Extract Of Piper Sarmentosum Research Articles

Effects of mixed extract from two tropical plants on gut microbiome and metabolome in piglets.

In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of 12 compounds derived from Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) and guava leaf extract(GE). In addition, we investigated the effects of mixed extract (ME) of PSE and GE (1:1) on piglets' gut microbiome and metabolome. A total of 200 piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire, 21-day-old) were randomly assigned into two groups with five replicates of 20 piglets/pen having the same initial body weight. Piglets were fed a basal diet supplemented with ME at 0 (T0) or 200 mg/kg (T1) for 3 weeks. The quantitation results by ultraperformance liquid chromatography linked to triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry showed that vitexin 2-O-rhamnoside and pellitorine were the greatest abundant among six compounds detected in the PSE. In addition, quercetin, isoquercitrinand avicularin were found to be the richest of all detected compounds in the GE. Findings on experimental animals indicated that three differential metabolites, comprising L-alanine, sarcosineand dihydrofolic acid, in T1 compared with T0 groups, have exactly opposite levels trends in serum and faeces. Moreover, two metabolic pathways (i.e., urea cycle and glutamate metabolism) differed significantly in the serum and faeces of piglets between T0 and T1 (p < 0.05). At the same time, T1 had significantly higher relative abundances of Agathobacter and Alloprevotella than T0 at genus level (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the genus Agathobacter correlated positively with carbamoyl phosphate (p < 0.01) and oxoglutaric acid (p < 0.05), and negatively with succinic acid (p < 0.01) and ornithine (p < 0.05). These four differential metabolites were also involved in the urea cycle and/or glutamate metabolism pathways. The results here indicated that the tested plant extract mixture represents a worthy feed additive with obvious antioxidative properties.

Influence of Piper sarmentosum Aqueous Extract on the Expression of Osteocalcin in Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporotic Rats

Secondary osteoporosis is mainly caused by prolong used of glucocorticoid treatment. The Piper sarmentosum leaf aqueous extract was found to exhibit bone formatting osteocalcin activity against Dexamethasone induced osteoporotic rats. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into four groups - G1: Sham-operated control group given intramuscular (IM) olive oil as vehicle and normal saline orally as vehicle; G2: Adrenalectomized (Adrx) control group given IM dexamethasone (DEX) (120 μg/kg/day) and normal saline orally as vehicle; G3: Adrx group given IM DEX (120 μg/kg/day) and aqueous extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves (125 mg/kg/day) orally; and G4: Adrx group given IM DEX (120 μg/kg/day) and glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) (120 mg/kg/day) orally. Immunohistochemical method with gold labelling was used to label the osteocalcin protein. Silver brightener was used, sprinkled on gold with a size of 5 nm so that the resulting image can be seen more clearly using a light microscope. The osteocalcin protein was measured quantitatively based on nomenclature report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Committee (American Society for Bone Mineral Research). The activity shown by immunohisto-gold expression and localization of osteocalcin was comparable with the reference, glycyrrhizic acid, a potent inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme in RANKL-OPG pathway. As a conclusion, Piper sarmentosum may one day be utilized as an alternate treatment for individuals receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy to prevent osteoporosis, therefore osteoporotic fractures.

In Vitro and in Vivo Assays of Selected Plant Extracts Against Fruit Rot Fungi

Post-harvest losses of crops in Malaysia is estimated at around 20%. Fungal infection is one of the primary causes of post-harvest loss in fruits. The common use of synthetic fungicide to combat fruit rot fungi poses negative impacts on human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of selected plant species as a safer alternative for post-harvest treatment. Ethanolic leaf extracts of Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratus were tested against Fusarium oxysporum from tomato rot, Fusarium proliferatum from banana rot, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from mango rot. In vitro analysis was conducted using poisoned food bioassay and the percentage inhibitions of Fusarium oxysporum growth were 93.50% by Piper sarmentosumextract, 46.68% by Psidium guajavaextract, and 40.48% by Cymbopogon citratus extract. A test on a different fungus, Fusarium proliferatum, showed that Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratusextracts displayed percentage inhibitions of 88.78%, 36.66%, and 22.44%, respectively. In vitro test on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed that Piper sarmentosum extract inhibited the fungal growth by 96.23%, while Cymbopogon citratus and Psidium guajava extract inhibited the fungal growth by 52.62% and 52.22%, respectively. The mechanism of action of these extracts appeared to be fungistatic. Piper sarmentosum was selected for further analysis by in vivo assay as it displayed the most significant anti-fungal action. The study was conducted using Piper sarmentosumleaf extract of various concentrations (25, 50, 50, and 100 mg/mL). The leaf extract displayed dose-dependent activity, with the highest reduction in disease severity observed at concentration of 100 mg/mL. The findings showed the potential use of Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract as anti-fungal agent for post-harvest treatment to minimize fruit loss. Piper sarmentosum leaf extract showed comparable inhibitory action to commercial fungicide carbendazim.

Antagonistic Activity of Oroxylin A against Fusarium graminearum and Its Inhibitory Effect on Zearalenone Production.

Fusarium graminearum produces zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin that is widely found in food and feed products and is toxic to humans and livestock. Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) inhibits F. graminearum, and Oroxylin A appears to be a major antifungal compound in PSE. The aim of this study is to quantify the Oroxylin A content in PSE using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and to investigate the antagonistic activity of Oroxylin A against F. graminearum and its inhibitory effect on ZEA production. The results indicate that Oroxylin A inhibits both fungal growth and ZEA production in a dose-dependent manner. Oroxylin A treatment downregulated the mRNA expression of zearalenone biosynthesis protein 1 (ZEB1) and zearalenone biosynthesis protein 2 (ZEB2). The metabolomics analysis of F. graminearum mycelia indicated that the level of ribose 5-phosphate (R5P) deceased (p < 0.05) after Oroxylin A treatment (64-128 ng/mL). Moreover, as the Oroxylin A treatment content increased from 64 to 128 ng/mL, the levels of cis-aconitate (p < 0.05) and fumarate (p < 0.01) were upregulated successively. A correlation analysis further showed that the decreased R5P level was positively correlated with ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression, while the increased cis-aconitate and fumarate levels were negatively correlated with ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. These findings demonstrate the potential of Oroxylin A as a natural agent to control toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxin.

The Influence of Piper sarmentosum Extract on Growth Performance, Intestinal Barrier Function, and Metabolism of Growing Chickens.

In the poultry industry, there is an urgent need to evaluate and introduce natural, effective, and safe alternatives for synthetic antibiotics, which have been banned in most countries. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) on the growth performance, intestinal barrier function, and metabolism of growing chickens. A total of 400 seven-day-old female chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, each of which consisted of five replicates and twenty birds each. The four experimental treatments were fed a basal diet containing 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg PSE/kg (BC, PSE1, PSE2, and PSE3 groups), respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed that dietary supplementation with PSE had no significant effects on the final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and the ratio of ADFI to ADG (F/G) (p > 0.05). Compared with the BC group, dietary supplementation with 200-300 mg/kg PSE increased the villus height in the jejunum and ileum of chickens (p < 0.05). The PSE-treated groups significantly increased the mRNA expression of Occludin, ZO-1, and Claudin-1 in the ileal mucosa of chickens (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant decrease in ileal TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expression (p < 0.05) and a significant increase in IL-22 (p < 0.05) were observed in the PSE2 treatment compared to the BC group. Additionally, three gut metabolites (i.e., citrate, isocitrate, and spermine) showed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05) and were involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the transfer of acetyl groups into mitochondria, and spermidine and spermine biosynthesis, respectively. In conclusion, the findings obtained here indicate that supplemental PSE can enhance the anti-inflammatory capacity and intestinal mucosal barrier function of chickens.

Cytotoxic and Osteoblast Differentiation Induction Properties of Crude Polar Extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves

Piper sarmentosum or ‘kaduk’ is a well-known herb plant in Malaysia. Its extracts were found to exhibit a bone-protective effect against osteoporotic rats. Our study aim is to morphologically observe the effect of P. sarmentosum ethyl acetate extract on the differentiation of human peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) into osteoblasts. P. sarmentosum extracts (1-900 µg/mL) prepared using 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used in the cytotoxicity assay. Then, the differentiation assay was performed using concentrations of 1-50 µg/mL. The untreated cells acted as the negative control, while the cells cultured in 50 µg/mL ascorbic acid and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate was a positive control. The cytotoxicity effect and proliferation capacity of the cells were analyzed using Trypan Blue exclusion method, while the differentiation of PBSCs was observed using von Kossa staining and ALP gene expression analysis. The result showed a decrease in cells’ viability in a dose-dependent manner during cytotoxicity assay. After 14 days of the differentiation, a constant rate of proliferation could be observed in the treated cells and positive control, while the untreated cells showed an increase in proliferation. The mineralization of extract-treated cells showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05) as compared to the negative control. The expression of ALP was also upregulated on day 14 of differentiation compared to day 0. In conclusion, the extract was capable to induce osteoblast differentiation of human peripheral blood stem cell and potential to be used in tissue regeneration

Osteogenic Potential and Bioactive Profiles of Piper sarmentosum Ethanolic Extract-Treated Stem Cells.

Piper sarmentosum is a well-known traditional herbal plant in various diseases treatments. Multiple scientific studies have also reported various biological activities exhibited by the plant's extract, such as antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic and antihyperglycemic activities, and, in addition, a bone protective effect in ovariectomized rats has been reported. However, no known Piper sarmentosum extract is involved in osteoblast differentiation using stem cells. Our study aims to identify the potential of P. sarmentosum ethanolic extract to induce osteoblast differentiation of human peripheral blood stem cells. Prior to the assay, the proliferation ability of the cells was observed for 14 days and the presence of hematopoietic stem cells in the culture was determined by the expression of SLAMF1 and CD34 genes. During the differentiation assay, the cells were treated with P. sarmentosum ethanolic extract for 14 days. Osteoblast differentiation was examined using an (alkaline phosphatase) ALP assay, by monitoring the expression of osteogenic gene markers and by von Kossa staining. The untreated cells served as the negative control, while cells treated with 50 µg/mL ascorbic acid and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate acted as the positive control. Finally, the determination of the compound profile was performed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The isolated cells were able to proliferate for 14 days during the proliferation assay. The expression of hematopoietic stem cell markers was also upregulated during the 14 days assay. Following the differentiation induction, the ALP activity exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05) from day 3 of the differentiation assay. A molecular analysis also showed that the osteogenic markers ALP, RUNX2, OPN and OCN were upregulated compared to the positive control. The presence of mineralized cells with a brownish-stained morphology was observed, indicating the mineralization process increased in a time-dependent manner regardless of the concentration used. There were 54 compounds observed in the GC-MS analysis, including β-asarones, carvacrol and phytol, which have been shown to possess osteoinductive capacities. Our results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of P. sarmentosum can induce osteoblast differentiation of peripheral blood stem cells. The extract contains potent compounds which can potentially induce the differentiation of bone cells, i.e., osteoblasts.

Antifungal activity and metabolomics analysis of Piper sarmentosum extracts against Fusarium graminearum.

Fusarium graminearum is a toxic fungus that affects food and feed crops. Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) is a potential source of anti-mildew natural products for the food and feed industry due to its various pharmacological properties. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal activity and untargeted metabolomics analysis of PSE against F. graminearum. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the mycelium growth rate method. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of PSE was performed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that PSE (1 and 2 mg ml-1) possesses inhibitory activity against F. graminearum, and a total of 17 compounds that including 8 alkaloids, 3 phenols, 3 lipids, and 3 organic acids might be the antifungal markers in PSE. Metabolomics analysis further revealed that PSE could significantly increase the levels of guanosine, guanine, adenosine, and L-isoleucine in fungi, which are related to purine and L-isoleucine metabolic pathways. PSE is a promising anti-mildew agent that inhibits the growth of F. graminearum in food and feed. PSE (1 and 2 mg ml-1) may exert antifungal properties by inhibiting fungal purine nucleotide synthesis and enhancing the level of L-isoleucine compared with the control groups.

Piper sarmentosum Roxb. methanolic extract prevents stress-induced gastric ulcer by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation.

This study investigated the gastroprotective effect of Piper sarmentosum (PS) on stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats by measuring its effect on oxidative stress, gastric mucosal nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory biomarkers. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups; two control groups (non-stress and stress) and two treated groups supplemented with either methanolic PS extract (500mg/kg body weight) or omeprazole (OMZ; 20mg/kg) orally. After 28days of treatment, the stress control, PS, and OMZ groups were subjected to water-immersion restrain stress (WIRS) for 3.5h. Gastric tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, superoxide dismutase (SOD), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), SOD mRNA, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured. WIRS significantly increased gastric MDA, NO, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to the non-stressed control group. PS and omeprazole supplementation significantly reduced WIRS-exposure-induced gastric ulcers and MDA, iNOS, and IL-1β levels. However, only PS reduced NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, which were upregulated in this ulcer model. In conclusion, the gastroprotection afforded by PS is possibly mediated by gastric mucosal NO normalization through reduced iNOS expression and attenuation of inflammatory cytokines. PS showed a greater protective effect than omeprazole in reducing gastric lesions and NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, and iNOS expression.

Comparative antibacterial activities of Garcinia cowa and Piper sarmentosum extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with studying on disc diffusion assay, material characterizations, and batch experiments

Using extracted plants is an attractive option because they consist of good chemical properties against different types of bacteria, and the idea of a form modification in beads may conveniently apply to the disinfection of wastewater systems. Garcinia cowa and Piper sarmentosum leaves were extracted for the synthesis of bead materials and studied material characterizations. A disc diffusion assay, batch experiments, adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and desorption experiments were studied for investigating the bacteria removal efficiencies of materials. G. cowa and P. sarmentosum leaves were prepared in powder (GCP and PSP), ethanol extracted (EGC and EPS), and synthesized bead materials (GCB and PSB). GCB had a higher surface area than PSB whereas the particle size and pore size were smaller than PSB. GCP and PSP had heterogeneous cracking surfaces whereas GCB and PSB had sphere-shaped and rough surfaces. Carbon (C), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), and functional groups of O–H, C–H, N–H, C–O, and C–Cl were found in GCP, PSP, GCB, and PSB. Both extracted and beaded materials demonstrated high antibacterial activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by a disc diffusion assay, and GCB demonstrated high bacteria removals on both bacteria types by almost 100% by batch experiments. Freundlich isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model are good fit models for explaining the adsorption pattern and mechanism of GCB related to a physiochemical adsorption and chemisorption mechanism. Moreover, GCB could reuse more than 3 cycles, so it is possible to use GCB for disinfection in a wastewater treatment system.

Antidiabetic Effect of Piper Sarmentosum: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine, metabolic syndrome and has reached pandemic proportions worldwide. The multifactorial pathology results in the patient to including lifelong drug therapy for treatment. Alternative medicines such as traditional remedies using plant herbs to treat various diseases are common in most countries. Piper sarmentosum extracts have been as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. The plant has abundant phytochemical properties such as alkaloids and flavonoids exhibiting pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic effects, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. This paper aims to appraise the data into a comprehensive systematic review on the antidiabetic effect of P. sarmentosum and it’s potential in managing DM. Methods: This systematic review used the PRISMA method with searches in three electronic databases such as SCOPUS, PUBMED and WEB OF SCIENCE in November 2021. Six articles were included based on the inclusion criteria. Results: The results showed a hypoglycaemic effect in induced diabetic models. Piper sarmentosum extracts significantly reduces fasting blood glucose and reduces the risk of diabetes complications related to renal and cardiovascular system. In summary, a promising result regarding antidiabetic activity was found. Conclusion: This finding suggests that this plant has the potential to be used as an alternative therapy or pair along with other medications to treat DM.

Dietary supplementation with Piper sarmentosum extract on gut health of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella.

To explore the potential alternative of anti-coccidials, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of dietary Piper sarmentosum extract (PSE) on induced coccidia infection in chickens. A total of 96-day-old chickens were randomly distributed to 1 of 3 treatment groups, including (1) control negative untreated uninfected (CN), (2) control positive untreated infected (CP), and (3) Piper sarmentosum (P. sarmentosum) extract-treated infected group (PSE). Our results demonstrated that E. tenella challenged untreated group showed a reduction (P < 0.05) in post-infection (PI) body weight compared to control negative group. However, supplementation of P. sarmentosum extract had no significant effects on body weight and cecal lesions compared with control positive group. Infected chickens fed PSE diet decreased (P < 0.05) the bloody diarrhea scores and oocyst shedding (during the day 5 to 8 post-infection) than that of CP chickens. E. tenella-challenged chickens upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of IL-8 and Bcl-2 compared to PSE chickens, while IFN-γ compared to CN chickens. On the other hand, treatment of P. sarmentosum extract tended to increase (P < 0.05) the transcription patterns of IL-4, IL-10, CLDN 1, SOD 1, and Bax with the comparison of control positive group; however, there were no significant effects on IL-8, ZO 1, and CAT expression between the PSE and CP groups. Collectively, these findings elaborated that dietary P. sarmentosum extract exhibit potential anti-coccidial effects in controlling the coccidia infection in chickens.

Anti-acanthamoebic activity of methanolic extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves

Aims: Piper sarmentosum or locally known as Kaduk, is a tropical herb plant that was investigated for its phenolic content by previous researchers. The present study aimed at the analysis of crude methanolic extract of P. sarmentosum leaves for phenolic compounds identification and its anti-amoebic properties against pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii. Methodology and results: Folin-Ciocalteu assay was used to determine P. sarmentosum leaves methanolic extract (PSLME)’s total phenolic content (TPC). The extract was further characterized by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses to determine the chemical constituents in methanolic PSLME extract. The cytotoxicity of the extract was evaluated through the determination of inhibition concentration for half of cell population (IC50) of pathogenic A. castellanii followed by cell morphological analysis using inverted light and scanning electron microscopies. Acridine-orange/Propidium iodide (AOPI) staining was also conducted to determine the integrity of cell membrane for quantitative analysis. The results demonstrated that the TPC from PSLME was 142.72 mg [GAE]/g with a total of 33 phenolic compounds identified. The IC50 value obtained for A. castellanii was low (74.64 μg/mL) which indicates promising anti-acanthamoebic activity. Microscopy analyses showed that the plant extract caused cells encystment, in which exhibited by distinctive morphological changes on the cells shape and organelle, as well as shortening of acanthopodia. The dual staining and its quantitative analysis prove compromised membrane integrity in the treated amoeba. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This finding provides the evidence that PSLME contains active phenolic compounds contributing to the anti-acanthamoebic activity on pathogenic Acanthamoeba species.

Formulation and Antimicrobial Screening of Piper sarmentosum Cream against Staphylococcus aureus

Piper sarmentosum, known as ‘kaduk’ has been traditionally used in different parts of the world to cure many diseases and ailments. It contains alkaloids and has been reported to possess many pharmacological properties like anti-cancer, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-tuberculosis, antioxidant, and antimalarial. This study aimed to evaluate the formulation of P. sarmentosum cream and exploring the antimicrobial properties in different types of cream formulation before in vivo study. The leaves extract of P. sarmentosum was obtained from the cold-soaked methanolic extraction method, evaporated, and dried to produce the powdered extract. Then, it was diluted into four different concentrations, 25% w/v, 50% w/v, 75% w/v, and 100% w/v for Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial screening. Based on the S. aureus antimicrobial screening, four types of creams were formulated (Cream A: cream base without Piper sarmentosum extract; Cream B: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) only; Cream C: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) with parabens preservatives; Cream D: Piper sarmentosum extract (5%) with vitamin E) and evaluated for their physical appearance, pH, stability study, and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. As a result, 100% w/v concentration of the P. sarmentosum extract showed the highest result in the zone of inhibition (5.50 mm ± 0.03) towards S. aureus and was selected for cream formulation. In evaluating their physical appearance, all formulated creams showed high homogeneity and consistency with no phase separation and pH between 7.2 – 8.0 ± 0.07. On stability study, all creams with three different temperatures of 4°C, 27°C, and 37°C for 30 days show no colour changes, high homogeneity, and consistency with any phase separation. The results of antimicrobial screening for all formulated creams, show that Cream D has the highest zone of inhibition towards S. aureus (5.53 mm ± 0.25), followed by Cream C (4.43 mm ± 0.13). In conclusion, P. sarmentosum cream formulation showed high stability properties and possessed anti-microbial properties suggesting its potentials for wound healing cream.

CORRELATION BETWEEN TPC AND TFC WITH ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Piper sarmentosum EXTRACT AND ITS FORMULATION FOR COSMETIC PURPOSES

This study investigates the characteristics of an antioxidant cream made from the methanol extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves, which is locally known as the wild betel or pokok kadok in Malay. The secondary metabolites of the leaves were subjected to phytochemical tests to detect the presence of natural compounds. Antioxidant activity was described by its total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), which was assessed by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. A phase diagram was constructed to find a possible region to formulate an antioxidant cream. In phytochemical screening, the methanolic extract showed positive presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and tannins. In quantitative analysis of antioxidative components, besides having significantly higher TFC content compared with quercetin (P&lt;0.0001), the extract of P. sarmentosum leaves also displayed high phytochemical content and was proven to be an efficient free radical scavenger and reducing agent compared with ascorbic acid (p=0.0121). It was observed that the phytochemical compounds in the leaf extract like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and tannins were the major contributors of antioxidant activity. The leaf extract was also a suitable ingredient to produce a cream with good spreadability, homogeneity, consistency, appearance and pH.

Non-mutagenic and genotoxic effects of water extract of Piper sarmentosum using Ames and micronucleus assay

Non-mutagenic and genotoxic effects of water extract of Piper sarmentosum using Ames and micronucleus assay

The Role of Piper sarmentosum Aqueous Extract as a Bone Protective Agent, a Histomorphometric Study.

Glucocorticoids are one of the causes of secondary osteoporosis. The aqueous extract of Piper sarmentosum contains flavonoids that possess antioxidant effects. In this study, we determined the effects of aqueous Piper sarmentosum leaf extract on structural, dynamic and static histomorphometric changes from osteoporotic bones of rats induced with glucocorticoids. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into four groups—Sham control group given vehicles (intramuscular (IM) olive oil and oral normal saline); AC: Adrenalectomised (Adrx) control group given IM dexamethasone (DEX) (120 μg/kg/day) and vehicle (oral normal saline); AP: Adrx group administered IM DEX (120 μg/kg/day) and aqueous Piper sarmentosum leaf extract (125 mg/kg/day) orally; and AG: Adrx group administered IM DEX (120 μg/kg/day) and oral glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) (120 mg/kg/day). Histomorphometric measurements showed that the bone volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, osteoid and osteoblast surfaces, double-labelled trabecular surface, mineralizing surface and bone formation rate of rats given aqueous Piper sarmentosum leaf extract were significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas the trabecular separation and osteoclast surface were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). This study suggests that aqueous Piper sarmentosum leaf extract was able to prevent bone loss in prolonged glucocorticoid therapy. Thus, Piper sarmentosum has the potential to be used as an alternative medicine against osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in patients undergoing long-term glucocorticoid therapy.

The effects of Piper sarmentosum aqueous extracts on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and caudal fin tissue regeneration

In Malaysia, Piper sarmentosum or ‘kaduk’ is commonly used in traditional medicines. However, its biological effects including in vivo embryonic toxicity and tissue regenerative properties are relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicities and caudal fin tissue regeneration in the presence of P. sarmentosum aqueous extracts. The phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of the extract were studied using GC–MS analysis and DPPH assay, respectively. Embryo toxicity tests involving survival, heartbeat, and morphological analyses were conducted to determine P. sarmentosum extract toxicity (0–60 µg/mL); concentrations of 0–400 µg/mL of the extract were used to study tissue regeneration in the zebrafish caudal fin. The extract contained several phytochemicals with antioxidant activity and exhibited DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 50.56 mg/mL). Embryo toxicity assays showed that a concentration of 60 μg/mL showed the highest rates of lethality regardless of exposure time. Slower embryogenesis was observed at 40 µg/mL, with non-viable embryos first detected at 50 µg/mL. Extracts showed significant differences (p < 0.01) for tissue regeneration at all concentrations when compared to non-treated samples. In conclusion, Piper sarmentosum extracts accelerated tissue regeneration, and extract concentrations at 60 µg/mL showed the highest toxicity levels for embryo viability.

POTENSI EKSTRAK DAUN KARUK (Piper sarmentosum) SEBAGAI INSEKTISIDA NABATI HAMA ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera litura)

The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of the leaf extract of Piper sarmentosum on mortality and damage levels by pest armyworm (Spodoptera litura). This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pakuan University, Bogor. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD), with four levels of extract concentration, that is 0% as control, 30%, 40% and 50%. Each treatment was repeated four times. The variables measured were mortality rates, the extent of damage the leaves, and larval growth. A concentration of EDK 50% showed activity in killing the armyworm by 38%. The lowest level of damage is 5%, with an average growth rate to its lowest larvae by 0.8 cm with the provision of treatment EDK 50%, and the higest level of damage is 75% by a concetration of EDK 30% treatments.

Development of plant-based emulsion formulations to control bacterial leaf blight and sheath brown rot of rice

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and sheath brown rot (SBR), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, respectively, are bacterial diseases that lead to substantial yield losses in rice. Natural plant-based products represent a sustainable alternative to combat bacterial diseases due to their biodegradability and overall safety. However efficient ways of delivering them are crucial to their success. In an attempt to maximize the antibacterial properties of botanical bactericides for the control of these pathogens, this study evaluated the efficiency of different emulsion formulations of Piper sarmentosum extracts. The emulsion formulations were demonstrated to be effective in controlling BLB and SBR of rice in in vitro plate assays and in planta under glasshouse conditions. The observed in vitro inhibition of the bacterial pathogens and significant disease suppression in planta indicate that these plant extract formulations represent promising alternatives to be adopted in management strategies for controlling rice diseases.