Pitzer College Research Articles

Exploring Spanish across the Curriculum: Garment Workers in Los Angeles

This presentation focused on the experience o? Latinas in the Garment Industry, a standing course of Gender/Feminist Studies and Sociology cross-listed with Spanish in Fall 2004 at Pitzer College. It was co-taught by Maria Soldatenko, a bilingual professor of Gender / Feminist Studies and Sociology and Ethel Jorge, a professor of Spanish. It focused on the role of immigrant populations involved in clothing production in the United States and globally. The course sought to further students' understanding of the current globalization of apparel pro duction through the exploration of issues related to gender, division of labor, racial and ethnic hierarchy, and labor movements since the origins of the industry. The class considered the history of immigrant labor?from Jewish, Irish, and Italian immigrant women at the very beginning of the twentieth century to current Los Angeles sweatshops filled with immigrants from Mexico, and Central and South America, and the maquilladoras on California's border with Mexico. The students were required to have an advanced level of proficiency in Spanish; readings were mostly in English, but all the field work as well as the written papers were in Spanish. Class discussion, however, was conducted in English because enrollment was open. Since 9 of the 12 students were fluent in Spanish, the field work was completed cooperatively in Spanish by the class as a whole. The field work took place in the immigrant community around the garment district in Los Ange les, the Alley, Cal Mart showrooms, and the Parsons School of Design, as well as in immigrants' rights organizations. Students completed projects documenting the lives of women at the Garment Worker Center and the sweatshops in Los Angeles. These were organized as a photo show on campus accompanied by bilingual texts. We also made a field trip to Tijuana (Mexico), which in cluded the area where the maquilladoras are, an asentamiento (squatters' village) where the workers live, an office of the garment workers' organization, and a panel of speakers. Factors that supported the course were the geographic location of Southern California and specifically Los Angeles; the reward system for interdisciplinary work at Pitzer College (a co taught course is counted as a full course for both professors); the subject matter and class project were naturally amenable to the use of Spanish; and the bilingual students were able to convey to the non-Spanish speakers what was lost in translation. Difficulties were created by the lack of a good bibliography in Spanish, conflicts of cultural paradigms, insufficient financial resources for field work, and the reliance on personal experiences and relationships. This course is part of a broader experimentation with a new Spanish major at Pitzer, which is culture-based, incorporates different content areas, and integrates a variety of social science and humanities courses with community-based experiences at home and abroad. The outcomes of this experimental course for the students?meaningful use of the language, furthering language skills, interdisciplinary content, quality documentary production, and complete engagement? were outstanding. Regarding the faculty, it is important to consider that since there is no tradition of connecting foreign languages and other classes, faculty will need time to understand the rich benefits that such linkages could have for both areas of study.

A Journey Home: Connecting Spanish-Speaking Communities at Home and Abroad

This article explores students' perspectives through the five years of a community-based language program at Pitzer College. The model encourages students to engage in social interactions where meaningful language practice occurs, where an understanding of diverse cultural perspectives emerges, and where strong longterm interpersonal relationships develop. Likewise, the community participants and their children receive both practical and emotional benefits. In addition the program provides preparation for those students who study abroad, and a smooth transition when they return. Also, this experience has given program faculty sufficient understanding to begin developing a new Spanish major integrating social science and humanities courses taught in Spanish with community-based experiences at home and abroad.

<sc>Emma Goldman: An Exceedingly Dangerous Woman</sc>. Written, produced and directed by Mel Bucklin. 2004; color; 90 minutes. Distributed by PBS

Journal Article Emma Goldman: An Exceedingly Dangerous Woman. Written, produced and directed by Mel Bucklin. 2004; color; 90 minutes. Distributed by PBS Get access Emma Goldman: An Exceedingly Dangerous Woman. Written, produced and directed by Mel Bucklin. 2004; color; 90 minutes. Distributed by PBS. Dana Ward Dana Ward Pitzer College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 109, Issue 4, October 2004, Pages 1248–1249, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/109.4.1248-a Published: 01 October 2004

Cultural standing in expression of opinion

This article explores an underappreciated pragmatic constraint on the expression of opinions: When expressing an opinion on a topic that has been previously discussed, a speaker should correctly indicate the cultural standing of that view in the relevant opinion community. This Bakhtinian approach to discourse analysis is contrasted with conversation analysis, politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987), and analysis of epistemic modality. Finally, indicators of four points on the cultural standing continuum (highly controversial, debatable, common opinion, and taken for granted) are illustrated with examples from American English usage.I am grateful for helpful comments from Jane Hill and two anonymous reviewers for Language in Society as well as Justin Beck, Paul Ireland, Ronald Macaulay, Naomi Quinn, Daniel Segal, James Van Cleve, other students in Methods of Discourse Analysis (spring 2001) and Language and Power (spring 2003), and other colleagues who commented on the paper when I presented it at Pitzer College in February 2000.

No Woman Is an Object: Realizing the Feminist Collaborative Video

Alexandra Juhasz is professor of media studies at Pitzer College. She makes and writes about committed media. She is the author/editor of AIDS TV (1995), Women of Vision (2000), and with Jesse Lerner, F Is for Phony: Fake Documentary Theory and Practice (forthcoming). She has produced over fifteen activist videos, including the feature documentaries Dear Gabe and Women of Vision and the feature film The Watermelon Woman.

The Practice of the Fieldbook: Facilitating and Evaluating Field-based Learning

Our purpose is to elucidate a writing technique devised for experience-based study abroad programs. Known as the Fieldbook, the technique has been used with significant success on field study programs offered through Pitzer College. We believe the applied research offered in our case study contributes in critical ways to our understanding of pedagogical practices and suggests positive new directions for improving student learning.

Encounters with Nature; Essays by Paul Shepard

Review: Encounters with Nature; Essays by Paul Shepard by Paul Shepard Reviewed by Cate Gable Berkeley, California, USA and Paris, France Shepard, Paul. Encounters with Nature, Essays by Paul Shepard. Florence R. Shepard (Ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999. 223 pp. ISBN 1-55963- 529-0 (cloth). US$24.95 Paul Shepard (1925-1996) is one of the pioneers of modern ecology. Avery Professor Emeritus of Human Ecology and Natural Philosophy at Pitzer College, he brought diverse disciplines to bear on how humans interact with and perceive the natural world. This book, edited by his wife Florence, compiles published and unpublished essays written during the course of Shepard’s life. As David Petersen says in the Introduction, Shepard's ‘subversive science’ of human ecology … [brings together] the revolutionary study of the overarching significance of humanity’s coevolution with wild animals in shared wild environs. The themes present here are the legacy of our hunter-gatherer forebears; animals and their pervasive influence on our human being-ness, cognition, and imagination; ontogeny and the shift from bonding-to-mother to bonding-to-Mother-Nature as critical in the maturation of an individual; and place as a grounding of our being. The lead essay, The Origin of Metaphor: The Animal Connection, outlines one of Shepard’s central themes. In this treatise on the stirrings of consciousness inside the human animal, Shepard proposes that the bear became an archetype for our developing sense of self’ and other. He posits that our observing and testing wits with this magnificent creature sparked the beginnings of our first and greatest technology— language, and, specifically, our ability to use metaphor and symbology. The female bear, after disappearing mysteriously with the sun all during the dark winter months, reappears with cubs in the spring. To early humans, the she-bear may have represented the mysteries of life and renewal. Shepard notes that we named the most prominent constellations in the sky Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, Big Bear and Little Bear. Our language captures bear in many forms: to bear fruit, to bear a child, to bear witness to, etc. Much of the imagery in Native arts and culture—mask making, dance and song—features the bear.

A Century of Automobility

Essay A CENTURY OF AUTOMOBILITY RUDI V O L T I When Charles E. and J. Frank Duryea along with a few associates put together thirteen crude automobiles in 1896 for sale to the pub­ lic, they likely had no notion that they were participating in the cre­ ation ofa system oftransportation thatwould profoundly alterAmer­ ican life. In the hundred years that have followed, the automobile has brought such massive changes that we are still trying to com­ prehend its full significance. Our relationship with the automobile has always been a complex one, and its history throws into sharp relief the myriad ways in which technology and culture shape each other. The automobile has been the subject of a vast literature, most of it devoted to particular cars,1 motorsports2, and do-it-yourself repair and modification. But as a subject of scholarly inquiry the automo­ bile remains vastly underexamined. There is certainly no lack ofglib generalizations about the automobile and its consequences, though most rest upon a slim basis of evidence.3 To take one notable exam­ ple: we can state with some confidence that the automobile played a role in changing sexual mores, but we have in fact very little sub­ stantive support for that claim.4 It is a topic that would benefit from systematic research; this essay will, on occasion, note others. Dr. Volti is professor of sociology at Pitzer College. He thanks Harvey Botwin, Robert C. Post, Mark Rose, John Staudenmaier, and John D. Sullivan for the many helpful comments they made in response to an earlier draft of this article. 1 In a recent catalog ofmotoring publications, I counted thirty-seven in-print books covering various aspects of the Model A Ford. For conniosseurs of automotive medi­ ocrity there is even a rather expensive book devoted to the Ford Falcon. 'For a study of one type of motor racing that also addresses some fundamental issues regarding the nature of technology, see Robert C. Post, High Performance: The Culture and Technology ofDrag Racing, 1950—1990 (Baltimore, 1994). 3It is remarkable how often segments of Middletown by Helen and Robert Lynd reappear when the sociology of the automobile is addressed. See Helen Merrill Lynd and Robert S. Lynd, Middletown: A Study ofAmerican Culture (New York, 1929). 4David L. Lewis, “Sex and the Automobile: From Rumble Seats to Rockin’ Vans,” in The Automobile and American Culture, ed. David L. Lewis and Lawrence Goldstein (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1983).© 1996 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/96/3704-0001$01.00 663 664 Rudi Volti The Genesis ofMass Automobility The bicycle craze of the 1890s revealed a hunger for personal transportation, although the cantankerousness of early automobiles made them unlikely candidates for this role.5 “Personal transporta­ tion,” of course, has never been simply a matter of getting from point A to point B; generations of hikers, horseback riders, and bicy­ clists could attest to the maxim that thejourney is often more impor­ tant than the destination. Early automobiles provided the pleasure inherent in physical travel, to which was added the fascination of mechanisms that worked tolerably well at times and fell mysteriously silent at others. Rising to the challenges presented by primitive car­ buretors, magnetos, and pneumatic tires appealed to many motor­ ists, and was of even greater significance for manufacturers. For many pioneers of automobile production, a strong dose of techno­ logical enthusiasm was at least as important a motivator as the chance of turning a profit.6 As with all significant innovations, the history of the automobile shows that technological advance is fueled by more than economic calculation. To be sure, enthusiasm, technological or otherwise, gets you only so far—as thousands offailed automotive entrepreneurs would sadly attest. The automobile industry also needed an abundant supply of financial capital. Many early entrepreneurs kept their firms going on cash flows provided by the sale of their products, but the ones that flourished needed a sounder financial footing. Many of them found it; like biotechnology stocks in the 1980s, the early automobile industry generated intense interest among investors.7 Some of the funds sunk into the fledgling industry were irretriev­ ably...

The Petersen Automotive Museum

THE PETERSEN AUTOMOTIVE MUSEUM RUDI V O L T I Whenever possible, a museum’s site should reflect its subject. The Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles is admirable in this regard. The apparent front of the building, a converted department store, is situated on Wilshire Boulevard (fig. 1), but its main entrance is in the rear, adjacent to a multistory parking lot. This is as it should be, for the stretch of Wilshire Boulevard on which it stands is, in Reyner Banham’s phrase, the nation’s first “linear downtown.” A cre­ ation of the automobile in the 1920s, Wilshire Boulevard’s “Miracle Mile” consisted of an assortment of department stores and smaller shops with car accessibility and free parking as their key attractions. The Petersen Automotive Museum opened on June 11, 1994, fi­ nancially endowed by a county bond issue and a $15 million grant from Robert Petersen. There is a close relationship between the mu­ seum’s subjects and the principal benefactor, for the Petersen fortune rests on a publishing empire that began with Hot Rod and now in­ cludes Car Craft, Motor Trend, and Motorcyclist. Automobiles are the central characters in the museum, but to a certain extent they serve as props in a larger tableau. The museum’s goal is not to display vast rows of significant automobiles, but to tell the story of southern California’s development as the first automobile-based metropolis. There is very little about the technical development of the automo­ bile, and nothing about its manufacture; instead, the museum’s dis­ plays highlight how we travel, live, consume, have fun, and get into trouble in the age of the automobile. The first floor of the museum contains seventeen dioramas that depict such scenes as the workshop where the first car was built in Los Angeles (by a young Carl Breer, who went on to become one of the main designers of the advanced but ill-fated Chrysler Airflow). (See figs. 2 and 3.) Other exhibits show how architecture and spatial patterns have reflected the dominance of automobile-based transpor­ tation: a 1920s bungalow with a new Willys-Knight in the driveway; a replica of southern California vernacular architecture, a greasy-spoon Dr. Volti is professor of sociology at Pitzer College, where his course offerings include Cars and Culture.© 1995 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/95/3603-0011501.00 646 The Petersen Automotive Museum 647 Fig. 1.—The Petersen Automotive Museum building is a converted department store on Los Angeles’s Wilshire Boulevard. (All photos by Lee Furon.) café in the shape of a dog; a 1950s drive-in restaurant; an early supermarket fronted by a parking lot. Visitors walk past and through these exhibits, and in the process are drawn into them. In the course of their travels through the exhibits, viewers come on a variety of scenes, not all of them didactic; one of the most eye-catching is a re-creation of a classic movie scene in which wax effigies of Laurel and Hardy sit in a Model T Ford that has been crunched between two trolley cars (fig. 4). For those who care to reflect on the deeper meaning of these scenes, there are smaller exhibits that show regional population densities correlated with established transportation corri­ dors, the evolution of the billboard, and the emergence of the garage as a prime residential feature. Ajarring note is provided by a wrecked Toyota Supra (one of three Japanese cars on display) below a sign noting, among other things, that 2,164,132 people were killed in au­ tomobile accidents from 1923 to 1982, and that despite major im­ provements in the safety of automotive travel, five people die in car accidents every hour in the United States. The second floor is more conventional in that it is populated by automobiles and little else. Here the car buff can revel in the hard­ ware with no historical or sociological distractions. A large number of cars are on display, but not so many as to numb the viewer. Every­ one will have his or her own favorites; the scope and quality of the...

Martin Conway. <italic>Collaboration in Belgium: Léon Degrelle and the Rexist Movement 1940–1944</italic>. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1993. Pp. ix, 364. $35.00

Martin Conway. Collaboration in Belgium: Léon Degrelle and the Rexist Movement 1940–1944. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1993. Pp. ix, 364. $35.00 Get access Conway Martin. Collaboration in Belgium: Léon Degrelle and the Rexist Movement 1940–1944. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1993. Pp. ix, 364. $35.00. Werner Warmbrunn Werner Warmbrunn Pitzer College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 100, Issue 2, April 1995, Pages 538–539, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/100.2.538 Published: 01 April 1995

Wireless Imagination: Sound, Radio, and the Avante-Garde ed. by Douglas Kahn, Gregory Whitehead

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 425 To provide perspective on what the telephone did and did not do, the examination of the telephone is paralleled by a less detailed survey of the historical diffusion of the automobile. This is a meaningful comparison, for both can be seen as examples of space-compressing technologies that gained widespread acceptance, although at different rates of adoption (it is rather surprising to read that, during the late 1920s and the 1930s, working-class families were much more likely to have cars than to have telephones). At the same time, the car and the telephone represented potentially competing technologies, as illustrated by the absolute drop in rural telephone installation during the 1930s, a time when automobile ownership remained constant. By considering the two in tandem, Fischer is able to note the parallel and the separate reasons for their appeal, as well as the different sources of the resistance they encountered. Although it is impossible to reconstruct with complete accuracy how technologies were used and perceived decades ago, America Callinggives us a convincing picture ofhow a particular technologybecame part ofeveryday life. Readers expecting a narrative ofvast social and cultural changes flowing from telephone usage will be disappointed, but those willing to accept a more complex exposition will find in America Calling a model for future studies of the interaction of technology and other sources of change. Rudi Voi.ti Dr, Voi.ti is professor of sociology at Pitzer College and the author of Society and Technological Change (New York, 1992). Wireless Imagination: Sound, Radio, and the Avante-Garde. Edited by Doug­ las Kahn and Gregory Whitehead. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1992. Pp. xi+452; notes, index. $35.00. The essays assembled by Douglas Kahn and GregoryWhitehead in Wireless Imaginationare fascinating and frustrating. Fascinatingbecause they open up for exploration a realm ofculture too long neglected by scholars, the realm ofsound. Frustrating because the analyses included here do not consider as fully as they might the various technologies that inspired and generated the sounds created by the artists whose work is considered. Wireless Imagination is presented by its editors as a “collection of first utterances” whose goal is to begin to chart this unexplored culture of the acoustic, to break “the deafening silence surrounding sound” (p. xi). The project begins not at any identifiable cultural center, but self-consciously at the margins, with the avant-garde. Raymond Roussel, Marcel Duchamp, Antonin Artaud,John Cage, and William S. Burroughs are among the disparate souls—sculptors, writers, and musicians— who reflected on the meaning and purpose of sounds and then manipulated them to examine deeper questions about mankind, lan­ guage, and identity. Their various acoustic experiments, performances, 426 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE and writings are considered by the art historians, literary critics, and performing artists who contributed to this volume. Essays range from analyses of literary texts to interpretations of visual art and musical performances to simple catalogs of artists and their works. A few primary documents are also included, some appearing in English for the first time. Most satisfying are Mark Cory’s account of German radio art, as well as the essays by Frances Dyson and Robin Lydenberg which treat, respectively, the works of Cage and Burroughs. These three authors describe how their subjects perceived and realized new artistic possibilities in the acoustic technologies of broadcast radio, recording studio, and tape recorder. Even these studies, however, would have been enriched by a fuller examination of the technologies employed. Too often, technology is accepted as a preexistent given, rather than as a transformable and transforming artifact of human processes. Technology enables the new art, but the art of technology is seldom evident. An undercurrent of determinism is even apparent at times, as when Kahn, in the editor’s introduction, refers to the “inevitable march of technological devices” (p. 9). This criticism is intended, not primarily to censure the authors, but instead to encourage historians of technology to take up this material and add their voices to the dialogue begun in this volume. A firm foundation exists in the works of authors like Hugh Aitken and Susan Douglas, but there remain vast unexplored areas in the social, cultural, and...

The Civil War and Historical Memory: A Historiographical Survey

The Civil War and Historical Memory: A Historiographical Survey Get access Stuart McConnell Stuart McConnell Stuart McConnell is associate professor of history at Pitzer College, Claremont, and author of Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar OAH Magazine of History, Volume 8, Issue 1, Fall 1993, Pages 3–6, https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/8.1.3 Published: 01 September 1993

Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia by Stephen J. Pyne

420 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE house fastens on the hot rod and its subculture as a source of community, learning, craftsmanship, involvement, and creativity. This theme is developed systematically only in one subsequent chapter. The bulk of the text is devoted to a history of hot rodding that covers such topics as pre-World War II timing runs on the dry lakes of Southern California, the role of Hot Rod magazine and the closely associated National Hot Rod Association in promoting hot rodding as a safe and legitimate activity, the growth of a speed equipment industry and the challenge posed to it by clean-air legislation, the controversy over the use of nitromethane fuels for competition dragsters, women’s accomplishments within the sport, and sundry other matters. These chapters constitute a thoroughly competent narrative of the development of hot rodding, but contrib­ ute only marginally to the issues introduced in the first chapter. This lack of fit between the theoretical concerns initially addressed and the bulk of the book’s content is Driving Ambitions’ greatest shortcoming. Most readers attracted to the sociological issues intro­ duced in the opening chapter will have little interest in the contro­ versy over the use of exotic fuels by dragsters, while those interested in hot rodding per se will find the theoretical orientations at best irrelevant and at worst incomprehensible. The conceptual shortcomings of the book are exacerbated by shoddy production. The mangled spelling of many Southern Califor­ nia place names is perhaps excusable; the numerous misspellings of common words less so. Even worse, flawed typesetting and editing have rendered some lines incoherent. And one wonders whether there is ironic intent in the dustjacket illustration, the front end of a 1946-48 Plymouth—one of the coldest rods of the postwar era. Many of us would agree with the author’s contention that “The car on road or track, in garage or museum, on strip or in salesroom remains virtual terra incognita to the academic mind” (p. 221). Despite excessive wheelspin and too many missed shifts, Driving Ambitions provides a useful and sympathetic examination of an often misunderstood branch of the automotive culture. Rudi Volti Dr. Volti is professor of sociology at Pitzer College, where his course offerings include “Cars and Culture.” Burning Bush: A Fire History of Australia. By Stephen J. Pyne. New York: Henry Holt, 1991. Pp. xiv + 520; illustrations, notes, bibliog­ raphy, index. $27.95. Historians interested in technology and society should find this book’s novel approach instructive, even if they are not interested in fire, for Stephen Pyne treats skillfully a subject not normally thought TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 421 of as historical or as part of human cultures. In doing so he uses knowledge from many disciplines. Beginning with geology and the drifting of proto-Australia among the fragments of Gondwana, he continues with natural history, then anthropology, then agricultural history, ending with the scientific and administrative history of fire in an industrial society. Science, first a tool to examine fire, is itself scrutinized as a developing body of knowledge. Fire appears as a natural phenomenon, a part of the ecosystems of Australia, and also as a technology wielded in different ways by the human cultures of the continent. The book has four sections, the dominant “fire regimes” serving as division points. First came natural fire. Over millions of years the interaction of climate, primeval vegetation, and fire produced a flora dominated by the pyrophilic eucalypts—which in turn affected fire in the bush. Technology and culture enter in the second section, on aboriginal fire. The first inhabitants, “firestick farmers,” burned constantly, carelessly, and extensively. They used fire to shape the land and get their food, and fire, in turn, shaped their culture and their lives. The last two sections, some 60 percent of the book, deal with the whites’ fire regimes. The settlers’ practices, ways of burning compat­ ible with their crops and flocks and buildings, Pyne calls “European fire.” They further changed the land, but the tinderbox that was the bush had its own dynamic, and the conditions the settlers found and then produced led to disastrous fires in 1939. The Australians’ response was to...

Laud Humphreys: A Pioneer in the Practice of Social Science

The life and work of Laud Humphreys is reviewed in an attempt to assess their effect on American sociology. We focus on the intersections between biography and professional contributions as they emerged from Humphreys’graduate work at Washington University, St. Louis through his years at Pitzer College. The commentary is couched in the theoretical traditions of C. Wright Mills, the sociology of knowledge, and the sociology of sociology.

Women, Work, and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-Century England by Bridget Hill

424 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE made to innovations in productive technologies, such as the use of just-in-time supply systems, andon boards for showing any problems appearing on the production line, and the introduction of computers during the 1960s. It is also apparent that many production technol­ ogies have been complemented by Taylorist managerial methods, such as the use of standardized work charts and carefully calibrated work schedules. But, since this is an official company history, there is little hint that labor relations have been anything but harmonious; the reader will have to consult Satoshi Kamata’s Japan in the Passing Lane for a very different view of a Toyota worker’s life on the job. The book has even less to say about the technologies embodied in the cars themselves. In part this may be due to the fact that, at least until recently, Japanese cars have generally not been in the forefront of technological advance, while Toyota’s products have been more technically conservative than most. In any event, it is apparent that the producers of the book have had limited interest and understand­ ing in the subject, as evidenced.by confusing descriptions of valve mechanisms (p. 149), references to efforts to “streamline the engine block” (p. 320), and a statement that one model exported to Canada encountered difficulty because “its ignition did not always turn over” in cold weather. Perhaps it is asking too much for a general history of a vast company to devote a significant amount of attention to technical matters, even though they are a key component of the firm’s success. Still, it hardly seems a good use of space to burden the text with endless narratives on the establishment of sales networks, chronolo­ gies of foreign distribution arrangements, and numerous hortatory statements by top executives. It is evident that the intended audience of the book consists of members of the Toyota organization and not the general reader, and still less the serious student of the Japanese economy or the international automobile industry. The history of Toyota provides a striking example of the successful importation, refinement, and development of advanced technologies, but this book gives few clues as to how it was accomplished. Rudi Volti Dr. Volti is professor of sociology at Pitzer College, the Claremont Colleges. He is working on a study of the development of the internal combustion engine during the early 20th century. Women, Work, and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-Century England. By Bridget Hill. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Pp. viii + 275; notes, index. $39.95. The impetus behind Bridget Hill’s study of women workers in 18th-century England is an appreciative update of the classic work of TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 425 Ivy Pinchbeck (1930) on the role of English women in the Industrial Revolution. After sixty years of debate about the nature of industri­ alization and its relationship to pre- or proto-industry, what more do historians who are interested in Pinchbeck’s analysis of gender and work know about the connections among women workers, technolog­ ical change, and economic and social life? Hill is pursuing answers to that perennial question for historians of working women: How did women fare during industrialization? What was lost and what was gained? As a basis for her analysis, Hill looks at women’s contributions to unpaid but valuable household activities and at female wage earning in both agricultural work and household production within the context of long-term and uneven early industrial change. Her chap­ ters include descriptive material on female apprenticeships, house­ work, domestic service, and the ways in which economic develop­ ments affected the economy and legal position of married women and of widows and spinsters. The strength of this work is Hill’s assembly (and teasing out of traditional sources) of evidence on women’s work, especially in early 18th-century England, a topic long neglected by historians before and after Pinchbeck. Hill’s argument affirms and extends Pinchbeck’s view of the prein­ dustrial world of 18th-century England as a golden age of female access to training and productive work, an age destroyed by industry. She agrees that trends in the...

<sc>bob moore</sc>. <italic>Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933–1940</italic>. (Studies in Social History, number 9.) Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. 1986. Pp. xiv, 241. $72.50

bob moore. Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933–1940. (Studies in Social History, number 9.) Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. 1986. Pp. xiv, 241. $72.50 Get access Moore Bob. Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands, 1933–1940. (Studies in Social History, number 9.) Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. 1986. Pp. xiv, 241. $72.50. Werner Warmbrunn Werner Warmbrunn Pitzer College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 93, Issue 2, April 1988, Pages 438–439, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/93.2.438 Published: 01 April 1988

Technical Progress and Soviet Economic Development ed. by Ronald Amann, Julian Cooper

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 181 ity, and an agonizingly slow response to problems as they arose. Bauer recites these shortcomings over and over, interspersing them with continual complaints about living accommodations, travel ar­ rangements, and the harshness of the climate. This endless carping becomes tedious, especially when it is mixed with patronizing state­ ments about his hosts, for example, “The Chinese are a happy, gen­ tle people. Artistry is their finest talent” (p. 102). Is it possible that Bauer is completely ignorant of China’s historic scientific and techno­ logical legacy? I also grew impatient with Bauer’s narratives of his junkets to vari­ ous parts of China. They are familiar travelers’ tales, and they add nothing to the substance of the book. Of equally dubious value are his rehashes of stories that originally appeared in Western maga­ zines and newspapers. Many of them are tangential, and in any event they have been covered with greater insight and thorough­ ness elsewhere. The narrative is also occasionally marred by factual errors, as when Machimpex, China’s machine-importing agency, is identified as the agency responsible for machine building (p. 120). After recounting his frustrations over China’s slow rate of technol­ ogy absorption, Bauer curiously ends on an optimistic note. Signs of progress had become evident, as when Chinese mechanics did a first-rate repair job on a damaged wing section. More generally, after years of Maoist misrule, the policies initiated by Deng Xiaoping have given China its greatest opportunity for economic and technological advance. On the final page, Bauer concludes that “The naysayers have taken a short view of history”—an interesting conclusion to a book that indulges in a great deal of naysaying. Bauer is at his strongest when he narrates his personal experi­ ence in overseeing the modernization of China’s commercial jet fleet. Students of contemporary China will find some intriguing pas­ sages in this book while being put off by its irrelevancies and repeti­ tions. Those concerned with technology transfer will be presented with some useful insights, but they will need to consult other sources in order to gain a fuller appreciation of the general context of technological change in China. Rudi Volti Dr. Volti is professor of sociology at Pitzer College and author of Technology, Poli­ tics, and Society in China (Westview Press, 1982). Technical Progress and Soviet Economic Development. Edited by Ronald Amann and Julian Cooper. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell , 1986. Pp. viii+214; tables, notes, index. $45.00. Soviet economic development was traditionally based on the strat­ egy of “extensive growth.” Under this approach, increases in out­ put depended heavily on increases of inputs of primary resources—labor, natural resources, and capital services. During 182 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE the last decade, it has become clear that it is impossible to sustain this strategy because of natural resource depletion, demographic changes, and the painful sacrifice of consumption required to keep the capital stock growing faster than output. Soviet and East Euro­ pean leaders are accordingly seeking a transition to an “intensive strategy of growth” in which technological progress and other productivity-enhancing changes are to substitute for dependence on massive increases in inputs. How successful they will be in mak­ ing this switch is the question of the day for USSR watchers. This book offers some useful background and insights on the issue. It brings up-to-date and extends some of the work on Soviet in­ novation and technical progress conducted over a number of years at the University of Birmingham and reported in earlier volumes coedited by Ronald Amann. Two new technologies analyzed here are microcomputers and single cell protein. The conclusions of the general update confirm conventional wisdom regarding the level and pace of advance of Soviet technology. The Russians do manage to move forward in established technologies, are coming closer to Western quality standards in some areas, and have made significant progress in introducing even the newest technologies, such as micro­ processors and computers. But overall, innovative forces in the So­ viet economy are weak, the creation and introduction of new technologies are slow, and generally the Soviet economy does not seem to be closing...

Pastoralism and Personality:

CHARLENE BOLTON resides in Claremont, California. RALPH BOLTON is associate professor of anthropology at Pomona College, Claremont, California. LORRAINE GROSS is a graduate of the Department of Anthropology at Pomona College, Claremont, California. AMY KOEL and CAROL MICHELSON were graduated from Pitzer College in psychology; the former is now a doctoral candidate in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; the latter is a graduate student in the Department of Education at the Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, California. ROBERT L. MUNROE is professor of anthropology at Pitzer College, Claremont, California. RUTH H. MUNROE is professor of psychology at Pitzer College, Claremont, California. The data on which this paper is based were gathered by the first five authors between February and June, 1974, as part of the Project on Cultural Adaptation in the Andes, sponsored by Pomona College in cooperation with the San Antonio Abad National University of Cuzco, Peru, and with the support of the Peruvian Institute for Educational Development (I.P.F.E.) of Lima, Peru. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Professor Jorge A. Flores Ochoa, Carmen Rosa Araoz, Corinne Bybee, Zaida Oviedo, Margarita Molina, and Percy Paz Flores, as well as the collaboration of the mothers and children of Santa Barbara and Tucsa, Peru.

Tense marking in Black English: a linguistic and social analysis By Ralph W. Fasold (review)

758LANGUAGE, VOLUME 50, NUMBER 4 (1974) extra-Dravidian items listed here. It is borrowed from Indo-Aryan, cf. Hindi khokhal (Turner, no. 3927). P. 170, no. 14: forms meaning 'dwarfish', such z&gerra, with vowel e, as well as the (Munda) Santali geda, must be separated from those with vowel u (gudru etc.), but cannot be separated from Oriya gera (Turner, no. 41 12), whatever may be the language of origin of all these ¿-forms. P. 182, no. 28: it may well be that Kur. marnä, with its evidence for a retroflex, must be separated from items which look to PDr. *mar-. However, it is unlikely that Gondi (Tr.) marsänä is good evidence for a retroflex, especially since the Adilabad and (probably) the Muria evidence (both mars-) is for *r. P. 197, no. 7: DEDS 3629 Kur. (Hahn) perkhperkhnä 'to babble, prattle' should have been added, because of the importance of the formative *-kk- in onomatopoetics (Emeneau 1969: 281). The indices (198-216) are admirable. Finally, it should be noted that the book is a reproduction of typescript and is handsomely printed, as befits the excellence of the work. REFERENCES Burrow, T., and M. B. Emeneau. 1961. A Dravidian etymological dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ------. 1968. A Dravidian etymological dictionary: supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ------. 1972. Dravidian etymological notes. JAOS 92.397-418, 475-91. Emeneau, M. B. 1957. Numerals in comparative linguistics (with special reference to Dravidian). Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sínica (Yuen Ren Chao volume), 29.1-10. ------. 1961. North Dravidian velar stops. Te. Po. Mi. Manivirä Malar (T. P. Meenakshisundaram volume), 371-88. Coimbatore. ------. 1967. Dravidian linguistics, ethnology and folktales: collected papers. (Dept. of linguistics, publ. 8.) Annamalainagar : Annamalai University. ------. 1969. Onomatopoetics in the Indian linguistic area. Lg. 45.274-99. Grierson, G. A. 1906. Linguistic survey of India, IV: Mundä and Dravidian languages. Calcutta : Superintendent of Government Printing. Grignard, A. 1924. An Oraon-English dictionary. Calcutta: Catholic Orphan Press. Hahn, Ferdinand. 1900. Kurukh grammar. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1964. Bemerkungen zur Phonetik und Phonemik des Kurukh. Indo-Iranian Journal 8.32-59. Shanmugam, S. V. 1971. Dravidian nouns (a comparative study). (Dept. of linguistics, publ. 25.) Annamalainagar: Annamalai University. Turner, Ralph. 1966. A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press. Tense marking in Black English: a linguistic and social analysis. By Ralph W. Fasold. (Urban language series, 8.) Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1972. Pp. xvi, 254. $7.00. Reviewed by R. K. S. Macaulay, Pitzer College, Claremont, Calif. This is the eighth volume in the Urban Language Series and further evidence that the study of Black English continues to be a growth industry. In some ways it is the most interesting volume in the series since the first, Labov 1966—which set a standard that the series, sadly though not surprisingly, has been unable to maintain. Fasold's principal aim is to investigate what he calls tense marking in Black English, REVIEWS 759 i.e. 'to examine the bases for the variable absence of the -ed and verbal concord -s suffixes and ofthe concord forms ofbe in main verb phrases' (5). He is also interested in 'the unity ofBlack English', 'correlation with social factors', and 'the application of variable rule theory' (5-6). There is an annex on 'Noun plural absence' by Carolyn Kessler (223-37). The most important section is the treatment of past -ed, which takes up almost a third of the book (38-120). After showing that 'the past tense distinction is an inherent part of the grammar of all the speakers in the sample' (39) on the basis of their use ofirregular verb forms, F goes on to describe the absence of -ed by means of a variable rule. F's type of variable rule differs from that proposed by Labov 1969 in having a hierarchy of constraints indicated by Greek letters rather than by numerical coefficients. His complete version of the final stop deletion rule which deletes the alternants [t] and [d] of the regular past tense suffix is as follows (98) : '+cons (D — son — cont — strid -(0)/ ## X ? ([-acc]) A (HZ]) + cons — vocn ant E...

Psychological Interpretation of Male Initiation Rites. The Case of Male Pregnancy Symptoms

EthosVolume 1, Issue 4 p. 490-498 Free Access Psychological Interpretation of Male Initiation Rites. The Case of Male Pregnancy Symptoms RobertL. Munroe, RobertL. Munroe Robert L. Munroe is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Pitzer College, Claremont, California.Search for more papers by this authorRuthH. Munroe, RuthH. Munroe Ruth H. Munroe is Associate Professor of Psychology, also at Pitzer College.Search for more papers by this author RobertL. Munroe, RobertL. Munroe Robert L. Munroe is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Pitzer College, Claremont, California.Search for more papers by this authorRuthH. Munroe, RuthH. Munroe Ruth H. Munroe is Associate Professor of Psychology, also at Pitzer College.Search for more papers by this author First published: Winter 1973 https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1973.1.4.02a00100Citations: 17 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Burton, Roger V. 1972. Cross-Sex Identity in Barbados. Developmental Psychology 6: 365– 374. Burton, Roger V., and John W. M. Whiting. 1961. The Absent Father and Cross-Sex Identity. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 7: 85– 95. Cohen, Yehudi. 1964. The Transition from Childhood to Adolescence. Aldine Publishing Co. Daniels, Robert E. 1970. By Rites a Man. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago. Ember, Carol R. 1973. Feminine Task Assignment and the Social Behavior of Boys. Ethos 1: 425– 439. Harrington, Charles. 1968. Sexual Differentiation in Socialization and Some Male Genital Mutilations. American Anthropologist 70: 952– 956. Harrington, Charles, and John W. M. Whiting. 1972. Socialization Process and Personality, Psychological Anthropology ( 2d ed.; L. K. Hsu Francis, ed.), pp. 469– 507. Schenkman Publishing Company. Herzog, John D. 1973. Initiation and High School in the Development of Kikuyu Youths' Self-Concept. Ethos 1: 478– 489. Hogbin, H. Ian.1943. A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning in Wogeo. Oceania 13: 285– 309. Le Vine, Robert A. 1962. Witchcraft and Co-Wife Proximity in Southwestern Kenya. Ethnology 1: 39– 45. Le Vine, Robert A. 1970. Outsiders Judgments: An Ethnographic Approach to Group Differences in Personality, A Handbook of Method in Cultural Anthropology ( Raoul Naroll and Ronald Cohen, eds.), pp. 388– 397. Natural History Press. Munroe, Robert L., and Ruth H. Munroe. 1971. Male Pregnancy Symptoms and Cross-Sex Identity in Three Societies. Journal of Social Psychology 84: 11– 25. Munroe, Robert L., Ruth H. Munroe, and Sara B. Nerlove. 1973. Male Pregnancy Symptoms and Cross-Sex Identity: Two Replications. Journal of Social Psychology 89: 147– 148. Munroe, Robert L., Ruth H. Munroe, and John W. M. Whiting. 1973. The Couvade: A Psychological Analysis. Ethos 1: 30– 74. Munroe, Ruth H. 1964. Pregnancy Symptoms among Expectant American Fathers: An Inquiry into their Psychological Meaning. Ed.D. dissertation, Harvard University. Murdock, George P. 1967. Ethnographic Atlas: A Summary. Ethnology 6: 109– 236. Rubel, Arthur, and J. Spielberg. 1966. Aspects of the Couvade in Texas and Northeast Mexico, Summa Anthropologica en Homenaje a Roberto J. Weitlaner. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Singer, Milton. 1961. A Survey of Culture and Personality Theory and Research, Studying Personality Cross-Culturally ( Bert Kaplan, ed.), pp. 9– 90. Harper and Row. Whiting, Beatrice B. 1965. Sex Identity Conflict and Physical Violence: A Comparative Study. American Anthropologist 67: 123– 140 (no. 6, pt. 2). Whiting, John W. M. 1960a. Resource Mediation and Learning by Identification, Personality Development in Children ( I. Iscoe and H. Stevenson, eds.). University of Texas Press. Whiting, John W. M. 1960b. Social Structure and Identification. Paper presented at the Mona Bronfen Sheckman Lectures in Social Psychiatry, Tulane University. Whiting, John W. M. 1961. Socialization Process and Personality, Psychological Anthropology ( Francis L. K. Hsu, ed.), pp. 355– 380. Dorsey Press. Whiting, John W. M. 1962. Comment. American Journal of Sociology 67: 391– 393. Whiting, John W. M., Richard P. Kluckhohn, and Albert S. Anthony. 1958. The Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies at Puberty, Readings in Social Psychology ( 3d ed.; E. E. Maccoby, T. M. New-comb, and E. L. Hartley, eds.), pp. 359– 370. Henry Holt and Company. Whiting, John W. M., and Beatrice B. Whiting, n.d. Unpublished ethnographic and census data. Child Development Research Unit, University of Nairobi. Young, Frank W. 1962. The Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies: A Cross-Cultural Test of an Alternative Hypothesis. American Journal of Sociology 67: 379– 391. Young, Frank W. 1965. Initiation Ceremonies. Bobbs-Merrill. Zelditch, Morris, Jr 1955. Role Differentiation in the Nuclear Family: A Comparative Study, Family, Socialization and Interaction Process ( T. Parsons and R. F. Bales, eds.), pp. 307– 352. The Free Press. Citing Literature Volume1, Issue4Winter 1973Pages 490-498 ReferencesRelatedInformation