Abstract
In Malaysia, Piper sarmentosum or ‘kaduk’ is commonly used in traditional medicines. However, its biological effects including in vivo embryonic toxicity and tissue regenerative properties are relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicities and caudal fin tissue regeneration in the presence of P. sarmentosum aqueous extracts. The phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of the extract were studied using GC–MS analysis and DPPH assay, respectively. Embryo toxicity tests involving survival, heartbeat, and morphological analyses were conducted to determine P. sarmentosum extract toxicity (0–60 µg/mL); concentrations of 0–400 µg/mL of the extract were used to study tissue regeneration in the zebrafish caudal fin. The extract contained several phytochemicals with antioxidant activity and exhibited DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 50.56 mg/mL). Embryo toxicity assays showed that a concentration of 60 μg/mL showed the highest rates of lethality regardless of exposure time. Slower embryogenesis was observed at 40 µg/mL, with non-viable embryos first detected at 50 µg/mL. Extracts showed significant differences (p < 0.01) for tissue regeneration at all concentrations when compared to non-treated samples. In conclusion, Piper sarmentosum extracts accelerated tissue regeneration, and extract concentrations at 60 µg/mL showed the highest toxicity levels for embryo viability.
Highlights
In Malaysia, Piper sarmentosum or ‘kaduk’ is commonly used in traditional medicines
Toxicity tests and tissue regeneration capacities of P. sarmentosum aqueous extracts were performed to investigate the safety of this extract towards zebrafish at two different stages of life, embryo and adult, as a model for humans
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the aqueous extract of P. sarmentosum (Fig. 1) showed 13 peaks which indicated the presence of 13 phytochemical constituents
Summary
In Malaysia, Piper sarmentosum or ‘kaduk’ is commonly used in traditional medicines. its biological effects including in vivo embryonic toxicity and tissue regenerative properties are relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicities and caudal fin tissue regeneration in the presence of P. sarmentosum aqueous extracts. The in vivo toxicity effects of P. sarmentosum extracts on zebrafish embryos (vertebrate model), and its regenerative potential in tissues regeneration at early and adult stages have not yet been reported. Zebrafish was used in this study as a vertebrate model to investigate the effects of P. sarmentosum extracts during embryo developmental stages and adult tissue regeneration. Toxicity tests and tissue regeneration capacities of P. sarmentosum aqueous extracts were performed to investigate the safety of this extract towards zebrafish at two different stages of life, embryo and adult, as a model for humans. The generated results can be used as references for further human safety consumption
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