Training Plan Research Articles

The Assessment of the Dynamics of Changes in the Torques of Redressing and Derotating Forces Acting on the Spine During Active Kyphosis-Deepening Exercises in the Dynamic Individual Stimulation and Control for Spine Device (DISC4SPINE, D4S).

Background: The study aimed to assess the dynamics of changes in the torques of derotating and redressing forces acting on the apexes of deformation curvature arches during active, kyphosis-inducing exercises using the D4S device. Methods: The study group included 12 girls aged 9 to 10 years (age X = 9.36, SD = 1.52; weight X = 31.34 kg, SD = 3.28; height X = 134.23 cm, SD = 8.25). The study was carried out using the D4S interactive spine and posture rehabilitation system with dynamic, personalised stimulation. Measurements were taken during six successive therapeutic visits of each patient, each containing five repeated sets. A single set involved applying pressure on the device heads 20 times for 8 s. For each patient, the resistance head was in the right top (RT) setting, individually adjusted for patient needs. Results: The results showed that the values of the measured moments of the derotating-redressing forces acting on the curvature peak vertebrae ranged from 24.1 N/cm2 to 39.9 N/cm2. The analysis of the differences in the values of the pressure of the derotating head on the spine in subsequent measurements, accounting for all measurements taken in subsequent cycles of the study, indicates significant variation in pressure values (K-W = 31.0660, p = 0.00029 *). Similar dynamics of changes and variation in the results were noted for the values of the pressure applied with the derotating head in subsequent cycles of the study. In this case, the variation in the results was also statistically significant (K-W = 24.4747, p = 0.00018 *). Conclusions: The values of forces increase slightly with the subsequent series of exercises. The assessment of the value of forces may be an element of optimal and more effective training plans in the therapy discussed.

Comparative analysis of biomechanical characteristics of knee flexion and extension muscles in volleyball physical training

This study aimed to analyze the biomechanical characteristics of knee flexion and extension muscles in volleyball physical training from the cellular and molecular biomechanics aspect. Multiple training modes like strength, elasticity, and comprehensive training were chosen to systematically evaluate relevant characteristics of these muscles among volleyball players. Advanced devices such as 3D motion capture systems, ground reaction force platforms, and electromyography equipment were used to gather precise biomechanical data. At the cellular and molecular level, different trainings impact muscle cells differently. For example, strength training might enhance the synthesis of contractile proteins within cells, while elasticity training could influence the elasticity-related molecular structures. With multidimensional data analysis, the effects of various training modes were compared. The comprehensive training group had a kinematic flexion extension angle of 528.27º ± 11.49º, an angular velocity of 135.52º ± 5.97º, and an angular acceleration of 3177.02º ± 116.88º, performing best. This could be due to its comprehensive influence on cellular and molecular processes in muscles, promoting better coordination and force generation. This article offers a theoretical basis for volleyball players to create scientific training plans and gives practical tips for coaches and athletes to optimize programs and prevent injuries. By focusing on cellular and molecular biomechanics, it fills research gaps and helps boost the development of biomechanics in volleyball physical training.

Effective Management Practices of Government Owned Tertiary Hospitals: A Way out for Employee Development in Enugu State

The study examined effective management practices of government owned tertiary hospitals with regards to employee development. Low patronage and unprofessionalism of staff of government owned tertiary hospitals in Enugu state is tending towards an alarming rate. In every organizational set up, efficiency and productivity are of utmost importance, and it is common knowledge amongst managements of such organizations that these can only be attained through the employees. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which staff training influences quality of output of employee, assess the extent to which conflict resolution affects punctuality at work of employee and ascertain the extent manpower planning influences employee turnover of government owned tertiary hospitals. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. A sample of 328 respondents were drawn from junior and management staff of selected government owned tertiary hospitals in Enugu State. A 4-likert scaled questionnaire with 18 items was used for data collection. Mean and t-test were used for analysing responses to the research questions and testing the hypotheses. Findings revealed, among others that staff training positively and significantly influenced quality of output of employee of tertiary hospitals t(4)= 2.506, p< .05], conflict management positively and significantly affected punctuality at work of employee of tertiary hospitals t(4)= 2. 324, p< .05] and manpower planning influenced employee turnover of government owned tertiary hospitals t(4)= 2.401, p< .05]. It was concluded that management practices significantly and positively affected employee development of government owned tertiary hospitals in Enugu state. It was recommended, among others that as part of efficient management practice, already budgeted funds for career training and development in government owned tertiary hospitals should be enhanced through training, conflict resolution and manpower planning.

Criteria for the authorization of training in medical specialist competence in internal medicine and rheumatology-A position paper of the German Society for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology

The model advanced training regulations define the content of advanced training to achieve the qualification of medical specialist in internal medicine and rheumatology. There are currently no criteria for issuing the authorization in advanced training. This position paper describes the criteria proposed by the German Society for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology (DGRh), which should be the foundation for the issuance of authorization for advanced training in the field of internal medicine and rheumatology and for the assessment of the duration. The model advanced training regulations 2018 and the advanced training plan recommended by experts function as the basis for this. Based on the criteria, the authorization for advanced training to advanced specialist training in internal medicine and rheumatology can be allocated in a standardized, graded and transparent manner throughout Germany. This enables an optimal quality of advanced training in rheumatology, which can be adapted to the future developments in the discipline.

CHALLENGES OF CLOSE READING APPROACH ON THE COMPREHENSION LEVEL OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: A PURVIEW OF INQUIRY

The purpose of this study is to discover the challenges encountered by the teachers of a close reading approach on the comprehension level of junior high school students in selected public schools in Sulop Davao del Sur. The researcher was concerned when students showed poor performance on both written and verbal assessments. For example, students could not answer reader response questions with accuracy when assigned a reading with comprehension questions. They had difficulty recalling what they read and performing critical analyses when assigned written work. Their performance on both informal and formal assessments illustrated they did not have a deep understanding of the text (Allen, 2020; Blum, 2021). The participants of this study are the ten (10) English teachers in selected public schools in Davao region during this academic year 2023-2024. These English teachers were chosen as participants since they have lived experiences in teaching reading to junior high school students for a couple of years. As a result, analysis of the data revealed three main themes with four sub-themes each, to wit; “lack of vocabulary development” with sub-themes, use comprehension technique, insufficient reading materials, students become more active and relationship of teachers and students. The second theme immersed was “use multiple strategies” with sub-themes, give clear instructions, use basic guide in reading, motivate students to read and be compassionate in teaching reading. Lastly, the last theme immersed was “use reading comprehension in context with sub-themes, more classroom activities, use small group discussion, importance of teachers training and use standard lesson plan. KEYWORDS: Challenges, comprehension, close reading, approach, junior high school

Multisensor‐Driven Lightweight Networks for Intelligent Sports Training System: Design and Research

ABSTRACTEdge computing and multisensor integration have revolutionized sports training technologies, yet many existing systems remain computationally intensive and complex for everyday use. This study introduces an efficient and user‐friendly intelligent sports training system that leverages edge‐based multisensor data processing with lightweight neural networks. The system utilizes low‐latency activity and real‐time pose estimation data, powered by a modified MobileNetV2 model, to generate personalized training plans through reinforcement learning. Tests show that the system matches the accuracy of more complex models while significantly reducing computational needs. Compression techniques further enhance efficiency with minimal accuracy loss. User studies revealed notable improvements in fitness levels and adherence compared to traditional methods. The system adapts to real‐time user performance, offering feedback and dynamically adjusting plans, with low energy consumption across mobile devices. This research shows that our developed system, which integrates multisensors and artificial intelligence, can make personalized sports training more accessible.

Current situation and demand for specialized development of allergy nursing in eighty-eight hospitals in Guangdong Province

To investigate the current situation and demand for specialized development of allergy nursing in 88 hospitals in Guangdong Province, as well as to provide evidence for the management of allergy nursing. From August to December 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the core managers of allergy nursing-related work in eighty-eight hospitals in Guangdong Province supported by the Allergy Nursing Branch of the Guangdong Nurses Association and the Nursing Group of the Allergy Branch of the Guangdong Medical Association. An online survey was conducted using the Delphi method to compile a questionnaire on the current status and demand for specialized development of allergy nursing in Guangdong Province. Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact probability method were used to analyze the differences in the current status of specialty technology applications and the development and demand of specialized nursing between hospitals with or without allergy specialty departments. The results showed that among the eighty-eight hospitals in the nineteen prefecture-level cities surveyed in Guangdong Province, 17 hospitals (19%) had established allergy specialty departments, all of which were top-tier tertiary hospitals. The establishment duration [M (Q1, Q3)] was 3 (1, 10) years. The implementation rates of skin prick test (94%, 16/17), in-vitro examination (82%, 14/17), nasal endoscopy (82%, 14/17), subcutaneous specific immunotherapy (82%, 14/17), multidisciplinary consultation (65%, 11/17), fractional exhaled nitric oxide detection (47%, 8/17), skin patch test (41%, 7/17), and autologous serum skin test (35%, 6/17) in hospitals with allergy department were higher than those in hospitals without allergy department [59%, 42/71 (χ2=7.462, P=0.006)], [54%, 38/71 (χ2=4.717, P=0.030)], [51%, 36/71 (χ2=5.599, P=0.018)], [34%, 24/71 (χ2=13.177, P<0.001)], [24%, 17/71 (χ2=10.505, P=0.001)], [24%, 17/71 (χ2=5.540, P=0.019)], [11%, 8/71 (Fisher's exact test, P=0.008)], [11%, 8/71 (Fisher's exact test, P=0.025)]. In the development plan of allergy nursing in the next two years, hospitals that had set up allergy departments had a higher proportion in adding nurses (82%, 14/17, χ2=13.177, P<0.001), formulating specialized nurse training plans (71%, 12/17, χ2=3.980, P=0.046), formulating group standards or clinical guidelines (41%, 7/17, Fisher's exact test, P=0.046), and formulating assessment standards (53%, 9/17, Fisher's exact test, P=0.002). The demand for all aspects of allergy specialty nursing knowledge and skills accounted for more than 50%, and it was not related to whether the hospital set up an allergy department. In conclusion, the specialized development of allergy nursing in Guangdong province is still in its early stages, and there is a great demand for improving knowledge and skills in allergy. Further standardization of specialty construction is needed, along with the training of allergic nurses, to promote the comprehensive development of allergic reaction nursing specialties from point to area.

Nutritional perspectives in female soccer: a scoping review.

The purpose of the review was to evaluate the literature exploring nutritional habits and practices in female soccer players. The PRISMA-ScR Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews were followed. Searches of Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were conducted for studies exploring the nutritional habits and practices of female soccer players. A total of 72 studies were included in the scoping review. Studies on female soccer players mainly focused on daily energy expenditure, daily energy and macronutrient intake and hydration status. A negative energy balance was consistent across studies, and the ingestion of CHO appears below the current recommendations. Female soccer players are predominately in negative energy balance, which may indicate that they are at risk of low energy availability. A high use of nutritional supplements is apparent in female soccer, whilst a large proportion of players commence training dehydrated. The current findings have implications for practitioners relating to the planning, management, monitoring, and implementation of nutritional intake and training and competition schedules.

Effects of sex differences on energy providing capacities during short duration high-intensity exercise: focusing on changes in exercise duration.

This study aimed to examine the effects of sex differences on each energy supply (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative systems) when athletes performing short-duration high-intensity exercises for different durations. Eight male and seven female college students specializing in tracks and fields participated in this experiment. They performed full-strength pedaling for the experimental exercise. The participants were asked to pedal at a load of 6.5% of their body weight (kp) for three conditions: 10, 30, and 50 s. The phosphagen system was calculated by considering the fast component of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption after all tests. The glycolytic system was expressed as the delta value of the difference between the peak and baseline blood lactate concentrations measured during the test. The oxidative system was estimated by subtracting the baseline oxygen uptake from the area of sprint oxygen uptake. At 10 s, a significant correlation was found between the relative mean power and the phosphagen and glycolytic systems in males. At 30 s, a significant correlation was found between relative mean power and phosphagen and oxidative systems in males, and between glycolytic and oxidative systems in females. At 50 s, a significant correlation was found between relative mean power and oxidative systems in males. The results of this study indicate that the energy delivery systems supporting high performance in short-duration high-intensity exercise differ between males and females, a finding that is valuable for developing training plans.

Seven strategies to consistently facilitate high-impact trainings.

This article is a practical resource for leadership educators who facilitate training experiences. Written as an invitation to tactically strategize and tangibly plan for your next training, the seven strategies have been proven to transform boring, lecture-style, information dump, and slide deck trainings into high-engagement, high-enjoyment, and most importantly, high-impact trainings. The result, when using these seven strategies consistently, is the potential for a total transformation in the leadership learning and development of your students. They will optimize their experience during the training by better accessing the training message, internalizing learning through hands-on and immersive experiences, reflection, and dialogue, and then applying their learning to practice-where it matters most.

Professional Identity, Career Planning and Professional Development Among Middle School Teachers

This paper was intended to find out the professional identity, career planning and professional development of more than 400 middle school teachers in China. The final research results showed that majority of the respondents were male, 26-35 years old, bachelor’s degree holders, and have been serving the school for 21 years and above. Middle school teachers generally have a positive cognition of their professional identity, especially in terms of professional behavior and professional cognition. They generally have a positive cognition of career planning, especially in terms of continuing learning and career exploration as well as in their professional development, especially in terms of professional affection and competence. Sex, age, educational attainment, and length of service have varying impacts on professional identity and professional development. Significant correlations are identified among three variables and indicate that the higher the professional identity. The study proposed a Proposed Training and Development Plan to help Chinese Middle School Teachers improve their professional identity, career planning and professional development. This study mainly discussed the role of middle school teachers’ professional identity and career planning in career development as it provided a certain basis for better promoting the development of middle school teachers.

Training in Roller Speed Skating: Proposal of Surface Electromyography and Kinematics Data for Educational Purposes in Junior and Senior Athletes.

Introduction: Roller skating shares biomechanical similarities with other sports, but specific studies on speed skaters are limited. Injuries, particularly to the groin, are frequent and related to acute and chronic muscle stress. Technology, particularly surface electromyography, can now be used to monitor performance and prevent injuries, especially those caused by muscular asymmetries. Such studies can be used to enhance training and for educational purposes. Materials and Methods: This pilot study was conducted on three subjects: two cadet-athletes and a novice, compared with the performance model of an elite athlete. Surface electromyography and kinematic analysis monitored the lower limb muscles during the propulsion and recovery phases of skating. Electrodes were placed on specific muscles, and triaxial accelerometers were used to detect kinematic differences and asymmetries. The results: Cadet 1 was closest to the elite athlete's performance model compared to Cadet 2, especially in kinematics and muscle efficiency. However, both cadets showed electromyographic differences compared to the elite athlete, with uneven muscle co-activations. The novice exhibited more oscillations and earlier propulsion compared to the elite athlete. Discussion: Using electromyography and kinematic analysis made it possible to identify differences between elite athletes, cadets, and novices. These observations provide useful data for developing personalized training and educational plans and preventing injuries related to muscle overload.

Incidental gynecologic cancers in women who underwent surgery for pelvic organ prolapse

Aims: Despite symptom inquiry and preoperative sampling are performed for endometrial, cervix and ovarian pathologies in the preoperative evaluation, it is not clear whether cancer will be detected in the surgical specimen of an asymptomatic patient for pelvic organ prolapse surgery. In our study, we aimed to investigate the incidental cancer rates in patients who underwent vaginal or abdominal surgery due to pelvic organ prolapse. Methods: In this retrospective study, all patients who underwent surgery for pelvic organ prolapse at Istanbul Training and Research Hospital between 2019 and 2023 were included in the study. Patients who had diagnosis of cancer were preoperatively excluded from the study. Preoperative transvaginal ultrasound were made for all patients using sonography by 5 MHz probe, (Voluson E8, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) or MRI. Accompanying endometrial, myometrial and adnexial pathologies were recorded. Routine endometrial thickness at preoperative evaluation was saved. Type of the surgery for pelvic organ prolapse, complications and final pathology reports were recorded. Approval for this study was obtained from İstanbul Training and Resarch Hospital Education Planning and Coordination Department (Date 13.10.2023, Decision No. 277). This study had been performed in accordance with the ethical standards described in Declaration of Helsinki. Results: 107 patients had surgery due to pelvic organ prolapse between between 2019 and 2023. Mean endometrial thickness before surgery was 4.72+-4.27 mm. After surgery, all of the hysterectomy +- salpingooferectomy specimen sent to pathology. In our study there was a statistical difference between preoperative and postoperative diagnosis of endometrial polyps as p:0.0001. Due to the fact that Pipel is more effective in postmenopausal patients, the false-negative rate of office endometrial sampling, and that the main evaluation should be endometrial sampling accompanied by hysteroscopy. We did not evaluate endometrium by hysteroscopy preoperatively, so endometrial polyps can be found incidentally. In our study there was no incidental diagnosis of cancer. Conclusion: Despite the risk of incidental cancer detection is different and controversial in the literature, it was ultimately decided to send the hysterectomy material for routine pathological examination.

Influence of Body Composition and Muscle Power Performance on Multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Test in Taekwondo Athletes.

The Multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Test (FSKTmult) is used to investigate which characteristics are necessary for, contribute to, or limit the ability to repeat high-intensity intermittent efforts in taekwondo. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between anthropometric and body composition characteristics, muscle power performance, and sport-specific anaerobic performance. Nineteen black belt taekwondo athletes (mean ± SD age: 17.2 ± 2.4 years) volunteered to participate. Anthropometric and body composition characteristics (i.e., body height (BH), body mass (BM), fat mass (FM), body fat (BF%), and muscle mass (MM)) and physical performance (squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) tests, and FSKTmult) were assessed. Data were analyzed with correlation coefficients and simple linear regression. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The total number of kicks in FSKTmult (FSKTtotal) was significantly and positively correlated with MM (r = 0.521, R2 = 0.27, p < 0.05) and negatively with BF% (r = -0.499, R2 = 0.25, p < 0.05). The FSKTtotal was significantly and positively correlated with SJ (r = 0.520, R2 = 0.27, p < 0.05) and CMJ (r = 0.508, R2 = 0.26, p < 0.05) performance. Body composition optimization, with appropriate physical training and dietary planning, is relevant in taekwondo as the improvement in the ability to repeat high-intensity intermittent efforts depends on MM, and its worsening on BF%. Lower limb muscle power positively influences the ability to repeat high-intensity intermittent efforts. Therefore, training programs should emphasize ballistic and plyometric exercises.

Strategy To Increase The Competence Of Practical Supervisors In The Learning Process Of Midwifery Students

Higher education has the function of developing the ability in order to educate the life of the nation in accordance with the vision, mission and goals of Higher Education. In producing competent and competitive graduates, every university must adjust to the national standards of education that have been set. The scope of the national standard of education, the standard of educators and Educational Personnel states that, educators must have academic qualifications and competencies as learning agents, be physically and spiritually healthy, and have the ability to realize the goals of National Education. As vocational education, in the core curriculum of Diploma III Midwifery Education, the percentage of practical learning experience is set at 60 %. Competent practice mentors will contribute to producing midwifery graduates who can be used to become midwifery professionals. In order to improve the competence of the practice supervisor, one of them is the development of skills through education and training. This study aims to describe the management of education and training as improving the competence of practice supervisors in the College of Health Sciences. Improvement of the competence of the practice supervisor through the practice supervisor learning training is carried out through several stages, namely 1) analysis of the needs of the practice supervisor Learning Training, 2) design and planning of the practice supervisor Learning Training, 3) curriculum development of the practice supervisor learning training, 4) implementation of the practice supervisor learning training, 5) evaluation of the practice supervisor learning training, 6) obstacles and carrying capacity of the practice supervisor learning training. To achieve this goal, the research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a case study method on STIKes Abdi Nusantara and STIKes BPI. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The data of this study were checked for correctness, reliability through triangulation process. The results showed that the process of implementation of the teaching and learning practice supervisor in the College studied went well. Education and training provided to the practice supervisor contributes positively to the competence of the practice supervisor.

Advanced Wearable Devices for Monitoring Sweat Biochemical Markers in Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Review.

Wearable technology has advanced significantly, offering real-time monitoring of athletes' physiological parameters and optimizing training and recovery strategies. Recent developments focus on biosensor devices capable of monitoring biochemical parameters in addition to physiological ones. These devices employ noninvasive methods such as sweat analysis, which reveals critical biomarkers like glucose, lactate, electrolytes, pH, and cortisol. These biomarkers provide valuable insights into an athlete's energy use, hydration status, muscle function, and stress levels. Current technologies utilize both electrochemical and colorimetric methods for sweat analysis, with electrochemical methods providing higher precision despite potential signal interference. Wearable devices such as epidermal patches, temporary tattoos, and fabric-based sensors are preferred for their flexibility and unobtrusive nature compared to more rigid conventional wearables. Such devices leverage advanced materials and transmit real-time data to computers, tablets, or smartphones. These data would aid coaches and sports medical personnel in monitoring athletes' health, optimizing diets, and developing training plans to enhance performance and reduce injuries.

Analysis of quantile regression for race time in standard distance triathlons.

This study aims to quantitatively analyze the impact of split times on overall performance in standard distance triathlon events. It also examines how environmental factors such as water type, temperature, and altitude affect overall race outcomes. Quantile regression was employed to analyze the race records of 1,580 triathletes participating in 46 standard distance events in China. Swim time significantly influences race performance among the top 50% of elite athletes (p < 0.05). For slower elite athletes, bike time is more critical. Temperature has a positive effect on race times, while altitude also shows a significant positive impact, with race times decreasing as altitude increases (up to 1,600 meters in this study's dataset). River water enhances race times compared to still water, whereas sea water generally slows athletes down. The influence of split times and environmental factors on overall race rime varies according to the athletes' performance levels. To optimize results, training plans and race strategies should be tailored to each athlete's capabilities. Additionally, understanding and adapting to environmental conditions in advance is crucial.

Parental perspectives following the implementation of advanced hybrid closed-loop therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and elevated glycaemia.

To identify from a parental perspective facilitators and barriers of effective implementation of advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with elevated glycaemia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of participants while in a post-trial extension phase of the CO-PILOT randomized controlled trial. The Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour Model and Theoretical Domain Framework informed the interviews and framework analysis. Eleven parents of 9 children and adolescents were interviewed. The median age of their children and adolescents was 14.2 years (IQR 13.3-14.7) with median HbA1c 78 mmol/mol (IQR 75-86) (9.3% IQR 9-10) before starting AHCL. Facilitators of implementing AHCL therapy included the following: (1) knowledge acquired from training, (2) establishing routines and action plans, (3) remote glucose monitoring, (4) achievement of glycaemic goals through automation, (5) children/adolescents' capability to use AHCL independently, (6) improved outcomes incentivized continued AHCL, (7) optimism about sustained improvements and (8) social support from healthcare providers, school staff, peers and parents. Barriers to AHCL implementation included the following: (1) challenges with device usability, (2) need for technical support, (3) forgotten knowledge and skills, (4) non-adherence to best practices, (5) negative social influences, (6) physical and psychosocial burden and (7) negative emotions. This study provides comprehensive insights into parental perspectives of influences on implementing AHCL therapy in children and adolescents with elevated glycaemia. As parents remain key partners in diabetes care, these findings inform successful implementation of AHCL and development of future diabetes technology.

Effects of small-sided game training on lower limb explosive strength in handball players: a single-arm meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis systematically evaluates the influence of small-sided game (SSG) on the counter-movement jump (CMJ) height and 20-meter sprint capabilities of handball players. Systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) databases were performed up to February 2024. A total of 8 studies with 184 participants were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated significant improvements in CMJ (cm) in handball players (Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) = -1.06, 95% CI[-1.99, -0.12], Z = 2.22, P = 0.03). For the 20 m sprint capability, the results were WMD = -0.07, 95% CI[-0.14, 0.01], Z = 1.82, P = 0.07. Subgroup analysis by age: ≥19 years old WMD = -0.02, 95% CI[-0.08, 0.03], and <19 years old WMD = -0.10, 95% CI[-0.21, 0.00], indicating no significant impact on the 20-m (s) performance improvement. Gender subgroup analysis showed male WMD = -0.01, 95% CI[-0.08,0.07] and female WMD = -0.11, 95%CI[-0.19, -0.03; P < 0.05], suggesting better improvement in females. The present study reveals that SSG training has varying impacts on 20 m sprint performance among handball players of different ages and genders. Specifically, there is no significant improvement in the 20 m sprint performance between players aged <19 and ≥19, while female players show greater improvement in the 20-m (s) compared to male players. These differences could be attributed to the physiological, psychological, and adaptive training differences between athletes of different ages and genders. Although SSG plays an essential role in training handball players, particularly in enhancing lower limb explosive strength and overall game performance, it is recommended to combine SSG with other targeted strength and explosive power training to maximize the enhancement of lower limb explosive power in handball players. Comprehensive training can effectively improve the lower limb explosive strength of athletes while also addressing the development of other key athletic qualities to achieve the best training outcomes. Therefore, coaches should fully consider the individual differences and training needs of athletes when designing training plans, and reasonably allocate the proportion and sequence of SSG with other training methods to maximize training effectiveness.

Sistema de medição de desempenho habilitante: efeito na motivação, nas atitudes gerenciais e no desempenho gerencial

This study analyzes the effect of the enabling performance measurement system (PMS) on management motivation and attitudes and their impact on the managerial performance of middle managers in the largest and best Brazilian companies in 2020. Using structural equation modeling, results revealed that enabling PMS has a positive effect on managerial attitudes and motivation. Furthermore, managerial attitudes directly influence managerial performance, which in turn act as mediators between the enabling PMS and performance. These findings have practical implications by providing insights that lead to improvements in middle management and allowing organizations to evaluate their PMS practices and develop training plans to improve the performance.