Pitfall Trap Method Research Articles

Faunistic Studies on the Genus Medon Stephens, 1833 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) in Turkey

In this study, 702 specimens belonging to the genus Medon Sephens were examined. The material was obtained from various field trips between 2010-2019 by using aspirator, sifter, pitfall trap, berlese funnel and MSS trap methods. As a result of the study, 15 of the 22 known species from Turkey were identified.Medon brunneus (Erichson, 1839), M. ferrugineus (Erichson, 1840), M. lanugo Assing, 2004 and M. subfusculus Fagel, 1969 from the Aegean Region, M. semiobscurus (Fauvel, 1875), M. abantensis Bordoni, 1980 and M. lamellatus Assing, 2004 from the Central Anatolian Region are reported for the first time. Besides, M. rufiventris (Nordmann, 1837) is recorded for the first time from both the Aegean and Central Anatolian Regions. In addition, many new locality records of the recorded species were presented. The distributions of all Medon species in Turkey were mapped.

Diversity and composition of epigeal arthropods using pitfall trapping method in different habitat types of Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE.

Pitfall trapping is an efficient self-sampling method for capturing epigeal arthropods for ecological and faunistic studies. During the present study, conducted between March 2009 and March 2015, pitfall trapping was undertaken in five study sites of different habitats in Abu Dhabi Emirate. During the study period a total of 94 monitoring visits were made to collect data from the pitfall traps at five sites in Abu Dhabi. A total of 36,238 individuals of ground-dwelling arthropods of 121 different species belonging to 14 orders and 46 families were recorded from all the study sites using pitfall traps. The order Coleoptera (beetles) was recorded to be the most dominant order with 46 species followed by Hymenoptera (ants, bees & wasps) with 24 species. On average 37.5 ± 3 (mean ± SE) species were recorded every month from all the study sites and number of species did not vary significantly across the months (df = 11, F = 0.48, p = 0.91 one-way – ANOVA). The arthropod fauna was recorded to be highly diversified in different habitat types, but the number of individuals were not evenly distributed across the study sites (H) 1.10, (E) 0.53, Shannon Diversity Index). The highest diversity of arthropods was recorded from a site Wadi Tarabat, followed by Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR) and Abu Al Abyed. Our findings indicate that to study ground dwelling invertebrate species, pitfall trapping is an efficient method. Moreover, capture efficiency of pitfall traps can be affected by climatic factors and habitat types of Abu Dhabi Emirate. The ideal period to encounter the highest number of species is between March to April and September to November across all the habitat types.

Edaphic fauna affects soybean productivity under no-till system

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of edaphic fauna under a no-tillage system with different levels of soybean productivity [High (NTH), Medium (NTM) and Low (NTL)] in the west of Santa Catarina (Brazil), identifying which chemical and physical variables most affect them, and the best indicators that can be used. Native forest (NF) areas were used as a reference. A total of 207 samples of soil fauna were collected by soil monolith and pitfall trap methods over two years of evaluation in four municipalities. Based on edaphic fauna data, Shannon-Wiener (H’), Pielou (J), Dominance (D), Margalef and Fisher Alpha (α) indices were generated, in addition to the average richness and abundance. Data from NTs were submitted to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey's test (p > 0.05). The NF was used as a reference and compared with the agriculture system by Dunnett test (p > 0.05), and regressions between soybean productivity and diversity indices. The H’, Margalef, α indices, and average richness for soil fauna sampled by soil monoliths followed the productivity gradient NTH > NTM > NTL, showing a positive correlation with the increase of soybean productivity. NTH has a diversity index similar to that of NF. Soybean productivity is affected by the richness and diversity of edaphic fauna, but abundance was not sensitive in predicting treatments under no-tillage; Fisher's alpha index was more sensitive in treatment separation with soil monoliths. The environmental variables aluminum, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium and penetration resistance affect the fauna edaphic.

大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林步甲群落多样性时间动态分析

兴安落叶松林是大兴安岭地区代表性的植被类型，其生物多样性具有独特性。步甲是森林生态系统环境和多样性的指示性物种，以及认识环境变化和生物多样性特征的关键物种。为研究大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松林步甲群落多样性的时间动态，分析步甲群落对时间变化的响应规律，于2019年5月下旬-8月下旬步甲活跃期，利用陷阱诱捕法在兴安落叶松林5个样地中采集步甲标本共15属34种1149头，其中大兴安岭地区地理新纪录物种7种，中国地理新纪录物种6种。研究结果表明，通缘步甲属（Pterostichus）和大步甲属（Carabus）物种丰富度最高；通缘步甲属未定种5（Pterostichus eximius）为极优势物种，对时间变化最敏感。兴安落叶松林小生境类型的多样化和步甲休眠期的选择是步甲群落个体数和物种数随时间变化呈双峰模式的主要因素，最高峰均出现在6月下旬；多样性与均匀度指数均在7月上旬达高峰期，8月下旬多样性下降而均匀度上升，各指数之间相关性较低。步甲群落在6月下旬到7月下旬对环境具有较高的适应度；群落结构在环境条件相对稳定的6月下旬到7月下旬和8月上旬到8月下旬均表现为极相似（I>0.75）。物种取食特征和生活史策略的多样化使步甲群落各指数随时间变化具有显著差异，而物种取食特征和生活史策略受环境因子的综合影响较大。稳定的森林环境条件下，步甲活跃期更长，群落结构相似度更高。该结果为步甲群落时间动态研究奠定了一定的理论基础，为大兴安岭地区地下生物多样性的保护和管理策略制定提供了一定的理论和数据依据。;Larix gmelinii forest is the most typical vegetation types with unique biodiversity in the Greater Khingan Mountains, and its biodiversity is unique. The ground beetle is an indicator species for the environment and diversity of forest ecosystems, as well as a key species for understanding the characteristics of environmental change and biodiversity. In order to study the temporal dynamics of ground beetle's diversity in L. gmelinii forest,and analyze the response of ground beetles to changes in time, this paper collected 1149 ground beetles of 34 species and 15 genera from 5 large plots of L. gmelinii forest during the active period from late May to late August in 2019, and the pitfall trapping method was used to collect the ground beetles. Among all of the obtained ground beetles, seven new species were discovered for the first time in the Greater Khingan Mountains, six of which were new geography record species in China. The results show that Pterostichus and Carabus were the most abundant genera; Pterostichus eximius was the most dominant species and was the most sensitive to temporal variation in this study. The main factors that caused the number of individuals and species to show a double peak in times were the diversity of habitat types in the L. gmelinii forest and the selection of the ground beetle's dormant period. The highest peak appeared in late June. The diversity and evenness index reached the peak in early July, while the diversity decreased and the evenness increased slowly in late August. The biodiversity indexes of ground beetles were found to have a low correlation. The ground beetles had extremely significant differences in their adaptability to the environment in different time periods, among which, they had higher adaptability to the environment from late June to late July. The community structure of ground beetles was very similar from late June to late July and early August to late August (I>0.75). The changes of feeding characteristics and life history strategies resulted in significant differences in the indices of ground beetles over time, while the changes of species feeding characteristics and life history strategies were greatly affected by environmental factors. The active time of the ground beetle was longer in a stable forest climate, and the ground beetle community structure was more similar. The results provide a theoretical foundation for ground beetle temporal dynamics, as well as a theoretical and data basis for the formulation of underground biodiversity conservation and management strategies in the Greater Khingan Mountains.

Understory and Soil Macrofauna Diversity under the Three Young Native Species and Acacia crassicarpa in a Drained Peatland of Pelalawan-Riau, Indonesia

Most studies mentioned that Acacia crassicarpa belongs to invasive species that could threat the native biodiversity. To respond that issue, we conducted a study that covers the understory and soil macrofauna diversity of three native tree species, namely mahang (Macaranga pruinosa), skubung (Macaranga gigantea) and geronggang (Cratoxylum arborescens) and an exotic species namely krassikarpa in a drained peatland in Pelalawan, Riau. The observation of understory vegetation under each studied species was undertaken by using 2 x 1 m plots. Furthermore, the structure of macrofauna was observed by pitfall trap methods. Results revealed that there were two fern species namely Neprolephis biserrata and Stenochlaena palustris that dominated the understory vegetation in namely mahang (Macaranga pruinosa), skubung (Macaranga gigantea) and geronggang (Cratoxylum arborescens). The diversity index in vegetation structure among those four tree species was insignificantly varied. Moreover, the percentage of understory coverage under A. crassicarpa was significantly higher than that under all native tree species. On the other hand, Formicidae and Rhinotermitidae were dominant in skubung and krassikarpa. Meanwhile, Formicidae and Blattidae were high in mahang and geronggang. Furthermore, diversity index of macrofauna were significantly low at krassikarpas`s understory compare to other three native species. This study suggested that the introduction of krassikarpa affect the biodiversity.

Effects of shrub revegetation on ground-active arthropod diversity and trophic structure in the Tengger desert

Shrub vegetation and plant species can enhance the abundance and richness of ground-active arthropods. Yet surprisingly little is known about how the distribution and diversity of ground-active arthropods are influenced by plant species used for shrub revegetation in desert ecosystems. In this study, ground-active arthropods were collected using the pitfall trapping method in Caragana korshinskii (CP), Hedysarum scoparium (HP), and Artemisia ordosica (AP) plantations, for which an adjacent mobile sand land (MS) served as the control in the Tengger desert (northwestern China). We found no significant differences in the total abundance of arthropods among the four habitats, whereas the taxonomic richness and Shannon index of ground-active arthropods were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in all three plantations when compared to the MS. The herbivore arthropods were significantly (P < 0.001) more abundant in the AP and MS than either the HP or CP. The predator abundances were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in all three shrub plantations compared with the MS. The detritivore abundances also differed (P < 0.05) across habitats, in the order of HP > CP > AP > MS. The dominant groups in MS, including Tenebrionidae and Buprestidae, were replaced by Formicidae, Melandryidae, and Carabidae in HP; by Formicidae, Carabidae, Chrysomeloidea, and Melandryidae in AP; and by Formicidae and Carabidae in CP. Our results suggested that shrub crown diameter, shrub density, and herbaceous richness together explained the different responses of ground-active arthropod communities to revegetation, highlighting the importance of shrub individual traits in this process for the maintenance of arthropod diversity and trophic structure in desert ecosystems.

Community diversity of ground-dwelling beetles in secondary oak Forest and its adjacent restored poplar Forest

In order to restore the vegetation of forests, China has implemented the project of restoring the farmland to the forest. With the advancement of this project, the artificial vegetation restoration area adjacent to the forest is expanding. In this study, a secondary oak forest, its adjacent restored poplar forest and the secondary oak forest-restored forest ecotone were selected as the study sample plots, and the ground-dwelling beetle community was investigated by pitfall trap method for exploring the diversity characteristics of the ground-dwelling beetle community in this complex ecosystem, in order to reveal the relationship between the ground-dwelling beetle and the environmental changes. In this study, 2458 ground-dwelling beetles belonging to 94 species of 24 families were collected from the secondary oak forest and its adjacent restored poplar forest from April to September 2017, of which Scarabaeidae, Carabidae and Silphidae were the dominant communities of ground-dwelling beetles in the sample plots. The order of the species number and individuals number of ground-dwelling beetles in the different types of vegetation was the secondary oak forest > ecotone > restored poplar forest in turn, with significant differences. The estimation of nonparametric species richness showed that the sampling intensity was not fully saturated, indicating that more surface beetle species could be collected. The Margalef richness index, Simpson diversity index (λ), Hill diversity index (N2), Pielou evenness index (E1), Hill evenness index (E2) and modified Hill evenness index (EHill) of surface beetles were significantly different in the different habitats, and higher diversity and evenness of the surface beetles were maintained in the restored poplar forest, indicating that the restoration and re-naturalization of forest vegetation could increase the insect species and community stability. The community similarity analysis indicated that the ground-dwelling beetle community among the secondary oak forest, the ecotone and the restored poplar forest was at the middle level of dissimilarity. The edge effect intensity analysis suggested that there was a negative edge effect in the ecotone between the secondary oak forest and the restored poplar forest.

Short Communication: A note on the new record of the amphibian fauna in Pulau Tinggi, Malaysia

Abstract. Ng YH, Ngadi E, Md-Zain BM, Md-Zairi Z, Abdul-Latiff MAB. 2020. A note on the new record of the amphibian fauna in Pulau Tinggi, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 2425-2429. A survey of amphibian species in Pulau Tinggi was conducted from February to October 2019. The study was carried out using the Visual Encounter Survey method and the drift-fenced pitfall trap method. Based on previously published literature and the present survey, an updated checklist of amphibians is presented. In total, nine species were recorded that comprise three previously recorded species (Limnonectes blythii, Polypedates leucomystax and Odorrana hosii), and six new recorded species (Limnonectes deinodon, Polypedates dischantus, Microhyla heymonsi, Fejervarya limnocharis, Ingerophrynus parvus, and Kaloula pulchra).

The effect of Paraquat Dichloride application on diversity and abundance of soil arthropods in the corn field

We investigated the effect of paraquat dichloride herbicide application on diversity and abundance of soil arthropods in a corn field. In addition to control (0 mL/L), four concentrations of paraquat dichloride were applied i.e. 3.33 mL / L, 4 mL / L, 4.66 mL / L and 5.33 mL / L. Sampling was carried out four times, namely at T 0 (before tillage), T 1 (after tillage), T 2 (after spraying herbicides), and T 3 (before harvesting) using a pitfall trap method. Soil arthropod samples were identified to the family level. The total number of individuals was then analyzed to obtain species richness, species dominance index, species diversity index and similarity index of Sorensen. The result showed that paraquat dichloride did not give any significant effect ( p> 0.05) on the number of individuals, species richness, species dominance index, diversity index and Sorensen similarity index of soil arthropods. The composition of soil arthropods in the control and in the treatment with the highest concentration shows a high level of similarity.

Abundance of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the functional groups in two different habitats

Abstract. Triyogo A, Budiadi, Widyastuti SM, Subrata SA, Budi SS. 2020. Abundance of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the functional groups in two different habitats. Biodiversitas 21: 2079-2087. Land development often affects the quantity and diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine and compare the ant species abundance and the functional groups between two different habitats, representing land development, including pioneer and agroforestry. This research involved a survey of the ants at the Forest Research Education (FRE) of Wanagama I Yogyakarta, and data were accumulated over a period of five months (April, May, June, July, and August). In addition, pit-fall trap and direct collection methods were used, involving the placement of 54 pit-fall traps at two habitats, and the ant specimens were retrieved after a two day period. The results show the total individual abundance of 2,310 and 2,067, on agroforestry and pioneer, respectively. Furthermore, the species richness and diversity index was higher in agroforestry (7; 2.01), compared with pioneer (6; 1.49), where the three dominant species include, Anoplolepis gracilipes, Solenopsis sp., Odontoponera denticulata; and Anoplolepis gracilipes, Odontoponera denticulata, Camponotus sp., respectively. Conversely, the highest amount of invasive ants (Solenopsis sp.) was observed in agroforestry, which negatively impacted on the presence of native species (Odontoponera denticulata). In addition, PCA analysis showed the development of three ant groups on each habitat, hence agroforestry made more real differences in the aspect of species abundance, and none in terms of richness. Therefore, notable differences were observed in the ant communities between both habitats, and agroforestry was indicated as a disturbed area, based on the increment in tramp and invasive ants, alongside low abundance of native and functional groups.

Spread of Collembola at Different Altitudes and Their Response to the Environment at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park

Collembola is a soil fauna that is beneficial for soil health. Collembola had a role in the food chain as one who helps in reshuffle organic matter. However, until now, the Collembola still not yet known widely in Indonesia. The aim of this study to assess the Collembola distribution based on height, besides that also study the influence of environmental factors like moisture, temperature, and soil fertility to the Collembola. The research was done at National Park in Mount Halimun Salak on seven altitudes. Those seven altitudes spread on five resorts, namely Koneng Mountain Resorts (500 m asl), Cimantaja Resort (700 - 900 m asl), Gunung Kencana Resort (1,100 masl) and Cikaniki Resort (1,300 – 1,700 masl). The method used the pitfall trap method. The results showed that the abundance of Collembola in all observation areas was 1,620 individuals, consisting of 3 orders and nine families. The abundance of Collembola shows a difference according to altitude. The highest abundance and diversity are at an altitude of 1,100 masl. Family Entomobryidae is predominantly found at seven altitudes but is more dominant at an altitude of 1,500 masl. The abundance of Collembola influenced by litter, total N, and C-organic.

PENGARUH PERBEDAAN HABITAT KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) TERHADAP KELIMPAHAN MUSUH ALAMI ULAT API (LEPIDOPTERA : PSYCHIDAE)

One of the important pests attacking coconut palm is Ulat Pemakan Daun Kelapa Sawit (UPDKS) like the Caterpillar. The management of habitat can be done with clean cultivation practices or cultivation use nuts cover soil (cover crop) to increase natural enemies. The research was carried out in April until July 2017. The purpose of this study was to know the abundance of natural enemies population Caterpillar fire contained in research. The location of the research consists of a private plantation with a cover crop and land communities without a cover crop. Observations of the Caterpillar's fire done every week, from first week to third week. The observation is done by swiping pitfall trap method and net. Each block palm oil taken 5 plot used to sweep net and each plot placed 2 pitfall trap. The abundance of natural enemies population level Caterpillar fires on plantation with a cover crop of 137 individuals. The community's land without a cover crop of 107 individuals. Natural enemies was found in the predator type of land cover crop as much as 88% and natural enemies of type parasitoid as much as 12%. Predator type natural enemies present on the land without a cover crop as much as 99% and parasitoid type of natural enemies as much as 1%. Keywords: caterpillar, natural enemies, palm oil, parasitoid, predator

北方农牧交错带退耕还林与还草对地面节肢动物群落结构的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北方农牧交错带退耕还林与还草对地面节肢动物群落结构的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201802010285 作者: 作者单位: 宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室,宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室,宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室,宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室,宁夏大学农学院,宁夏大学农学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 宁夏高等学校科学研究项目（NGY2018007）；国家自然科学基金项目（41661054，41867005）；教育部-霍英东教育基金（151103） Effect of conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland on ground-active arthropods in an agro-pasture zone of northern China Author: Affiliation: Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education,Ningxia University,Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education,Ningxia University,Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education,Ningxia University,Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education,Ningxia University,College of Agriculture,Ningxia University,College of Agriculture,Ningxia University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在中国北方农牧交错带宁夏盐池县，以农田为对照，以人工柠条林地、杨树林地和弃耕后自然恢复草地为研究样地，采用陷阱诱捕法，调查了退耕还林与还草4种类型样地的地面节肢动物群落结构特征，旨在分析农牧交错带退耕还林与还草措施对地面节肢动物群落结构生态效应的差异性。结果显示：（1）调查共获得地面节肢动物7目23科25类，其中优势类群为蜉金龟科和蚁科，其个体数占总个体数45.30%；常见类群13类，其个体数占总个体数49.17%；其余10类为稀有类群，其个体数占总个体数5.53%。（2）农田和草地生境的优势类群均有4个类群，而柠条林地和杨树林地生境的优势类群只有1个类群（即蚁科），但草地生境的优势类群种类组成完全不同于农田生境；优势度从农田的86.67%降为杨树林地的54.90%、柠条林地的63.16%和草地的61.70%。退耕还林还草后常见类群数及其优势度均呈现显著增加趋势。另外，4种类型样地生境中均无稀有类群。（3）退耕还林与还草仅对地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数产生显著影响（P < 0.05），而对个体数和优势度指数均无显著影响（P > 0.05）。地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数均表现为草地最高，杨树林地次之，农田和柠条林地最低。（4）不同生境类型样地间Jaccard指数均较低，介于0.13-0.39之间，属于不相似或中等不相似。（5）偏RDA分析表明，土壤含水量和总氮含量是影响地面节肢动物群落个体数分布的关键驱动因子。研究表明，退耕还柠条林地和弃耕后自然恢复草地对土壤性质改善均具有显著影响，并且弃耕后自然恢复草地更有利于节肢动物多样性的恢复。 Abstract:In Yanchi County, Ningxia, belonging to the agro-pasture transition zone in northern China, an investigation on ground-active arthropods was carried out using a pitfall trapping method in response to the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland. The results showed:(1) there were 25 groups belonging to 7 orders and 23 families. The dominant groups included Aphodiidae and Formicidae families, which comprised 45.30% of the total individuals. There were 13 common groups occupying 49.17% of the total individuals. The remaining 10 groups were relatively rare, only comprising 5.53% of the total individuals; (2) there were four dominant groups in both crop-and grassland, whereas only one group (i.e., Formicidae) was found in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land. However, the composition of dominant groups were completely different between grassland and cropland habitats. Meanwhile, the dominance of dominant groups decreased remarkably from 86.67% in cropland to 54.90%, 63.16%, and 61.70% in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land and grassland, respectively. The number of common groups and their dominance increased considerably in response to the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland. No rare groups were found in these four habitats including cropland, Populus and Caragana agroforestry land, and grassland; (3) there was a significant (P < 0.05) effect of the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland on group richness and the Shannon index, whereas no significant (P > 0.05) effect was found on the total abundance and Simpson index of ground-active arthropods. The group richness and Shannon index of ground-active arthropods were found to be markedly greater (P < 0.05) in grassland, followed by those in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land, and cropland; (4) the Jaccard index regarding ground-active arthropod communities ranged from 0.13 to 0.39, which indicated a dissimilarity between different habitats in cropland, Populus and Caragana agroforestry lands, and grassland; (5) soil moisture and total nitrogen were found to be the key factors driving the structure of ground-active arthropod communities based on the pRDA results. It was concluded that the conversion of cropland to Caragana shrubland and natural grassland could be beneficial for the improvement of soil physical-chemical properties, and the conversion of cropland into natural grassland could indicate a facilitative effect on arthropod biodiversity recovery in the agro-pasture transition zone of northern China. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Ant diversity in Muhan Pokhari area of Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park, Nepal

Ant diversity was studied in Muhan Pokhari area of Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park (SNNP)at 1,700 m to 1,900 m asl during winter and summer seasons of 2017. Ants were collected using pitfall traps, leaf litter sampling, bait and hand collection methods along a transect of50 m in each of all 5 sites (1,700 m, 1,750 m, 1,800 m, 1,850 m and 1,900 m). Altogether 817individual ants were collected representing 5 sub-families, 16 genera and 23 morpho species. Formicinae (57.67%) was the most abundant sub-family, followed by Myrmicinae (40.39%), Pseudomyrmicinae (0.8%), Ponerinae (0.73%) and Dolichoderinae (0.37%). Camponotus (437individuals) was the most abundant genus followed by Aphaenogaster (287). Species richness was higher in winter (17 morph species) than in spring (14 morph species). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (1.4618) and Evenness index (0.5539) were higher in spring season. Pitfall trap method was found most effective with highest number of individual ants (567) and of 21 species. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index was highest for pitfall method (1.3039) whereas evenness index was highest for the bait method (0.62615). Two genera Pachycondylaand Echinopla were recorded for the first time in Nepal.

Pitfall traps: A review of methods for estimating arthropod abundance

ABSTRACTPitfall traps are commonly used in diet studies for insectivorous and omnivorous wildlife. Pitfall trap methodologies and designs vary considerably among studies and investigators. Such variation and lack of standardization limits scientists’ abilities to compare their results with others. We conducted a literature review to identify the most common methods used by past investigators who placed pitfall traps for the purpose of quantifying indices of arthropod abundances, and used this information to guide our proposal for standardized pitfall trapping methods. We documented the pitfall‐trap methods of 257 studies published between January 1994 and March 2016 in 107 scientific journals. Pitfall‐trap methods varied greatly across the time period. We found only minor differences in the pitfall‐trap methods most commonly used in different vegetation communities (e.g., preservative was used less frequently for pitfall trap studies in grasslands). Studies published in wildlife journals tended to use pitfall traps of larger diameters than studies published in other disciplines; these studies also had worse rates of methodological reporting than those in entomology journals. We did not detect a decline in negligent reporting over time; ≥1 key methodological detail was missing from &gt;50% of studies regardless of the decade published. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Epigean communities of harvestmen (Opiliones) in Pannonian Basin floodplain forests: an interaction with environmental parameters

During the years 2015–2016, we studied the fauna of epigeon in eight similar habitats in Slovakia and Serbia. The study material of Opiliones was obtained by a pitfall trap method. We focused on the comparison of the incidence of harvestmen in floodplain forests and ecotones alongside the Danube River in Slovakia and along the Tisa and Begej River in Serbia. We examined their dependence on anthropogenic impact (frequency of visits), cover of vegetation layers (herbs, shrubs and trees), plant diversity of vegetation layers, area of forest stands, distance to the forest edge, circumference of forest stands, age of forest stands, thickness of litter layer and physico-chemical properties of soil and litter (pH, conductivity, P, N, C, H). Total epigeic activity of harvestman showed significant positive relationship with proportion of N in litter. Community equitability was positively related with species richness of plant communities in shrub layer and negatively related with H content of soil. We did not find any significant correlations between diversity of harvestman communities and measured environmental characteristics.

Patterns and Mechanisms of Ant Diversity in Two Types of Land Use within Protected Forest Area Sirimau City of Ambon Maluku Province

Ants are the biodiversity constituent of 30% of the total insect biomass, very sensitive to changes in habitat structure and the environment in which they live can be an indicator of habitat destruction and ecosystem stability. The research was carried out in Sirimau Protected Forest area of Ambon City on two types of land use - each of secondary dryland and dryland farming from August to December 2012. The objective of the study was to know the structure of the ant community in two types of land use and to measure the pattern of ant distribution and diversity. Measurement of ant diversity using the Transect Line Plot method through a sampling system of a population sample with a sample plot approach that is on a line drawn across each type of land use using three Pitfall Trap (PT) methods or trap trap, Bait Trap BT) used Sugar and Tuna as feed and Hand Collecting (HC) method (Hasimoto, 2001) and collected with 70% alcohol preservation. Determination of ant species diversity and ant typeness in each type of land use using Shanon-Wienner index with the help of Ecological Methodology 2nd Edition (Krebs, 2000), and Margalef index (Ludwig and Reynold, 1988). The results of the study found that the number of individuals on the secondary dry land was 47,672 dominated by Meranoplus bicolor and Crematogaster ampularis and on dry land agriculture of 65,413 dominated by Polirachis belicossa and Echinopla lineata-lineata. The diversity index in August in the secondary drylands was 3.33 and 3.31 in September while on dryland farms were 3.67 in August and 3.59 in September were high.

Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Semut sebagai Predator Hama Tanaman Padi di Lahan Sawah Organik dan Anorganik Kecamatan Karanganom Kabupaten Klaten

Ants potentially as predators that become natural enemies of insect pests in rice fields with paddy cultivation. This study aims to know the diversity and abundance of ants, the role of ants, the population of ants, and the influence of physical and chemical factors in organic and inorganic rice fields. The ants were collected using pit fall trap method with insect bait, fish meat, and sugar solution. The results showed that the number of species and the number of individuals in organic rice fields was higher (429 individuals, 11 species) than inorganic rice fields (193 individuals, 10 species). In general, the index of diversity in organic rice fields was higher (ranging from 0.73 to 1.65) compared to inorganic rice fields (ranging from 0 to 1.28). The index of evenness in organic rice fields ranged from 0.63 to 0.99 (evenly distributed), whereas in inorganic rice fields ranged from 0 to 0.99 (uneven until evenly distributed). The dominant ants in organic rice fields were Camponotus sp, Solenopsis geminata, Anoplolepis gracilipes, and Paratrechina longicornis, whereas in the inorganic rice fields were Tapinoma sp, Solenopsis geminata, and Camponotus sp. The index of similarity between organic and inorganic rice fields showed a high and very high degree of similarity based on the type of feed. Physical factors of high soil and air humidity environment, high soil and air temperature increased the diversity and abundance of ants in the rice fields ecosystem. Factors soil pH in accordance with the growth of soil Arthropods were neutral or slightly acidic. Chemical factors of organic matter content, Nitrogen (N), the content of C organic, and a high P total content increased the diversity and abundance of ants. Keywords: diversity and abundance, ants, organic and inorganic rice fields

Ant pitfall trap sampling: An overview

Ants are widely distributed in both tropics and temperate regions at different altitudes. They are both scavengers and predators, and serve as indicators of climate change at micro and macro levels. Monitoring of ants in the context of local environmental dynamics is therefore very important. Among numerous sampling mechanisms for ants, the pitfall trap method is a reliable approach. Relevant information on the different aspects of pitfall trap usage has been presented in this review.

The monitoring of sand dune insects using pitfall trap in Goraebul beach, Yeongdeok-gun, South Korea

This study conducted surveys using the pitfall trap method to understand the characteristics and changes in the occurrence and distribution of insects in line with the changes of dune vegetation and seasons in Goraebul beach, Yeongdeok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The results show that the two different species of Gonocephalum pubens (83.15%) and Labidura japonica (6.98%) that belong to the families Tenebrionidae and Labiduridae, respectively, among eight species have relatively higher population density and that G. pubens dominates in terms of its density and reveals a significant difference from that of the other species. The study found differences in the occurrence of population at the time of surveys in four different spatial segments, including the beach, which is not covered by vegetation, the area covered by vegetation, the shrubbery, and the Pinus thunbergii community. Among the species that appear monthly, some appear throughout the year while others appear at specific periods of time.