect of Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) on the Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam.) By-Products using Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus Oryzae and Rhizopus Oryzae

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) on jackfruit by-products using filamentous fungi. Rags from a ripen jackfruit were fermented for 5, 10 and 15 days by Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae at 30 °C. Then the bioactive compounds were extracted using methanol. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic activity of each liquid extract were estimated. The results showed significant increase and improvement in the samples in which SSF was applied. The highest total phenolic contents were found in fermented products with A. niger and R. oryzae with an average of 14.16 mg GAE/g D.S which was almost 3 times over the concentration found in unfermented products (4.83 mg GAE/g D.S). The same fermented products showed a significant increase in total flavonoid content which was 2 times higher than unfermented products with an average of 31.79 mg QuE/g D.S for fermented products and 15.08 for unfermented. The antioxidant activity was correlated to the total phenolic and flavonoid contents with the highest activity of around 76 % found in fermented products against 55 % for the unfermented ones. Finally, hypoglycemic activity was also found to be higher in fermented products than the unfermented with the best activity obtained in 5-days fermented product with A. oryzae (35.62 %) which was 8 times higher than non-fermented products (4.52 %). The present study showed that Solid-State Fermentation has a great potentiality to improve and enhance antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of plant by-products. HIGHLIGHTS SSF improved the Antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of jackfruit rags niger and R. oryzae had better capacity in improving the antioxidant activity Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity were correlated Better hypoglycemic activity was seen in fermented products with oryzae oryzae could produce a new bioactive compound with high hypoglycemic activity GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Allocation of carbon dioxide emissions to the by-products of combined heat and power plants: A methodological guidance

Cogeneration has higher efficiency than separate heat and power generation. Since both are generated in a single process, it is necessary to allocate the emissions to by-products for comparing their environmental performance. Numerous methods exist resulting in very different allocations. There is no consensus regarding the method choice. The main objective of this article is the development and implementation of an evaluation scheme allowing the choice of an appropriate method for specific applications. This scheme consists of nine criteria in the categories “Applicability”, “Environmental relevance”, and “Systematic approach” allowing a rating. The Finnish method performs best for a standard use case resulting in emission factors of 322 g CO2 / kWhel and 192 g CO2 / kWhth. Both are associated with less emissions per unit then the electricity and district heating mix of Germany in 2020 that were 375 g CO2 / kWhel and 270 g CO2 / kWhth. Therefore, cogeneration electricity and heat could contribute to climate protection in the short- to mid-term. The implementation of two sensitivity analyses shows that the location and country-specific emission factors can have a great influence on the results and the contribution to climate protection. Depending on use case and individual importance of certain criteria the Energy, the Exergy or the Greenhouse Gas method can be preferable. Each scored with one point less than the Finnish method. In contrast to existing publications, this study supports decision-makers in transparently selecting an appropriate allocation method when assessing the products of cogeneration by considering different criteria.

Heat-enhanced sulfite pretreatment improves the release of soluble substances and the stimulation of methanogenic pathways for anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge

Waste activated sludge pretreatment is effective in improving sludge hydrolysis rate and methane production. Our previous study revealed that sulfite could be a viable method for sludge pretreatment. To further improve methane production, this study employed an integrated strategy by combining sulfite and heat pretreatment. WAS from a local full-scale plant was pretreated with heat-enhanced sulfite pretreatment (HESP) at 25, 35, 55 °C. Compared with the control (no sulfite, 25 °C), soluble substances (e.g., chemical oxygen demand, protein, polysaccharides, nitrogen and phosphorus) could be significantly enhanced by the absence of sulfite and the increasing temperature. A variation of − 8.32–19.90% in cumulative methane production was observed. Moreover, methane production could be significantly enhanced by 14.15% at sulfite of 300 mg S/L and temperature of 35 °C, while kinetic analysis showed that the highest methane production potential (1.43 times of the control) was obtained at this level. Besides, the microbial structure and pathways reveal that HESP promotes the enrichment of methanogenic bacteria and facilitates methanogenic metabolism. The findings of this study suggest that the HESP could be promising in enhancing methane production, particularly considering the reuse of sulfite-laden industrial wastes and the heat as the by-products of the anaerobic digestion plant with biogas power generation, but certain experimental conditions should be verified case by case.

Comprehensive Review on the Role of Plant Protein As a Possible Meat Analogue: Framing the Future of Meat.

Animal proteins from meat and goods derived from meat have recently been one of the primary concerns in the quest for sustainable food production. According to this perspective, there are exciting opportunities to reformulate more sustainably produced meat products that may also have health benefits by partially replacing meat with nonmeat substances high in protein. Considering these pre-existing conditions, this review critically summarizes recent findings on extenders from a variety of sources, including pulses, plant-based ingredients, plant byproducts, and unconventional sources. It views these findings as a valuable opportunity to improve the technological profile and functional quality of meat, with a focus on their ability to affect the sustainability of meat products. As a result, meat substitutes like plant-based meat analogues (PBMAs), meat made from fungi, and cultured meat are being offered to encourage sustainability.

THE EFFECT OF AN INNOVATIVE FERTILIZER OF DIGESTATE AND WOOD ASH MIXTURES ON WINTER GARLIC PRODUCTIVITY

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widespread crop in vegetable production. The popularity of garlic is due to its bactericidal and antioxidant properties. Digestate and wood ash are the by-products of cogeneration plants. The digestate is rich in nutrients, can provide a large part of the nutrients needed by the plant during the growing season, as well as improves the soil structure. Wood ash contains small amounts of phosphorus and potassium and is strongly alkaline (pH 8–12) due to the oxides in its composition, mostly calcium carbonate. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of fertilizer rates of the digestate and wood ash mixtures on winter garlic productivity and harvest quality. Field trials with the winter garlic variety 'Lubaša' were established in sod clay, loamy soil. In the garlic plantation, different variants of fertilizer mixtures were used – they contained pig or cattle manure or plant residue digestate, and wood ash. The ratio of digestate and wood ash in the mixtures was 3:1; fertilizer rates for winter garlic were 15 and 30 t ha-1. In the study, the different types of fertilizers showed different effects on the yield and quality of winter garlic.

Melanin: A promising source of functional food ingredient

Melanin as a natural pigment widely exists in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria. In vivo and in vitro tests have proven that melanin has a variety of health-promoting effects, such as antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect, liver and gastrointestinal tract protection effect. Melanin can be extracted from animal and plant by-products or produced by microbial fermentation, involving five extraction and purification methods, with their own positive and negative aspects. Melanin can be added to a variety of foods as natural colorant and preservative, with high safety and almost no toxicity. This article focuses on melanin’s source classification, health benefits, extraction technology and applications in food products to explore the potential of it as a functional food ingredient.

Reaction of Peas to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Inoculation of Seeds with Ritorfin on Sod-Podzolic Soil of Different Degree of Cultivation

The results of the vegetative experiment on the establishment of the joint effect of the biological preparation Rhizotorphin and N-fertilizer (doses N0.05, N0.10, N0.15, N0.20, N0.25) on the formation of vegetative mass and the yield of seed pea grain when cultivated on weakly and medium cultivated sod-podzolic soil are presented. With an increase in the dose of N-fertilizer from N0.05 to N0.25, an increase in the yield of green mass of peas was observed by 3.4–22.2 g/vessel (on poorly cultivated) and by 10.3–35.5 g/vessel (on medium cultivated soil). The increase in grain yield from the use of Rhizotorphin on average in the experiment was 1.31 g/vessel on weakly and 1.66 g/vessel on medium cultivated soil. The application of N-fertilizer in medium cultivated soil conditions increased the responsiveness of seeded peas to inoculation to 1.70–1.87 g/vessel. When using Rhizotorphin and applying N-fertilizer, the accumulation of N in pea grain increased by 0.22 and 0.18% in accordance with the degree of cultivation of the soil. When using Rhizotorphin, N was accumulated in the roots, which positively affected the preservation of their activity and functioning at later stages of development, the intake and accumulation of N in the forming grain. The biological preparation Rhizotorphin influenced the accumulation and distribution of consumed N between the main and by-products of pea plants. Due to this, in the budding phase – the beginning of flowering, the dose increased to 0.83–0.88, and 38.0–65.5 mg N/vessel was additionally accumulated in the pea grain. With an increase in the dose of N-fertilizer over 0.05 g/kg on weakly and 0.20 g/kg on medium cultivated soil, the process of forming a symbiotic apparatus on the root system of peas was completely suppressed.

Properties of Fermented Beverages from Food Wastes/By-Products

Current global research aims to explore the key role of diet and understand the benefits of a balanced diet. Furthermore, many authors have pointed to the added value of by-products as a solution to make food production chains more environmentally and economically sustainable. By-products emerge as an alternative matrix to fermentation, and the fermentation process has the potential to transform by-products into value-added products through an efficient and sustainable process. During fermentation, besides the consumption of molecules to grow, microbial enzymes act on several phytochemical compounds, creating new derivative compounds that affect the flavour and function of fermented beverages. As an alternative for consumers with lactose intolerance or vegan or vegetarian diets, new beverages produced from plant by-products and probiotic bacteria hold great promise for the global functional food market. Several challenges were overcome in developing these new products from by-products, namely the availability and quality/standardization of raw materials, adapted microbial starter cultures for fermentation, and optimization of production processes to maximize consumer acceptance and product yield. This review provides an overview of recent research/developments in the field of new fermented beverages from by-products, and aspects related to their functionality, beyond the challenges of these new beverages.

Delving into Agri-Food Waste Composition for Antibacterial Phytochemicals

The overuse of antibiotics in the healthcare, veterinary, and agricultural industries has led to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), resulting in significant economic losses worldwide and a growing healthcare problem that urgently needs to be solved. Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites, making them an area of interest in the search for new phytochemicals to cope with AMR. A great part of agri-food waste is of plant origin, constituting a promising source of valuable compounds with different bioactivities, including those against antimicrobial resistance. Many types of phytochemicals, such as carotenoids, tocopherols, glucosinolates, and phenolic compounds, are widely present in plant by-products, such as citrus peels, tomato waste, and wine pomace. Unveiling these and other bioactive compounds is therefore very relevant and could be an important and sustainable form of agri-food waste valorisation, adding profit for local economies and mitigating the negative impact of these wastes' decomposition on the environment. This review will focus on the potential of agri-food waste from a plant origin as a source of phytochemicals with antibacterial activity for global health benefits against AMR.

Production of biogas from the industrial hemp variety, Tiborszállási

The suitability of industrial hemp as an alternative substrate for biogas production was evaluated. The influence of the growing stage and fertilization regimen on biogas and methane production was determined. The effectiveness of a common NPK fertilization strategy was compared with the application of biogas plant (BGP) byproducts (liquid and solid phase of the digestate). Hemp biomass was harvested four times during the growth cycle (five leaf pairs, flower formation, beginning of flowering, seed maturity). The samples of hemp biomass from the tested combinations (vegetation period × fertilization strategy) were subjected to anaerobic digestion in laboratory batch reactors for 60 days, and the amount and composition of the released biogas were determined. The yield of biomass and dry matter content increased with the age of plants reaching up to 12.0 t/ha and 32%, respectively. The highest methane production was observed for hemp in the first sampling (309-316 L CH4/kg of organic dry matter, ODM); the lowest production came from hemp at full maturity (289-302 L CH4/kg ODM). Due to a significant growth of hemp biomass during the vegetation period, methane hectare yield (MHY) grew from 142-175 m3/ha for the first growing stage to 2780-3230 m3/ha for the final stage. The average methane content reached approximately 60%. There was no observed significant difference in biogas production between the different modes of fertilization; thus, BGP byproducts were an effective alternative source of nutrients for hemp planting.

Properties of Palm Oil Ash Geopolymer Containing Alumina Powder and Field Para Rubber Latex

Most geopolymer binder is produced using raw materials comprising powder with high silica and alumina content. Additionally, fine aggregate is prepared with river sand for high bulk density. This research proposes using palm oil ash (POA) for the main binder and palm oil clinker (POC) for the fine aggregate. The chemical composition of POA has high levels of silica but low alumina, so it must undergo partial replacement with alumina powder (AP). POA and POC are waste by-products of electrical power plants. The properties to be investigated include compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption, and microstructure. The effect of mixture composition, i.e., POA and field Para rubber latex (FPRL), on those properties is of particular interest. POA was substituted by AP and FPRL at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, and at 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. Geopolymer mortars were cured at ambient temperature for 24 hours and kept at ambient temperature until testing. The compressive strengths of the geopolymer mortars were tested at 1, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that the optimal mixture consisted of 5% AP in the case of AP only and 1% FPRL in the case of FPRL only, while the ternary optimal mixture of 1% FPRL and 7.5% AP achieved higher compressive strengths than the control (CT) sample at 28.16, 19.98, and 25.30 MPa, respectively, after 28 days of curing. Bulk density increased with the addition of AP and FPRL. The microstructures of the geopolymer samples investigated using SEM-EDX showed the presence of different elements with different mixtures and displayed a dense, compact geopolymer matrix with high compressive strength. Using large amounts of POA in combination with AP and FPRL improved the environmental aspects of landfill disposal. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-017 Full Text: PDF