Planar Monopole Research Articles

A Novel Planar Monopole Antenna with Truncated Ground Plane for Wireless Communication

In this paper, triple-band planar monopole Microstrip Antenna intended for different applications like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wireless LAN (2.4 GHz), LTE 2500 band, WiMax (3.5 GHz), and a piece of C-band applications. The reception apparatus has been intended to work at different recurrence groups, for example, 2.25 – 2.5 GHz, 3.32 – 3.97 GHz, and 5.90 – 8.67 GHz individually. The proposed receiving antenna comprises of a planar monopole reception apparatus imprinted on RT/duroid 5880 substrate (through a general permittivity of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0009) and the base side printed with a truncated ground. The planar monopole reception apparatus has been viably structured and reproduced by utilizing Ansys-HFSS design tool. The component of the proposed receiving antenna is 40 × 28.4 × 1.575 mm3. The reenacted outcome shows return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern, and gain of the Antenna. Also, the truncated ground plane structure is straightforward, vigorous and possesses little space, building it appropriate for different applications.

A Metamaterial-Based Compact Planar Monopole Antenna for Wi-Fi and UWB Applications.

Ultrawideband (UWB) antennas are widely used as core devices in high-speed wireless communication. A novel compact UWB monopole antenna with an additional narrow band for Wi-Fi applications comprising a metamaterial (MTM) is proposed in this paper. The antenna has a compact size of 27 × 33 mm2 and consists of a V-shaped slot with two rectangular slots in the radiation patch. The inductance and capacitance develop due to the V-shaped slot in the radiation patch. The proposed antenna has −10 dB bandwidths of 3.2 GHz to 14 GHz for UWB and 2.38 GHz to 2.57 GHz for narrowband, corresponding to 144% and 7.66% fractional bandwidths, respectively. The measured gain and efficiency meet the desired values for UWB and Wi-Fi applications. To verify the performance of the antenna, the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested. The simulated and measured results agree well at UWB frequencies and Wi-Fi frequencies, and the antenna can be used as a smart device for portable IoT applications.

A Dual-band Planar Antenna for Wireless Local Area Network Applications

Wireless local area network (WLAN) communication is one of the fast and secure wireless technologies, which is vastly used in nowadays portable and handheld devices. This paper is oriented on designing of a planar WLAN antenna to serve in WLAN network devices. The designed antennas are single and dual-band planar monopole antennas to be working at IEEE 802.11 WLAN frequencies; 2.45 GHz and 5.2/5.8 GHz bands. Different configurations have been used in the design process, especially for the dual-band antenna, where dual-resonant is required. The antennas have been designed analytically then simulated using the CST software package. Simulation results for the input reflection coefficient, realized gain, and radiation pattern have been considered to evaluate their features. The antennas have also been fabricated practically and practical measurements for the input reflection coefficient and radiation pattern have been taken which shown a good agreement with those of simulation.

Design and Development of Low Profile MIMO Antenna for 5G New Radio Smartphone Applications

A low-profile planar four-element MIMO antenna is proposed in this paper that can be integrated inside wireless handheld devices. Every unit antenna is made of simple planar L-shaped monopole placed over etched non-ground area of 10 × 5 mm2. The optimized antenna elements cover three 5G New Radio bands falling within C-band: n77 band (3.3–4.2 GHz), n78 band (3.3–3.8 GHz) and n79 band (4.4–5 GHz), with isolation better than 18.8 dB, without the requirement of any additional decoupling structure. The designed antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate of dimension 120 × 65 × 1.6 mm3. Antenna characteristics regarding reflection coefficient, mutual coupling, radiation pattern and gain are measured and discussed. The envelop correlation coefficient is computed and is lower than 0.018 for the entire range of frequency under consideration. The simplicity and compactness of the proposed MIMO antenna provides adequate space for integration of other circuits inside handheld mobile terminal. Further the integration with lower generation antennas are investigated; the result indicates that the placement of the proposed antenna system on the two long arms of ground plane offer adequate space for integration of lower generation antenna without adversely affecting each other’s performance.

Integrated Flexible Hybrid Silicone-Textile Dual-Resonant Sensors and Switching Circuit for Wearable Neurodegeneration Monitoring Systems.

This paper describes the design, development, and testing of flexible hybrid silicone-textile sensors and a flexible switching circuit that were integrated into a wearable system for monitoring neurodegenerative diseases. A total of 6 planar monopole antenna sensors were fabricated that propagates at two separate resonant frequencies: 800 MHz and 2.1GHz respectively. In addition, 2 switching circuits, each having 3 switches and 4 SMA breakout boards, were assembled and placed on the wearable neurodegeneration monitoring system. Each switching circuit connects 3 sensors to a single port on a vector network analyzer (VNA) that is used to generate and receive microwave signals. Experiments were performed using the wearable device with the developed sensors and switching circuit on phantoms mimicking two common physiological changes in the brain caused by neurodegenerative diseases: 1) brain atrophy and 2) lateral ventricle enlargement. The dual nature of the sensors' resonance allows it to detect both brain atrophy and lateral ventricle enlargement separately at different operating frequency. This provides the advantage of minimizing the number of sensor elements needed to monitor neurodegenerative disease. The use of a switching circuit also allows for quick and convenient measurements by choosing which sensors are active for ports 1 and 2 on the VNA respectively. In addition to being low-cost, the flexibility of the materials used in fabrication allows the sensors and switching circuit to be conformal to the patient's head. Results from the experiments indicates that the sensors and switching circuit were working successfully when integrated into the wearable device.

Circularly-Polarized and High-Efficiency Microstrip Antenna with C-Shaped Stub for WLAN and WiMAX Applications

In this article a novel planar triple-band microstrip monopole antenna with circular polarization and high efficiency is presented for wireless communications applications. This antenna with passbands at 2.4, 3.5, and 5.5 GHz is able to cover WLAN and WiMAX applications according to the IEEE 802.11b/g and IEEE 802.16 standards. The proposed antenna consists of a C-shaped stub to control the circular polarization and an inverted triangular patch which has two slots to achieve mentioned frequency bands. The proposed monopole antenna with dimensions 40×47×1.6 mm is implemented on the FR4 substrate and fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line. Parametric study for antenna dimensions and measurement results are presented in the article. The S-parameters of less than −10 dB, efficiency above 90% and omnidirectional radiation patterns are obtained in the proposed antenna. A brief comparison is made on the characteristics of the proposed antenna and other antennas presented in the articles and the results are presented.

A Wide Multi-band Monopole Antenna for GSM/WiMAX/WLAN/X-Band/Ku-Band Applications

In this article, a novel low profile multi wideband planar monopole antenna is proposed to cover GSM-1800 MHz, WiMAX (3.5/5.5 GHz), WLAN (5.2/5.8 GHz), X-band (8–12 GHz) and Ku-band (12–18 GHz) applications. The proposed antenna consists of three circular shaped patches of different radii along with two inverted L-shaped strips. Introduction of the L-shaped strips helps to reform the frequency response. This antenna may find applications in wireless communication systems as it covers the wide frequency range from 1.42 to 20 GHz. The measured − 10 dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 660 MHz (1.42–2.08 GHz), 640 MHz (3.49–4.13 GHz), 2300 MHz (5.23–7.53 GHz), 1870 MHz (8–9.87 GHz), and 9300 MHz (10.7–20 GHz). Measured peak gain is 6.5 dBi. A good agreement is achieved between simulated and measured results.

Penta‐band notched ultra‐wideband monopole antenna loaded with electromagnetic bandgap‐structures and modified U‐shaped slots

In this article, a planar monopole penta-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is designed and investigated. Three notches (2.81 GHz radar surveillance, 3.38 GHz WiMAX, and 3.87 GHz C-band satellite downlink) have been realized by integrating three modified U-shaped slots on the radiating surface. Furthermore, to create two additional notches (2.33 GHz ISM band and 5.75 GHz WLAN), two meander line electromagnetic bandgap (EBG); one located near to the feed line and another on the radiating surface, have been introduced in the design. These unit cells play a fundamental role in generating notches at higher as well as lower frequencies. The proposed antenna possesses an overall size of 34.9 × 31.3 × 1.6 mm3 and has been designed over FR4 substrate. A 50 Ω microstrip line is used to feed the antenna. The antenna without any extra arrangement exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 7.6 GHz. A parametric analysis is studied in detail to observe the band rejection characteristics. The ANSYS HFSS simulation software is used for simulating the proposed design structures. For validation purpose, a prototype is fabricated and characterized. A very good agreement is achieved between simulated and measured results.

A Dual Band Notched Ultra-Wideband Antenna

In this paper, we design a planar monopole UWB antenna among two notched. Two semi-elliptical geometries are introduced at the lower and upper side’s rectangular patch. For increasing the antenna’s impedance bandwidth, stepped ground plane is used. The interference because of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX 3.3–3.8 GHz) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN 5–6 GHz) bands are eliminated by introducing half wavelength U-shaped slot in radiator and couple of quarter wavelength L-shaped slots in stepped floor plane, respectively. Results are obtained from the fabricated UWB antenna. The proposed antennas are established from Omni-directional radiation pattern.

Simple circularly polarized planar monopole inverted T‐shaped antenna

AbstractThis article presents a novel planar monopole antenna with circular polarization. The 3‐dB axial ratio (AR) is achieved by: shifting a vertical monopole to the left edge of the substrate in conjunction with a laterally inverted L‐shaped ground plane. When viewed from the top, the antenna resembles an uneven T‐shaped structure rotated at 90°. Measurement results show that; a 3‐dB AR bandwidth is achieved from 3.1 to 6.2 GHz (66.7% fractional bandwidth) and an S11 ≤ −10 dB bandwidth is realized from 2.5 to 6.5 GHz (88.9% fractional bandwidth). The proposed antenna is compact with an area of 20 mm2, produces stable radiation patterns, and its simple to design and fabricate without using parasitic elements or introducing slots on the antenna.

A miniaturized ultra‐wideband planar monopole antenna with L‐shaped ground plane stubs

This article presents a miniaturized ultra-wideband planar monopole antenna with an oval radiator. The proposed antenna is fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW), and two L-shaped stubs are extended from the ground plane of the CPW. This presented antenna is able to produce resonances in the lower frequency band and realize better impedance matching performance in the middle and higher frequency bands with the aid of the L-shaped stubs. The antenna was built and tested. The total size of the proposed antenna is only 26 × 20 × 1.6 mm3. Its measured –10 dB impedance bandwidth is 10.1 GHz (3.1-13.2 GHz). The measured far-field radiation patterns are stable in the whole operating frequency band.

Design and acceptance test of compact planar monopole antenna for LTE smartphone considering SAR, TRP, and HAC values

SummaryEight different types of compact multiband planar antennas are proposed in this work for covering several long‐term evaluation (LTE) and Wi‐Fi bands in a smartphone antenna design. Gradual inclusion of several sections of a radiator on an inexpensive FR4 substrate is presented for receiving multi‐LTE bands with a handset device. Along with the presently available LTE bands, this antenna design approach also includes upcoming LTE in unlicensed spectrum and LTE licensed‐assisted access. Various techniques such as partial ground, branch line slit, parasitic structure, and meandered lines are used to achieve desired resonant frequencies, bandwidth, matching, and miniaturization. The final type of eight antennas has been implemented in the real‐world mobile phone handset. The interaction between the mobile handset and the human phantom model has been analyzed at few specific frequencies for evaluating specific absorption rate (SAR) and total radiated power (TRP) in a simulated manner. The same type is also studied as a hearing aid compatibility (HAC)–supported wireless device. The simulated results show the SAR and HAC values are at the acceptance level for this proposed design. A prototype model is developed and few parameters are measured for validation.

A compact planar antenna with extended patch and truncated ground plane for ultra wide band application

AbstractIn this article, a compact broadband planar monopole microstrip patch antenna with extended patch and a truncated ground plane is proposed for ultra‐wideband application. The optimal dimensions of the proposed antenna are 20 × 20 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate that is a low‐cost commercially available substrate with εr = 4.3 and a loss tangent of 0.025. The impedance bandwidth (defined by the magnitude of S11 less than −10 dB) of the proposed antenna is 127% (3.13‐14.07 GHz). The peak gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna are 3.4 dB and 78%, respectively. The proposed antenna exhibits a stable radiation pattern at the operating band. The simulated results of the proposed antenna are observed to be in agreement with the measured results when fabricated. The proposed antenna supports various frequency bands such as ultra‐wideband, 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX bands, 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands, X Band (8‐12 GHz), satellite communication, and other wireless communication services. The proposed design and its various results have been discussed in further detail.

A Hybrid Taguchi Binary Particle Swarm Optimization for Antenna Designs

A hybrid Taguchi binary particle swarm optimization (HTBPSO) is proposed in this letter for electromagnetic optimization problems. The proposed algorithm combines the better properties of Taguchi method for updating the optimum positions of particles and improving the local search ability. To avoid premature convergence during the solution process, catfish effect operation is performed to alter the last 10% worse particle positions. Three examples, including the designs of linear and planar thinned arrays and planar triband monopole, are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of HTBPSO. As expected, experimental results show that HTBPSO achieves not only better solutions but also a faster convergence speed compared with the other two algorithms

Electromagnetic Field Probe for Microwave Ovens

This paper proposes a probe to monitor the electromagnetic field inside the microwave oven. Although magnetrons are now small and efficient, and solid-state ovens can control the power delivered to the food, neither can “see” the electromagnetic field inside the microwave oven. Therefore, the proposed field detector probe, which is a rectenna (antenna and rectifier), converts the RF (2.45 GHz) signal, inside the cavity, to a dc voltage. The antenna is a simple planar monopole, which is not matched due to the high power levels inside the oven. Two types of rectifiers are proposed, the first one is based on diodes (SMP1302 or SMP1304) and the second one is based on an LDMOS power transistor—BLC2425M8LS300P, provided by Ampleon. By comparing the output dc voltage of the probe when connected to a signal generator (in the laboratory) with the voltage generated by the field detector probe (inside the microwave oven), the electromagnetic field can be mapped. Doing this allows microwave oven manufacturers to optimize and adjust the cooking appliance based on the electromagnetic field, which induces food heating.

Circularly polarized planar monopole antenna for ultrawideband applications

Circularly polarized planar monopole antenna for ultrawideband applications

Triple‐band dual‐sense circularly polarised planar monopole antenna

A simple and compact triple-band dual-sense circularly polarised (CP) microstrip line fed planar monopole antenna is presented here with ultra-wide impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna comprised a slit-loaded semi-circular radiating patch and a stub-loaded modified ground plane. By properly embedding a slit into the patch and a stub into the modified ground plane, the proposed monopole structure radiates triple band CP in broadside direction. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 40 × 40 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna is capable of generating right hand CP wave in the lower and upper CP band, while left hand CP wave is generated by the middle CP band. The measured − 10 dB impedance bandwidth is 122% (2.74–11.32 GHz) and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths for the triple bands are 41.55% (4.08–6.22 GHz), 17.03% (7.52–8.92 GHz) and 14.68% (9.34–10.82 GHz), respectively. The measured peak gains within three CP bands are 4.24, 4.02 and 3.78 dBic, respectively.

Bandwidth enhancement of monopole antenna using stubbed ground plane

This article demonstrates a method of enhancing the bandwidth of a planar monopole antenna with minor modifications of the ground plane suitable for medical applications. The narrowband monopole antenna is mounted on a modified ground plane, thus extending its impedance bandwidth and increasing the gain. The partial ground plane is transformed by integrating a rectangular plate on the upper edge of the ground plane, thus achieving a bandwidth ratio of 12:1 from 3 GHz to 37.26 GHz and again from 42.5 GHz onwards.

Design of UWB antenna integrated with dual GSM functionalities and dual notches in the UWB region using single branched EBG inspired structure

A microstrip line fed planar monopole patch antenna is designed to provide impedance bandwidth (| S 11 | ≤ -10 dB) of 2.56-12.25 GHz, thus exhibiting ultra-wideband (UWB) characteristic. Two metallic strips are branched symmetrically from the patch radiator to generate resonant frequencies at 0.9 and 1.9 GHz, corresponding to GSM operating frequencies. A filtering element based on electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) unit cell is placed near the feedline of the antenna to introduce two notches at 5.17 and 7.97 GHz thereby mitigating any interference from lower WLAN and X-band satellite uplink frequencies respectively. The proposed structure has satisfactory gain at the GSM frequencies and fairly constant gain with a variation of <;2 dB in its UWB operating region except at the notch bands. The radiation patterns are stable and symmetric with low cross polarisation. In order to comprehend the novelty of the proposed structure, it is compared with similar structures found in literature in terms of notch generation, achieving extra resonance outside UWB range, compactness, thickness of the substrate, and maintaining consistent gain in UWB region. A prototype of the proposed structure is fabricated and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results.

Compact ultra-wideband circularly polarized CPW-fed monopole antenna

This paper presents a coplanar waveguide (CPW) -fed quadrilateral-shaped compact planar monopole antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) application. The fractional axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of the antenna for circular polarization (CP) is 56.64% (5.91–10.58 GHz) and its fractional impedance matching bandwidth (IMBW) is 137.1% (3.1–17.5 GHz), which are realized by designing a quadrilateral-shaped monopole with an asymmetric ground plane. The proposed antenna structure is simple and compact; hence its design is efficient, and it has an impedance matching (S11) in UWB band with embedded wideband circular polarization. The gain of the antenna varies between 3.33 and 8.9 dBi. Furthermore, its application for designing the linear array and planar array of 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 antenna elements are presented. The gain improves to 5.1–9 dBi for 1 × 2 array elements and to 9–11.2 dBi for 2 × 2 array with UWB IMBW. Simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the antenna design and are shown to be in good agreement.