Piper Trilinear Diagram Research Articles

GROUNDWATER QUALITY EVALUATION FOR DRINKING, DOMESTIC AND IRRIGATION USES IN PARTS OF ODE IRELE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

Groundwater assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes at Ode Irele local government area of Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria was carried out. Thirty-two water samples were obtained from boreholes. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, flame photometry, Turbidimetric, Argentometric and Titrimetric methods were used to analyze the samples according to American Public Health Association Standard method. Results show that all the measured parameters are within the recommended limits of the World Health Organization, with predominant slightly acidic water pH, soft (av. 46.79 mg/l), and fresh (av. 96.82). Piper trilinear diagram and Durov reveal three major water facies; (i) secondary hardness; combined concentrations of sulfate, chloride, magnesium and calcium exceed 50 percent of total mg/l; (ii) primary salinity; combined concentrations of alkali metals, sulfate and chloride are greater than 50 percent of the total mg/l, very concentrated waters of this hydrochemical facies are considered brackish or (in extreme cases) saline; and (iii) no specific cation-anion pair exceeds 50 percent of the total dissolved constituent load. Strong positive correlation exists between many of the chemical parameters, notable among them are: Cl and HCO3 (0.754), Cl and Ca (0.750), SO4 and HCO3 (0.731) and Ca and Fe (0.721). These positive correlations is an indication of similar source hydrogeochemical processes and common anthropogenic source. The % Na of the samples (av. 44.07), SAR (0.44), RSC (av. -0.67), PI (av. 83.54), electrical conductivity (av. 150.9 μs/cm), KR (av. 0.44), and MR (av. 44.0) satisfied standard recommended values for suitable irrigation water.

Spring water quality and discharge assessment in the Basantar watershed of Jammu Himalaya using geographic information system (GIS) and water quality Index(WQI)

The demand for fresh spring water recently increased due to intensive domestic, industrial irrigation practices which typically caused depletion of water resources and deterioration of water quality. The spring water quality was analyzed for its major hydrochemistry and hydrochemical evolution of the spring water in the study area. A total of 60 spring water samples were collected from the three kinds of terrain (mountainous, hilly and plain) and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3−), sulphate (SO42−), chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), and fluoride (F−). The water quality of drinking purposes was plotted in the Piper trilinear diagram which reveals that spring hydrochemistry is dominated by the alkaline earth and weak acids. Gibbs diagram reveals that the spring water chemistry is primarily controlled by rock-water interaction in the investigated region. The water quality index (WQI), 45% of samples fall in the excellent category, 50% of spring samples fall in good categories for drinking purposes. The pH and TDS are within the permissible limit ranges from 7 to 8.4 and 123to 793 respectively. Based on chemical analysis of the various parameters such as non-carbonate hardness, sodium percentage sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate were calculated to define the quality of spring water for irrigation purposes. The discharge of spring water was also calculated during the pre-monsoon season and found that 70% of samples have discharge more than 20 L per second (Lps).

Groundwater chemistry and demarcation of seawater intrusion zones in the Thamirabarani delta of south India based on geochemical signatures.

Sub-surface water samples from the delta of Thamirabarani River of south India were evaluated for human health risks and seawater intrusion using the geochemical signatures. Electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and the concentrations of major cations and anions in 40 samples collected during the winter (January) and summer (July) of 2018 show comparable values. Subsequently, the results were verified with respect to the international drinking water quality standards. The piper trilinear diagram shows mixed Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Cl, Ca-HCO3 and mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 facies in the samples. Similarly, the plenteous of cations are sequenced as Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and the plenteous of anions are sequenced as Cl- > SO42- > HCO3->Br- > NO3- > PO4-. Gibbs plots illustrate that rock-water interaction and evaporation control the geochemistry of sub-surface water. More than 40% of the samples are unsuitable for drinking, and their higher EC and TDS values reflected the seawater intrusion, in addition to the anthropogenic activities (salt panning). Interrelationship between ions of sub-surface water was used to get a better insight into the saline water intrusion in the study area. To mitigate the river water salinization and seawater incursion in the aquifers, engineering solution such as weir construction across the Thamirabarani River near Mukkani village has been proposed. After construction of the weir, freshwater in the river can be diverted to the salt-affected and seawater-intruded areas to improve the scenario.

Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes Using Water Quality Index in Semi Arid Region of India

Groundwater is an important natural resource serving as a reliable source for drinking as well irrigation purposes worldwide. This study was aimed to evaluate the hydrochemistry of groundwater in southern Haryana. An assessment of measured physico-chemical parameters of 64 samples sites have shown that groundwater is contaminated by higher concentrations of HCO3, Na, Mg, and SO4 beyond the permissible limit of BIS standards. Water quality index (WQI) result indicates that 45.31% area has poor and very poor quality of water for drinking purposes. Irrigation groundwater suitability for the study area has been evaluated with various methods such as EC, SAR, RSC, SP, KR, MH, PI, Piper-trilinear diagram and USSL diagram. Among these parameters, SAR, RSC and PI, water samples fall in excellent and safe water quality, while SP, KR and MH imply to unsuitable and unsafe for irrigation. Piper diagram indicates that the water chemistry is dominated by Sodium and Potassium (Na+K) type, followed by mixed type. According to the USSL classification more than 85% of the samples fall under C3S1, C3S2, C4S1, C4S2 classes of irrigation water indicating very high salinity which is alarming considering the use of this water for irrigation.

Processes and characteristics of hydrogeochemical variations between unconfined and confined aquifer systems: a case study of the Nakdong River Basin in Busan City, Korea.

This study is to assess the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater at the deltaic region of the Nakdong River Basin in the Busan Metropolitan City of Korea. The study area is covered by the Quaternary sedimentary deposits and the Cretaceous granites associated with unconformity. The thick sedimentary deposits consists of two aquifers, i.e., unconfined and confined aquifers on the basis of clay deposit. Groundwater samples were collected from seven boreholes: two from unconfined aquifer and five from confined aquifer systems during the wet season of 2017year. ORP and DO indicates thatthe groundwater of the unconfined aquifer exists in the oxidization condition and that of the confined aquifer pertains in the reduction condition. Piper's trilinear diagram shows CaSO4 type for groundwater of the unconfined aquifer, and NaCl type for that of the confined aquifer. Ionic concentrations of groundwater increase in the confined aquifer because of direct and reverse ion exchange processes. Carbonate weathering and evaporation are other mechanisms in the water-rock interaction. Saturation indices of dolomite and calcite are observed as oversaturated, while halite reveals undersaturation. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) exhibitsthat cluster 1 and cluster 2 represents the properties of groundwater in unconfined and confined aquifers, respectively. Factor analysis shows that groundwater of the confined aquifer is much influenced by seawater, and includes heavy metals of iron and aluminum. Groundwater samples in unconfined and confined aquifers are located at the rock weathering and evaporation zones in the Gibbs diagram. Inverse geochemical modeling of PHREEQC code suggests that carbonate dissolution and ion exchange of major ions are the prevailing geochemical processes. This comprehensive research provides the distinguished hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in confined and unconfined aquifer systems of the Nakdong River Basin in Busan City, Korea.

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and quality assessment for the purposes of drinking and irrigation in Bougaa area, Northeastern Algeria

In the northern part of Algeria, the intensive exploitation of groundwater resources and pollution has considerably affected the aquifer water quality, especially in rural areas where groundwater is the main source of water supply for most uses. This study was performed to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes through the hydrogeochemical study on the groundwater in Bougâa region (Northeastern Algeria). Fourteen groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, T, EC, TDS, and major ions. Most samples are suitable for drinking based on the permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian standards (Indian standard specification for drinking water (IS 10500: 2012), but only 35 % of the samples are good enough for drinking purposes based on the water quality index of the groundwater. Assessment of groundwater samples from various parameters and methods such as “Electrical conductivity, Sodium adsorption ratio, Soluble sodium percentage, Magnesium adsorption ratio, Residual sodium carbonate, Permeability index, Kelly’s ratio, Wilcox’s diagram, and US salinity laboratory classification” showed that groundwater in the area is chemically suitable for irrigation uses. The Piper trilinear diagram suggests that the groundwater mainly belongs to the hydrochemical facies Ca–Mg–Cl and Na–Cl. The combination of ionic ratios, Gibbs plots, and saturation indices show that water–rock interaction, particularly the dissolution of carbonate, evaporation minerals, and ion exchange processes affects hydrogeochemistry of the area. Additional processes such as evaporation and anthropogenic pollution from various sources can also have major impacts on groundwater salinity.

Using Piper trilinear diagrams and principal component analysis to determine variation in hydrochemical faces and understand the evolution of groundwater in Sidi Slimane Region, Morocco

The water quality of groundwater is one of the most important issues for development and life societies. The chemical parameters of the groundwater play a significant role in classifying and assessing water quality. In this study, twenty samples were collected from different locations in a rural region to determine the hydrochemical facies characteristics and understand the evolution of groundwater quality in the Sidi Slimane area in Morocco. Piper trilinear diagram and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to find out the major contributing parameters involved in groundwater samples. The results showed that the analytical values obtained when plotted on Piper’s plots revealed that the alkalis (Sodium, Potassium), are significantly dominant over alkaline earth metals (Calcium, Magnesium) and the strong acidic anions (Chlorides, Sulfates) dominant over the weak acidic anions (Carbonates and Bicarbonates). Piper trilinear diagram classified 90 % of the samples from the study area under Na+- K+ - Cl- - SO42- type and only 10 % samples under Ca2+- Mg2+- Cl--SO42- type. the Piper plots highlighted that the groundwater is dominant of Na–Cl type and the water types originating from halite dissolution (saline) in the study area. Also, correlation matrix showed that 95%, 100%, 65%, 75%, 65% and 55% of the examined groundwaters exhibit higher concentration of Sodium, Ammonium, Calcium, Electrical Conductivity EC, Chloride, and Nitrate respectively than the maximum acceptable limit of the Moroccan’s standards for drinking water. PCA suggests a significant mutual positive correlation between two main groups of parameters (EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, HCO3- and Cl-) and (pH, NH4+, SO42-, and NO3-). The output of PCA analysis is in confirmation with that of the Piper trilinear diagram and the correlation matrix to identify the characteristics of the samples and aid to comprehend their spatial distribution.

Hydrochemical characterization of shallow and deep groundwater in Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi State, Sokoto Basin, Nigeria

Groundwater under Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi has been characterized in order to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation use. Water samples were drawn from shallow groundwater (hand-dug shallow wells < 5 m) and deep groundwater (boreholes > 40 m). Physical parameters (i.e., temperature, TDS, pH, and EC), were determined in situ, using handheld meters. Discrete water samples were obtained for determination of chemical parameters. Results from several-sample ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis test) suggested that heterogeneity in water table appeared to exert significant influence on groundwater chemistry which is characterized by a significant difference in pH, EC TH, Na+, Zn2+, Mg2+, PO43−, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, and NO3− concentrations. Also, ions including Fe3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Na+, PO43−, and SO42− are above World Health Organization (2011) and National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (2007) reference guidelines. Most of the groundwater sources are moderately hard. Groundwater classification based on chloride, EC, and TDS revealed water of excellent quality for all types of uses. However, groundwater classification based on nitrate pollution revealed water of poor quality. Rock mineral is the major mechanism controlling water chemistry, as revealed by the Gibbs model. Most of the water sources have positive Scholler index, indicative of overall base exchange reactions in the underlying aquifers. Such condition was well explained by Piper trilinear diagram, which revealed two types of faces: Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl. The HCA categorized wells into three groups according to their hydrogeochemical physiognomies. Despite the significant difference in ions concentration and chemical indices, groundwater composition is more influenced by rock weathering than anthropogenic inputs. Groundwater evaluation for irrigation use indicates a significant difference in SAR level which is related to poor permeability index in shallow groundwater. Higher values of Kelly’s index and magnesium adsorption ratio threatened groundwater suitability for irrigation use in the study area.

Hydrochemical properties and groundwater quality evaluation in Suzhou City, lower Yangtze Delta, China

Detailed study of the chemical analysis results of 49 groundwater samples collected from the region’s second confined aquifer were carried out in an attempt to identify the samples’ hydrochemical properties and to assess the quality and usability of groundwater in Suzhou city, China. The results revealed that sodium, calcium and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in the groundwater samples. Na-HCO3, mixed Na-Ca-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, and Na-Cl type were the four major hydrochemical facies identified by a Piper Trilinear diagram. It was observed that the concentration of ammonia and nitrite in most of the samples in study area exceeded the permissible limit values prescribed by the national (China) and international (WHO) drinking water guidelines. Anthropogenic activities have been shown to be largely responsible for groundwater contamination. Scatter diagrams and factor analysis suggest that natural weathering processes, along with anthropogenic activities, control the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. On the basis of the analytical results of the 49 groundwater samples as compared to water quality standards, it was found that majority of groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking or for industrial uses directly. Toxic metals and high levels of ions must be removed to render the groundwater suitable for drinking and industrial purposes. However, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium percentage (Na%) values indicate that most of groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation purposes.

Hydrochemistry and Arsenic Contamination of Shallow Aquifers in Bidyananda and Nazimkhan Unions, Rajarhat Upazilla, Kurigram, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT In this study, the spatial distribution and hydrochemistry of arsenic (As) in shallow alluvial aquifers of Bidyananda and Nazimkhan Union of Rajarhat opazilla, Kurigram district of Bangladesh have been evaluated. Nineteen groundwater samples (depth: 10 to 50 m) were collected from the studied area for physical and chemical analysis. Based on analytical data of chemical analysis, a Piper trilinear diagram have been prepared which revealed that the groundwater of the studied area is Ca-HCO3 type, where Ca is the dominant metal. Physical data and permeability index values indicate good quality of the groundwater for drinking and irrigation. The concentrations of Fe, Mn and As in almost all samples exceed the WHO and Bangladesh national standard indicating significant pollutions. Groundwater As concentrations in the aquifer (10–50 m of depth) ranged from &amp;lt;0.005 to 0.323 mgL-1 and geochemical conditions changed from oxidized to successively more reduced, higher As concentrations with depth. Correlation studies revealed a good correlation between As and Mn (R2=0.20) in groundwater implying that natural reductive dissolution of MnO(OH) and FeO(OH) may be responsible for As release into the groundwater. However, a poor correlation between As and Fe (R2 = 0.0084) in groundwater is probably due to the precipitation of dissolved Fe and Mn as siderite (FeCO3) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3), respectively, under reducing conditions. The poor correlations among dissolved As, Fe and SO42- concentrations (As vs. SO42- R2 = 0.0674; Fe vs. SO42-, R2=0.1542) in groundwater suggest that pyrite/sulfide oxidation is not the dominant process for As release. A high concentration of As, Fe and Mn indicate that the natural reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides is probably the dominant process for As mobilization in the groundwater of the studied area.

Groundwater as an alternative source to irregular surface water in the O'Kiep area, Namaqualand, South Africa

Water insecurity is a growing concern globally and the role of groundwater and aquifers in buffering the effects of climate variability and change is increasingly acknowledged due to extended periods of drought in arid regions. Water security can only be fully realised with a more robust understanding of groundwater as a water resource, especially in the O'Kiep area which is in Namaqualand, South Africa. Results of analyses of groundwater samples (n = 8) indicated that pH values met acceptable standards for drinking, while the total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) were however not within the recommended limits. The chemical composition of the groundwater indicated Eh values −34.1 to −87.2 mV, indicative of reducing geochemical conditions with the most abundant ions being Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, F-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+. Furthermore, some of the ions were not within the guidelines, i.e. Cl−, SO42+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, but all the potential toxic elements, namely: Al, S, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni, Se, V, Zn and CN, were within acceptable values for drinking groundwater as recommended by the SANS241-1 (2015) and WHO (2011). Hydrogeochemical characteristics of the water indicated that the continuous consumption of the groundwater without pretreatment might result in possible human health risk as the Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) confirmed that the groundwater quality could be classified as being of moderate concern. Furthermore, the hydrogeochemical indices (CaCO3/Cl and Mg/Ca) and cationic exchange values indicated that the aquifer is of inland origin while the piper trilinear diagram revealed that the groundwater type in the area is categorised as sodium – potassium – chloride – sulphate- (Na–K–Cl–SO4), carbonate – chloride – sulphate- (CaCO3–Cl–SO4) and sodium – chloride (Na–Cl) type water. Additionally, the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values up to 11.7 indicated that the groundwater is brackish and its excessive usage may have undesirable effect on plant growth. Therefore, this study recommends the consideration of suitable measures to improve the GWQI for the benefit of the community which have access to limited water resources.

Spatial interpolation approach-based appraisal of groundwater quality of arid regions

Abstract The primary objective was appraisal of groundwater quality during pre- and post-monsoon seasons for irrigation purposes. Good quality groundwater is required for high crop yields in arid regions. A total of 45 samples were collected from wells and analyzed in the laboratory for this research work. Different water quality parameters were determined from these samples, namely electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium percent (Na%), and permeability index (PI) during the pre- and post-monsoon season. The water types were identified through a Piper-trilinear diagram. Fifty per cent of the water samples of the total basin area fall under the saline category. The local farmers heavily rely on groundwater for the irrigation of crops. Excess use of groundwater for irrigation raises soil salinity. Some parts of the study area are facing serious problems such as loss of crop yields, and low availability of good quality groundwater even for drinking purposes. The results highlight that the study area has a high salinity content (C3) and low sodium (S1). The maps for different water quality parameters were generated using inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method in ArcGIS 10.3 software.

Research on Piper-PCA-Bayes-LOOCV discrimination model of water inrush source in mines

The occurrence of mine water inrush constantly threatens the safety production of coal mines and causes serious financial losses in China. Existing water inrush source identification methods do not consider the mixing effect of aquifers and the complexity of discrimination indexes. To identify water inrush rapidly and accurately, an identification model that combines water chemistry and multivariate statistical methods is proposed. The Piper trilinear diagram was used to screen 48 water samples taken from a water inrush aquifer in a mining area. Forty-two typical water samples that represent the water inrush aquifers were obtained. They were selected as training samples with discrimination indexes (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na++K+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract three principal indexes. Then, with these indexes taken as factors of Bayesian discrimination, we established a model for determining the source of water bursting in Pingdingshan Mine. Finally, the prejudgment classification stability of the constructed model was evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), which reports 95.2% overall classification accuracy. The constructed model was used to obtain a prognosis of 10 samples collected from Pingdingshan Mine, and it reported one misjudgment on one sample. In addition to comparing the prediction results with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and gray relational degree model, results indicate that the constructed Piper-PCA-Bayes-LOOCV discrimination model of the water inrush source in mines can increase the recognition accuracy effectively, thus guaranteeing the safety production of mines.

Assessing groundwater quality and health risks of fluoride pollution in the Shasler Vagu (SV) watershed of Nalgonda, India

The principal objectives of this study were to evaluate groundwater quality and human health risks of fluoride contamination in Shasler Vagu (SV) watershed of Nalgonda district, India. For this purpose, 107 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed various physcio-chemical parameters including fluoride, and Gibbs diagrams, Hill–Piper trilinear diagram, and groundwater quality index (GWQI) were applied to understand the groundwater chemistry and its suitability for drinking purpose. In addition to this, non-carcinogenic health risks of high fluoride intake were also evaluated using the US Environmental Protection Agency model for adults and children in the study region. Groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by HCO3−-Ca2+-Mg2+ and Na+-HCO3− type, and rock weathering. Assessment of GWQI indicates that 76% of groundwater sources in the study region have poor quality for drinking uses. Results reveal that fluoride concentration ranged from 1.4 to 5.9 mg/L in the groundwater samples, which was significantly higher than the recommended limit of 1.5 mg/L for drinking uses. Results of hazard quotient (HQ) estimates are in the ranges of 0.90–3.78 and 1.21–5.11 in adults and children populations of the study region, respectively. About 98% of adults and 100% of children population of SV watershed are at very high risks of chronic toxicity by excess fluoride intake.

Hydrogeochemistry and fluoride contamination in the hard rock terrain of central Telangana, India: analyses of its spatial distribution and health risk

Groundwater is the primary source for drinking uses in the hard rock terrain of central Telangana, India, where most of the people rely on it for daily uses. Therefore, this study was carried out to comprehend the fluoride contamination and its associated health risk assessment to local dwellers. For this study, 54 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells and hand pumps in the study region and were analysed for fluoride and other physicochemical parameters. The results indicated by statistical mean values of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ are 182.14, 59.79, 23.90 and 3.74 mg/L, respectively, while HCO32−, Cl−, SO42− and NO3− are 236.1, 230.8, 167.7 and 81.9 mg/L, respectively. The fluoride concentration ranged from 0.8 to 4.2 mg/L, with a mean of 2.21 mg/L. Eighty-one percent of the groundwater samples exceeded the World Health Organization’s water quality limit of 1.5 mg/L for fluoride. Piper trilinear diagram (PTD) signifies that groundwater quality in the study region is characterized by Na+–Cl−, Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl− and Na+–HCO3−–Cl− hydrochemical water types. Gibbs diagrams indicate that all the major ion chemistry of the groundwater in the study region is controlled by rock–water interactions, while evaporation plays a minor role. The health risk assessment results revealed that the associated hazard quotient (HQ) for the age range of 6 to 12 months within about 100% of the study area exceeded the acceptable HQ limits of 1. Furthermore, the HQ for age categories 6–11 years, 11–16 years and 16–18 years within 96.2, 68.5 and 50%, respectively, of the study locations were larger than 1. Results also indicate that age group 6 to 12 months was most prone to health risks in the study region. Therefore, in the study region, people should be taken necessary actions to abolish the groundwater contamination to protect the local dweller’s health.

Assessment of surface–groundwater interactions using hydrochemical and isotopic techniques in a coalmine watershed, NW China

The Kuye River is located in Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield which is the most important energy center in China. The region climate belongs to arid and semi-arid climate with vulnerable ecological environment. Groundwater dewatering for coal mining may cause stream flow reduction in the watershed. Therefore, the effects of coal mining on surface water–groundwater interactions are of great concern in the watershed. In this paper, descriptive statistical method, stable isotope measurements and Piper trilinear diagram are employed to analyze the interaction among river water, groundwater (both in wells used for drinking water and in mine water discharges) and rainwater. The chemical analysis of water samples shows that all the water sources are dominated by HCO3− as anions, by Ca2+ and Na+ as cations. River water has a chemical composition of the Na·Ca–HCO3·SO4 facies. The chemical composition of mine water discharges is similar to river water within the range of 5 km from the river course. Similarly, groundwater samples from drinking water wells that are less than 180 m deep and are located within 1 km of the river are similar to that of river water. Groundwater recharge analysis shows rainwater is the main source of drinking water recharge when drinking water wells are more than 180 m and also the main source for mine water discharge more than 5.5 km from the river course.

Hydrochemical Analysis and Fuzzy Logic Method for Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the North Chengdu Plain, China.

Groundwater is a major water resource in the North Chengdu Plain, China. The research objective is to determine the quality and suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes within the vicinity of a shallow, unconsolidated aquifer of Quaternary age. In this study, a detailed investigation was conducted to define the hydrochemical characteristics that control the quality of groundwater, based on traditional methods. Considering the uncertainties linked with water resources and the environmental complications, the fuzzy logic method was used in the determination of groundwater quality for more precise findings that support decision-making. To achieve such an objective, sixteen water quality guidelines were used to determine groundwater quality status in six selected wells. The results showed that the groundwater is neutral, very hard, and fresh in nature. Dominating cations and anions are in the order of Ca > Na > Mg > K and HCO > SO > Cl. The Piper trilinear diagram demonstrates that the hydrochemical facies of groundwater are mostly of Ca-HCO type. Statistical analysis denotes a positive correlation between most of the chemical parameters. The study took the results of the fuzzy logic evaluation method into consideration, to classify the samples into five groups according to the Chinese groundwater quality standard (GB/T 14848-93) for their suitability for domestic use. The results demonstrated that the quality of the groundwater samples is within grade II and III, and is suitable for drinking purposes. The comprehensive evaluation of groundwater quality is critical to aid sensitive policy decisions, and the proposed approach can guarantee reliable findings to that effect. The results of this study would also be helpful to future researches related to groundwater quality assessment.

Relationship between Soil Salinization and Groundwater Hydration in Yaoba Oasis, Northwest China

Precipitation is scarce and evaporation is intense in desert areas. Groundwater is used as the main water source to develop agriculture in the oases. However, the effects of using groundwater on the ecological environment elicit widespread public concern. This study investigated the relationship between soil salinity and groundwater characteristics in Yaoba Oasis through in situ experiments. The relationship of the mineral content, pH, and main ion content of groundwater with soil salt was quantitatively evaluated through a gray relational analysis. Four main results were obtained. First, the fresh water area with low total dissolved solid (TDS) was usually HCO3− or SO42− type water, and salt water was mostly Cl− and SO42−. The spatial distribution of main ions in groundwater during winter irrigation in November was basically consistent with that during spring irrigation in June. However, the spatial distribution of TDS differed in the two seasons. Second, soil salinization in the study area was severe, and the salinization rate reached 72.7%. In this work, the spatial variability of soil salinization had a relatively large value, and the values in spring were greater than those in autumn. Third, the soil in the irrigated area had a high salt content, and the salt ion content of surface soil was higher than that of subsoil. A piper trilinear diagram revealed that Ca2+ and K+ + Na+ were the main cations. SO42−, Cl−, and HCO3− were the main anions, and salinization soil mainly contained SO42−. Fourth, the changes in soil salt and ion contents in the 0–10 cm soil layer were approximately similar to those of irrigation water quality, both of which showed an increasing trend. The correlation of surface soil salinity with the salinity of groundwater and its chemical components was high. In summary, this study identified the progress of irrigation water quality in soil salinization and provided a scientific basis for improving the oasis ecosystem, maintaining the healthy development of agriculture, managing oasis water resources, and policy development. Our findings can serve as a reference for other, similar oasis research.

Geochemical mobility of ions in groundwater from the tropical western coast of Maharashtra, India: implication to groundwater quality

Groundwater quantity and quality are equally important for the sustainable management of water resources in coastal parts of the world. Therefore, it is essential to study the geochemical mobility of ions in groundwater and their spatial variation in western coastal part of Maharashtra, India. A total of sixty-five (65) groundwater samples were collected from different dug and bore wells and spring samples and subjected to physicochemical analysis using standard methods of APHA. The analytical results inferred that groundwater is acidic to alkaline in nature. The order of abundance of ions in the groundwater samples is Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO4−2>NO3− > F−. The piper trilinear diagram reveals that the ground water is of Ca-HCO3 and mixed Ca–Cl-HCO3 types. Gibbs diagrams indicate rock and precipitation dominance which is controlling the groundwater chemistry. As compared with World Health Organization drinking standards, groundwater is good for drinking; however, a few samples surpass the desirable limit of pH, HCO3 and F. Similarly, suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose is also studied using USSL diagram, SAR and %Na and it was found that all groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purpose, showing good to excellent quality. Conversely, Kelley’s ratio suggests that 78.47% of water samples are unsuitable for irrigation. Multiple linear regressions model is used for predicting the fluoride content and confirming the efficiency of the proposed model based on R (0.72) and RMSE (0.035) values. Furthermore, correlation analysis, cluster and principal component analysis were performed to find the significant parameters that influence groundwater chemistry. The cluster analysis explored that all the parameters are associated with EC and PCA which shows four factors are found to be significant which influenced groundwater chemistry.

Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater quality in parts of the Hindon River basin, Ghaziabad, India: implications for domestic and irrigation purposes

The present study confers the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigational purposes. Most of the population depends on groundwater for their daily needs especially for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes. For this reason, total seventy-two groundwater samples have been collected from different parts of Ghaziabad district for the pre- and post-monsoon in the year 2016 and analyzed for water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, bicarbonate (HCO3−), carbonate (CO32−), chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−), fluoride (F−), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+). Results show that the water samples of the study area are generally hard to very hard and slightly acidic to alkaline in nature. Results also suggest that chloride (Cl−) ions dominate over SO42− ions, whereas HCO3− ions dominate over Cl− and SO42− in the studied groundwater samples during the pre- and post-monsoon periods. The Piper trilinear diagram of groundwater shows that dominant facies is Na+–HCO3− type in both the monsoon periods. The nitrate concentration in the groundwater samples varies from 22 to 293 mg/l in the pre-monsoon, of which 83% of groundwater samples are not recommended for drinking with reference to the concentration of nitrate. Base-exchange indices classified 89% and 11% of the water sources as the Na-HCO3 type and Na-SO4 during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. According to the meteoric genesis indices, 89% and 11% of the water sources as shallow meteoric water percolation and deep meteoric water percolation type during the pre- and post-monsoon periods, respectively. Furthermore, most of the groundwater samples are found mainly influenced by rock dominance according to Gibbs diagram plots.