Varieties Of Pisum Sativum Research Articles

Catalytic properties of lipoxygenase extracted from different varieties of Pisum sativum and Lens culinaris.

Lipoxygenase (LOX, E.C. 1.13.11.12), among its various roles, catalyzes the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and it is considered to be one of the main causes of undesirable off-flavor developments in legumes. The role of LOX in postharvest physiology is particularly significant in seeds with high values of lipoxygenase and linoleic acid levels. This research aimed to study the biochemical properties of the LOX extracted from green pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Léda, Zeusz, Zsuzsi), dry pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Hanka, Irina, Lutra), and lentil (Lens culinaris L., var. Pinklevi, Rézi, Castelluccio), using linoleic acid as a substrate. The raw extracts showed different catalytic properties, with dry pea (var. Irina) that expressed the highest LOX activity, while lentil (var. Pinklevi) expressed the lowest activity. To complete the biochemical characterization of the crude LOX extracts, their optimal pH and temperature were also examined. The highest value of lipoxygenase activity in the pH range 6-7 was measured in all legumes. The optimal temperature for all extracts fell within the range of 30-60°C given the nutritional importance of legumes. This study will serve as a basis for further detailed investigation of the legumes LOX activity and its roles in food products related to legumes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study investigated the biochemical properties of lipoxygenase (LOX) extracted from different varieties of lentil and pea, the two important leguminous crops serving as the main protein source for the population of humans worldwide. The biochemical properties of LOX extracted from legumes showed large differences in terms of kinetic properties. The results of this study revealed that the use of lipoxygenase can be a suitable index for managing stabilization techniques of lentil and pea, in order to inhibit the lipid oxidation in grain legume without compromising its nutritional value.

Studies on the Characterization of Esterase from Different Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae) Varieties

Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae) is important in diet due to its fiber content, protein, starch, trace elements and phytochemical substances. Dichlorvos (2, 3-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) is commonly known as organophosphates belong to the classes of insecticides that are used to control households and stored products insects. The aim of this study was to analyze the kinetic characteristics of esterase enzyme from four different varieties of Pisum sativum L. using qualitative and quantitative method and also the docking position of esterase with Dichlorvos by insilico method. According to our study the total activity was highest for Arka Nirmala and Arka Priya varieties. The specific activity was highest for Arka Mayur variety. Km and Vmax, were found to be higher for Arka Uttam. The optimum temperature and pH for all the varieties were found to be same, 40�C and 7.5 respectively. The inhibitor studies showed Arka Nirmala was more sensitive to inhibitor. From the fitness and interaction profile it was found that the inhibitor dichlorovos is an effective pesticide which can be used to inhibit esterase activity. It has one hydrogen bond of H-S and had an amino acid residue at ARG57.

Adaptability of new varieties of seed peas in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

In the process of breeding work with the Pisum sativum culture, its manufacturability increases due to the introduction of new economically valuable features, as a result of the influence of abiotic factors on pea varieties is transformed. The work is relevant in timely identification of changes in influences and analysis of these transformations on the reconstructed genotype are important in breeding evolution. The material for the study was 12 samples of five varieties of Pisum sativum. The adaptability and stability indices of the samples – Indicator of the stability level of the variety, stability index, stress tolerance, breeding value, and the dependence of the adaptive properties of the culture on the complexity of its genotype were determined. The stress tolerance of the varieties was chaotic; its relationship with the evolution of the genotype is very weak. A strong positive relationship was revealed between the complication of the genotype and the coefficient of variation; a strong negative relationship was revealed between the resistance and stability index of the varieties. Strong negative dependencies were revealed between the evolution of culture and the stability index, as well as breeding value.

Transient protein expression in three Pisum sativum (green pea) varieties.

The expression of proteins in plants both transiently and via permanently transformed lines has been demonstrated by a number of groups. Transient plant expression systems, due to high expression levels and speed of production, show greater promise for the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals when compared to permanent transformants. Expression vectors based on a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are the most commonly utilized and the primary plant used, Nicotiana benthamiana, has demonstrated the ability to express a wide range of proteins at levels amenable to purification. N. benthamiana has two limitations for its use; one is its relatively slow growth, and the other is its low biomass. To address these limitations we screened a number of legumes for transient protein expression. Using the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) vectors, delivered via Agrobacterium, we were able to identify three Pisum sativum varieties that demonstrated protein expression transiently. Expression levels of 420 +/- 26.24 mg GFP/kgFW in the green pea variety speckled pea were achieved. We were also able to express three therapeutic proteins indicating promise for this system in the production of biopharmaceuticals.

Nitrogen fixation and assimilation efficiency in Ethiopian and German pea varieties

Dinitrogen (N2) fixation and assimilation efficiency in a German and two Ethiopian varieties of Pisum sativum L. was studied in a pot experiment during vegetative and reproductive growth. The objective of the study was to assess whether genotypes having contrasting growth habits showed differences in physiological processes that affect the efficiency of N2 fixation and assimilation. Dry matter formation, nodulation and nitrogen assimilation were compared between two treatments where one depended solely on N2 fixation while the other was nourished with nitrate. Moreover, carbon (C) costs of N2 fixation and the capacity of different respiratory chains in roots and nodules were determined at vegetative and reproductive growth. As compared to the Ethiopian cultivars, the German variety displayed a more rapid vegetative growth with intensive N2 fixation and assimilation and highly efficient individual nodules. However, during reproductive growth, N2 fixation in the German variety declined sharply, while continuing in the Ethiopian varieties. Lowest C costs of N2 fixation coincided with most efficient individual nodules in both growth intervals. C costs of N2 fixation were lower during reproductive growth in all varieties which was accompanied by a shift in root/nodule respiratory capacity towards more C efficient respiratory pathways. The results provide further evidence that unreliable nitrogen fixation rates during reproductive growth of pea can be connected with restricted C supply to nodules. One strategy of pea plants to adapt to critical C availability is an increase in capacity of more C efficient root/nodule respiration.

Efficiency of the nodulating Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae population under the influence of slurry deposition and slope position

In a three year study (1993, 1994 and 1995) the effect of slurry deposition, landscape position and slope exposure in a grass-covered arid region on the leghemoglobin content (Lb) of pea nodules was studied. Until 1990 this region was used for the deposition of bovine slurry over a period of five years. The leghemoglobin content of legume nodules is, at different stages of plant development, correlated with the activity of nitrogenase measured by acetylene reduction assay. The total leghemoglobin concentration (Lb/mg nodule) was used to measure the physiological activity of the nodulating Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae population. A simple spectroscopic method was adapted to determine the content of leghemoglobin in the nodules of two varieties of Pisum sativum. The effect of slurry on the nodule leghemoglobin content was more pronounced at the northern exposed slope, where significant different leghemoglobin contents at nonpolluted and polluted sites could be determined in the first two years of sampling. At the southern slope no effect of slurry on the leghemoglobin content of the nodulating population was found, whereas significant differences were determined between slope position and year of sampling. The leghemoglobin content/mg nodule was higher at the southern slope in all three years compared to the northern slope and in 1995 the nodules from all sites had a significant higher leghemoglobin content compared to 1993 and 1994. The relative differences between the individual positions, measured in one year, were reproducible in every year.

Optical Properties of the Pod Wall of the Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) II. Varietal Differences and Species Comparisons

Summary The transmission, reflection and absorption spectra of a range of legumes including Pisum sativum L. were compared. The optical properties of the pea pod appeared to be within the middle of the range of species studied. The optical properties of the pod walls of five different varieties of Pisum sativum were investigated at three stages of development. The highest transmission of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) was shown by a yellow pod (JI 73), followed by a parchmentless variety (JI 468). A purple variety (JI 60) showed a very low overall PAR transmission, while a thicker pod JI 149 transmitted less light than the conventional JI 141 pod, but more than the purple. Overall transmission tends to decrease as the pods become more fully developed, while reflection increases slightly in the older stages. The apparent Red/Far-red ratio of light entering the pod was calculated for each variety at each stage of development. Varieties which lack chlorophyll in the mesocarp or lack a sclerenchyma layer, and therefore transmit more light, have a higher ratio than conventional pods in which the seeds develop in a more shaded environment. The significance of these changes in relation to seed development is discussed, as well as the implications of slightly increased near-UV penetration through the wall of the parchmentless variety.

Increased Levels of Peroxisomal Active Oxygen-Related Enzymes in Copper-Tolerant Pea Plants

The effect in vivo of high nutrient levels of copper (240 micromolar) on the activity of different metalloenzymes containing Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn, distributed in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria, was studied in leaves of two varieties of Pisum sativum L. plants with different sensitivity to copper. The metalloenzymes studied were: cytochrome c oxidase, Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase I (Cu,Zn-SOD I), for mitochondria; catalase and Mn-SOD, for peroxisomes; and isozyme Cu,Zn-SOD II for chloroplasts. The activity of mitochondrial SOD isozymes (Mn-SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD I) was very similar in Cu-tolerant and Cu-sensitive plants, whereas cytochrome c oxidase was lower in Cu-sensitive plants. Chloroplastid Cu,Zn-SOD activity was the same in the two plant varieties. In contrast, the peroxisomal Mn-SOD activity was considerably higher in Cu-tolerant than in Cu-sensitive plants, and the activity of catalase was also increased in peroxisomes of Cu-tolerant plants. The higher activities of these peroxisomal active oxygen-related enzymes in Cu-tolerant plants suggest the involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates (O(2) (-), OH) in the mechanism of Cu lethality, and also imply a function for peroxisomal Mn-SOD in the molecular mechanisms of plant tolerance to Cu in Pisum sativum L.

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) with strain specificity for Rhizobium leguminosarum

Seven varieties of Pisum sativum from Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet and Turkey were tested for nodulation by 25 diverse strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum. The pea varieties were resistant to nodulation by 13 rhizobial strains from temperate regions, and formed few or no nodules. The varieties nodulated with 4 of 12 rhizobial strains from Middle Eastern soils. The plant-rhizobia specificity was identical to Pisum sativum var. “Afghanistan”. Crosses were made among five nodulation resistant varieties and “Afghanistan”. Genetic analysis indicates that the strain specific nodulation resistance in each of the five pea varieties is allelic with the sym-2 gene in “Afghanistan”. Surveys of worldwide pea collections have failed to discover varieties which are never nodulated by any rhizobial strain. There appears, however, to be a class of nodulation resistant peas from the Middle East which have the same restricted strain specificity.

Cell length, light and14C-labelled indol-3yl-acetic acid transport inPisum satisum L. andPhaseolus vulgaris L

The putative auxin-transporting cells of the intact herbaceous dicotyledon are the young, differentiating vascular elements. The length of these cells was found to be considerably greater in dwarf (Meteor) than in tall (Alderman) varieties ofPisum sativum L., and to be greater in etiolated than in light-grown plants ofP. sativum cv Meteor andPhaseolus vulgaris L. cv Mexican Black. Under given light conditions during transport these large differences in cell length did not influence the shapes of the transport profiles or the velocity of transport of(14)C-labelled indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) applied to the apical bud. However, in both etiolated and light-grown bean and dwarf pea plants the velocity of transport in darkness was ca. 25% lower than that in light. Under the same conditions of transport velocities in bean were about twice those observed in the dwarf pea. Exposure to light during transport increased the rate of export of(14)C from the labelled shoot apex in green dwarf pea plants but not in etiolated plants. The light conditions to which the plants were exposed during growth and transport had little effect on the rates of uptake of IAA from the applied solutions. The results indicate that the velocity of auxin transport is independent of the frequency of cell-to-cell interfaces along the transport pathway and it is suggested that in intact plants auxin transport is entirely symplastic.

DNA and RNA contents in relation to cell and seed weight in Pisum sativum

The rates of increase in DNA, RNA and fresh weight were determined for a series of stages of cotyledon development in three varieties of Pisum sativum. The average amounts of DNA in the cells of the cotyledon (up to 64C) were directly proportional to the average weights of the cells for the whole of the period of development in the case of two-seeded varieties, and for the first part of the developmental period for the large-seeded variety. Increases in RNA values for all three varieties were proportional to cell weight in the early stages but at later stages RNA values decreased. A hypothesis for the regulation of DNA and RNA synthesis by the cell volume is proposed.

Cell Division of Intergeneric Protoplast Fusion Products

Protoplasts from soybean cell suspension cultures were fused with those isolated from leaves of two Pisum sativum varieties, four Nicotiana species and Colchicum autumnale. Fusion products of all combinations underwent cell division. The first division of fusion products occurred on day 2 or 3 of the culture period. Parental soybean protoplasts started to divide on day 1, leaf protoplasts on day 5 or later. The capacity to divide proved the protoplast combinations tested to be compatible when fused.

Chromatin-bound DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in developing pea cotyledons

The pattern of cotyledon development in three varieties of Pisum sativum has been defined in terms of cell number, DNA and RNA content and chromatin, bound RNA polymerase activity. Variation was observed in the relative periods of growth by cell division and cell expansion between the three varieties. The mean DNA content per cotyledon cell during growth by cell expansion increased to approximately 50C in one variety, 30C in the second variety and 15C in the third variety. The pattern of chromatin-bound RNA polymerase activity during development suggested that some of the DNA above the 2C level may contribute to RNA synthesis in two of the three varieties studied. In the third variety the RNA polymerase activity decreases throughout the phase of increase in DNA per cell. The chromatin-bound RNA polymerase activity per cell was correlated with the rate of RNA increase per cell.

Fungal microflora of seeds of Pisum sativum L. and its control.

Five varieties ofPisum sativum L. were tested for seedborne fungi. Tests were conducted by standard International Seed Testing methods. It was observed that fungi likeAlternaria, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Mucor andFusarium were associated with all the five varieties tested.Fusarium andRhizopus were dominant in all the varieties. They were also responsible for reduction in germination percentage of seeds. Early December was selected for testing the efficacy of certain fungicides (namely, Agrosan G.N., Ceresan, Copper carbonate, Tafasan, Tillex, Stardex and Sulphur) against seedborne fungi ofPisum sativum L., Agrosan G.N. and Ceresan gave the better control of seedborne pathogens without any adverse effect on germination.

Studies on the relationships between cell population and growth kinetics of root meristems

Experiments were performed with three varieties of Pisum sativum (Alaska, Weitor, and Witham Wonder), Helianthus annuus and Vicia faba to further study the relationship between cell population and growth kinetics of root meristems. The duration of the mitotic cycle, DNA synthesis (S period), pre-DNA synthetic period (G1), post-DNA synthetic period (G2) and mitosis were measured by simultaneously marking meristematic cells with colchicine and 3H-thymidine. Autoradiography was used to distinguish the cells labeled with 3H-thymidine. The number of proliferating cells was estimated mathematically from cell population kinetic data and cell counts; the number of cell files was determined from cross sections of the meristem; the growth rate was measured once daily. The results indicated that the mitotic cycle, S, G1, G2, and mitotic duration were very similar in all varieties of Pisum; that Helianthus had the shortest G2 period of all plants tested, and that Vicia had a longer S and cycle duration. Root growth rate was shown to be the reflection of the rate of cell proliferation per file and the average cell length at maturity and that the latter can be estimated by cell population and growth kinetics. The studies also demonstrated that neither mitotic cycle duration, root growth, cell counts, nor mitotic indices exclusively measure the growth and proliferative capacity of a tissue but rather a combination of all four parameters are necessary for an accurate estimation.

Inhibition of the Growth of Peas by Tris-(2-Diethylaminoethyl)-Phosphate Trihydrochloride

The effects of Tris-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-phosphate trihydrochloride (SK&F 7997-A(3)) on the development of 4 varieties of Pisum sativum were investigated. The compound inhibited shoot elongation of all 4 varieties by as much as 50% or more when seeds were soaked in solutions of the inhibitor for 12 hours before planting. Seed treatment also affected flowering by causing an increase in the number of nodes to the first flower in the early varieties Little Marvel and Alaska. The number of nodes preceding the first flower in the late varieties Dwarf and Tall Telephone was not affected by high concentrations of SK&F 7997-A(3), but low concentrations appeared to cause a slight reduction in the number of nodes to flower.The inhibitor had little effect on growth when applied to established seedlings; some slight inhibition was noted when high doses were applied to the shoot tip.SK&F 7997-A(3) suppressed the growth response of dwarf and tall peas to exogenous GA(3). The compound did not inhibit biosynthesis of gibberellin by Fusarium moniliformc when present in shaken liquid cultures at concentrations as high as 10 mg/ml. The inhibitor suppressed the action of applied GA(3) on shoot elongation when the 2 chemicals were applied in 3 ways: 1) inhibitor on lowermost compound leaf and GA(3) on shoot tip; 2) GA(3) on lowermost leaf and inhibitor on shoot tip; and 3) soaking of seeds in the 2 compounds combined for 12 hours prior to planting. The third method of dual treatment yielded evidence that SK&F 7997-A(3) interacts noncompetitively with GA(3) in the regulation of shoot elongation.

Genetical and cytological studies on the relations between Asiatic and European varieties ofPisum sativum

The fourteen chromosomes of normal races ofPisum sativum form seven pairs at meiosis. All points of association between chromosomes are shown to be chiasmata by the following considerations: (1) Direct observation of exchange of partners amongst the chromatids. (2) Alternate loops between points of contact are at right angles. (3) The frequency and distribution of these points agrees with that of demonstrable chiasmata in other organisms (e.g. Tulipa andStenobothrus). (4) The method of separation of the pairs at anaphase, the ehromatids associated at the attachment constriction always passing to the same pole, leads to the separation of chromatids in the regions distal to the first point of contact. The regions distal to the second point of contact are either not separated or are asymmetrical, according to the relationship of the exchanges at the two points.