Pipe Line Research Articles

A novel parallel constrained extended Kalman filter for improving navigation algorithm – case study: gas pipeline

In many real navigation problems, moving objects may have some state or measurement constraints along their way. Using these constraints in conventional Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) equations results large matrices which are computationally time-consuming. In this paper, a new Constrained Navigation Filter (CNF) is proposed as a parallel to reduce the computational burden of the conventional EKF algorithm while increasing the positioning accuracy. So a methodology has been developed for Strap-down Inertial Navigation System (SINS) based on MEMS IMU applied on Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) to sense data at constant sampling rate of 108 km of the pipeline. The results verified that using such a hybrid approach has improved positional accuracy 8.97% in comparison with that of the latest methods like EKF/ Pipe Line Junctions (PLJ). Also, the proposed method is 2.277 times better than EKF/PLJ in the algorithm runtime.

Factors affecting extended avalanche destructions on long-distance gas pipe lines: Review

Avalanche destructions in long-distance gas pipe lines are of great importance in the uninterrupted transport of commercial gas on an international and national scale in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the study, an analysis of pipe line accidents showed that such incidents can lead to large casualties and cause enormous economic damage. The statistics of damages in pipe line transport showed that a significant part of accidents occur due to corrosion of the pipe material, concentration of stresses and structural defects, as well as due to external actions. In the work, all these reasons were analyzed and, as a solution for localization or control of avalanche destructions, the authors proposed the prestressing method, which has been studied by the authors for a long time in various problems. As the review showed, the solution of such a problem has an international and national scale, which undoubtedly emphasizes the relevance of the direction. The purpose of this article is to study and fill the gap in the issue of the features of the propagation of destructions in long-distance gas pipe lines and the development of sound methods and techniques for assessing the resistance of pipes to destructions.

Study on the impact of ovality defect on structural stability of CIPP liner of drainage pipeline

Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) is a trenchless pipeline rehabilitation technology commonly used for repairing underground municipal pipes. It effectively, safely, and environmentally friendly resolves drainage pipe leakage and dripping issues by curing a new resin-impregnated liner inside the original pipe. However, in practical applications, ovality defects may occur in CIPP liners due to insufficient inflation, deformation of the original pipe, joint misalignment, and other problems. These defects have the potential to reduce the structural bearing capacity of the liners. To investigate the buckling mechanism of oval liner structures under external water pressure, two sets of OD 600 mm CIPP liner buckling tests were conducted. The critical buckling stress state and buckling mode characteristics exhibited similarities across liners with different initial ovalities. With an increase in the ovality defect of the liners from 0% to 5%, the critical buckling pressure decreased by 10.62%, while the maximum radial deformation displacement decreased by 62%. Existing models have shown an inability to accurately predict the buckling pressure of oval liners with an initial annular gap. Consequently, this study proposes an improved analytical solution for calculating the critical buckling pressure of liners with ovality imperfections under the influence of an annular gap, which aligns well with the experimental data. The conclusions drawn from this study provide substantial data support for ensuring the accuracy and safety of CIPP liner rehabilitation design.

Latest Developments in the Hardspot Inspection of heavy plates

Hard Spots are local areas with increased hardness on the surface of semi-finished or end products in steel manufacturing. The cause of these hard spots is attributed to effects in the casting or rolling process. In general, the occurrence of hard spots cannot be avoided completely in production of heavy plates. Therefore, in various current line-pipe specifications the topic ‘hard spots’ is discussed and there is actually a strong request for a suitable test method from end users as well as manufacturers of line pipes. The current presentation should give an update on the ongoing developments. Basis of all current approaches are electromagnetic inspection methods, based on the correspondence in between electrical and magnetic material properties and physical hardness. To be able to integrate an inspection into the production process, the so called rolling skin or mill scale, a thin surface layer of different iron oxides with different material properties to the base material, should not influence the inspection results. The inhomogeneities of this rolling skin, especially in conductivity and permeability, normally render standard eddy current inspection impossible. Additionally in the standard production process, the products were handled by large cranes, manipulating the plates by strong magnets. These magnets leave behind a significant residual magnetization. To overcome both problems the method uses a strong alternating magnetization to measure different resulting micro magnetic parameters. By combining these parameters, the mill scale as well as the residual magnetization effects can be minimized, so it gets possible to measure small local hardness variations on the plates. The presented paper describes the actual progress of the inspection method itself including the theoretical background as well as the calibration on artificial hard spots. Furthermore, an outlook will be given to the implementation in an automatic inline inspection system for plate mills.

Study on Bio-remediation of Oil Contaminated Sand

Abstract: The consumption of oil is getting raised day to day in our country. Its availability is limited to only a few countries. So, it has to be transported from such countries to other parts of the world. Leakage of oil occurs during drilling process and transportation through pipe lines. Due to this leakage the surrounding sand or water gets contaminated. Because of this, contamination sand is getting polluted and its engineering properties are altered. This study is carried out to determine the effects of crude oil contamination on the engineering properties of sea sand and to improve the properties of oil contaminated sea sand by the process Bioremediation. The soil samples are collected from Ganagalla Peta Beach, Andhra Pradesh. The samples are then artificially contaminated using crude oil in varying percentages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% for 2, 7 and 14 days. Sea sand is considered for this study. The laboratory tests such as direct shear, Standard proctor and chemical analysis was carried for both contaminated and bioremediated sand. As the bioremediation improves the shear strength of the soil, it is carried out for contaminated sand by using bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as it removing hydrocarbons from the contaminated sand. The Engineering properties of bioremediated sand are compared with contaminated sand

Study on the Wear Performance of Polyethylene Inner Lining Pipe under Different Load and Mineralization Conditions

This study conducted pin disc friction and wear performance tests on polyethylene-lined oil pipes and four types of centralizing materials (45# steel, nylon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and surface alloy coating) in oil fields. The friction coefficient and wear rate were tested, and the wear mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three-dimensional confocal microscopy. Using a combination of experimental testing analysis and theoretical research, a comprehensive evaluation of the current wellbore centering and anti-wear technology for oil was conducted. The experimental results indicate that the usage limit of polyethylene-lined oil pipes is 400 N, and compared to metal oil pipe materials, the wear rate of both stabilizing material and tubing material is lower, indicating that it has a certain service life. From the perspective of testing load, taking into account the factors of friction coefficient and wear rate, the recommended sequence of straightening material for polyethylene lined oil pipes is (1) surface alloy coating, (2) nylon, (3) PTFE, and (4) 45# steel.

A Location-Allocation Model with Obstacle and Capacity Constraints for the Layout Optimization of a Subsea Transmission Network with Line-Shaped Conduction Structures

The idea of this paper comes from the need for a practical layout design for the subsea pipe line network and the power transmission network of offshore wind farms with subsea cables, which are both subsea transmission networks with line-shaped conduction structures. In this paper, this practical need is treated as an location-allocation problem, with the objective of minimizing the total cost, and a mixed-integer linear programming model (MILP) for layout optimization is developed. Through the model, the locations of service centers and theit corresponding sizes, the allocations between customers and service centers, as well as the transmission routes can all be figured out. This work makes two key contributions. First, facilities’ capacity restrictions and the avoidance of subsea obstacles are both integrated, making the description of the layout closer to practical situations. Secondly, a “global to local” search process based on the Delaunay triangulation method is constructed to solve the model, resulting in a high-quality solution. An offshore field layout design scenario is taken as a case study, through which the validity, feasibility, and stability of the proposed model, as well as the solution strategy, are presented. Furthermore, in the case study, the effect of the manifold number on the layout optimization is analyzed, indicating the flexibility of the model’s applications.

Reducing heat losses from aging district heating pipes by using cured-in-place pipe liners

Reducing heat losses from aging district heating pipes by using cured-in-place pipe liners

Service-lines as major contributor to water quality deterioration at customer ends

Biofilm detachment contributes to water quality deterioration. However, the contributions of biofilm detachment from different pipes have not been quantified or compared. Following the introduction of partial reverse osmosis (RO) in drinking water production, this study analyzed particles at customers’ ends and tracked their origins to water distribution mains and service lines. For doing so, filter bags were installed in front of water meters to capture upstream detached particles, while biofilm from water main and service line were sampled by cutting pipe specimens. The results showed that elemental concentrations of the biofilm in mains were higher than those of service lines (54.3–268.5 vs. 27.1–44.4 μg/cm2), both dominated by Ca. Differently, filter bags were dominated by Fe/Mn (77.5–98.1%). After introducing RO, Ca significantly decreased in biofilms of mains but not service lines, but the released Fe/Mn rather than Ca arrived at customers’ ends. The ATP concentrations of service lines were higher than mains, which decreased on mains but increased in service lines after introducing RO. For the core ASVs, 13/24 were shared by service lines (17), mains (21), and filter bags (17), which were assigned mainly to Nitrospira spp., Methylomagnum spp., Methylocytis spp., and IheB2–23 spp. According to source tracking results, service lines contributed more than mains to the particulate material collected by filter bags (57.6 ± 13.2% vs. 13.0 ± 11.6%). To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the first evidence of service lines’ direct and quantitative contributions to potential water quality deterioration at customers’ ends. This highlights the need for the appropriate management of long-neglected service line pipes, e.g., regarding material selection, length optimization, and proper regulation.

Numerical Study on Mechanical Properties of Corroded Concrete Pipes before and after Cured-in-Place-Pipe Rehabilitation

Cured-In-Place-Pipe (CIPP) rehabilitation technology is widely utilized in pipeline rehabilitation projects and has exhibited favorable results. Nevertheless, the mechanical characteristics of pipelines after CIPP rehabilitation and the effectiveness of CIPP rehabilitation in repairing these mechanical characteristics remain unknown. To address these issues, a three-dimensional numerical model of a corroded concrete pipe before and after CIPP rehabilitation was established in the present study. To authenticate the accuracy of the numerical model, the numerical simulation data were compared with the full-scale test data from prior research, and the comparison outcomes show that the numerical model formulated in this study is reasonable and reliable. To appraise the repair effectiveness of CIPP rehabilitation, the mechanical properties of a corroded pipe, a CIPP-repaired pipe, and a normal pipe under traffic load were computed and compared, and the comparison outcomes demonstrate that the stress in the pipe bell, stress in the pipe spigot, vertical displacement of the pipe crown, and vertical displacement of the pipe invert were reduced by 39.8%, 16.7%, 24.7%, and 24.4%, respectively, after CIPP rehabilitation. Moreover, a series of three-dimensional numerical models were constructed to scrutinize the impacts of factors such as corrosion degree, corrosion angle, and traffic load on the mechanical properties of corroded pipelines before and after CIPP rehabilitation. The findings indicate that the stress on the pipe escalates with increasing corrosion degrees and diminishes with increasing corrosion angles; there are no noteworthy differences between the vertical displacement of the pipe and the von Mises stress of the CIPP liner for diverse corrosion degrees and corrosion angles; the amplification of the traffic load will augment the stress and displacement of the pipe and increase the rotation of the pipe, resulting in a significant upsurge in the stress of the CIPP liner at pipe joints. When the traffic load magnitude rises from 0.7 MPa to 1 MPa, the stress and displacement of the pipe and the von Mises stress of the CIPP liner were increased by 18.9%, 42.3%, and 42.1%, respectively.

Temperature Dependence of Mechanical Properties for Advanced Line Pipe Steels With Bainitic Microstructures

Temperature Dependence of Mechanical Properties for Advanced Line Pipe Steels With Bainitic Microstructures

Burst Pressure Solutions of Thin and Thick-Walled Cylindrical Vessels

Abstract Pressure vessels (PVs) are widely used in the energy industry. Accurate burst pressure is critical to structural design and safe operation for both thin and thick-walled PVs. The traditional strength theories utilized a single-parameter material property, such as the yield stress or the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) to develop failure models for determining the yield or ultimate pressure carrying capacity in the PV design. The UTS-based Barlow formula is a typical burst pressure model developed from the Tresca strength theory that provides the basis for developing regulation rules and failure models for different industry design codes, such as ASME BPVC, ASME B31.3, and ASME B31G, among others. In order to reduce the conservatism of the Tresca strength model, ASME BPVC recently adapted failure models developed from the von Mises strength theory for the PV design and analysis. It has been commonly accepted that the burst pressure of pipelines depends on the UTS and strain hardening exponent, n, of the pipeline steel. An average shear stress yield theory was thus developed, and the Zhu-Leis solution of burst pressure was obtained as a function of UTS and n for thin-walled line pipes. Experiments showed that the Zhu-Leis solution provides an accurate, reliable prediction of burst pressure for defect-free thin-walled pipes. In order to extend the Zhu–Leis solution to thick-walled cylindrical PVs, this paper defined three new flow stresses, modified the traditional strength theories, and obtained three new burst pressure solutions that are valid for both thin and thick-walled cylindrical vessels. The proposed flow stresses are able to describe the tensile strength and the plastic flow response of PVs for a strain hardening steel. The associated strength theories were then developed in terms of the Tresca, von Mises, and Zhu-Leis yield criteria. From these new strength theories, three burst pressure solutions were obtained for thick-walled cylinders, where the von Mises solution is an upper bound prediction, the Tresca solution is a lower bound prediction, and the Zhu-Leis solution is an intermediate prediction of burst pressure for thick-walled cylinders. Finally, the proposed burst pressure solutions were evaluated and validated by two large datasets of full-scale burst tests for thick-walled tubes and for thin-walled pipes.

Non-Destructive Detection of Pipe Line Cracks Using Ultra Wide Band Antenna with Machine Learning Algorithm

In this article, an Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna for the pipeline crack detection process is proposed. A UWB antenna has been designed with the dimension of 32 x 32 mm2 and it resonates from 3 GHz to 10.8 GHz. The designed antenna produces a peak gain of 4.36 dB. A pair of UWB antennas are employed in various pipeline scenarios and the received pulse from antenna 1 to antenna 2 is used for further processing and detection of pipeline cracks. Through the suitable machine learning data classifier algorithm the dimension of the crack has been detected. The various features such as mean, standard deviation (σ), mean average deviation (mad), skewness, and kurtosis have been extracted from the received pulse. Then the three different machine learning algorithms namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), and Naïve Bayse (NB) were trained and tested using extracted features, and the dimension of the void has been identified. Out of these three machine learning algorithms, kNN provides better accuracy and precision. It predicts the small cracks with 100% accuracy having a dimension as small as 1 mm width.

Statistical modelling and optimization of clad characteristics in SAW welding of SS-304

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a type of welding process having wide range of applications like in fabrication of pressure vessel, pipe line, off shore structures, oil industry, etc., because of its high melting efficiency, high production rate and automation. Weld input factors such as welding voltage, welding current, travel speed, nozzle to plate distance and electrode diameter have a significant impact on the standard of created weld bead. Response surface methodology is used in the present work to find out the influence of welding voltage, welding current and travel speed on weld bead geometry. Face centred central composite design technique of RSM is used for Design of Experiment. It has been discovered that weld bead width grows with higher welding voltage but there is decrease in weld bead height, with increase in welding current there is increase in both weld bead width and weld bead height also but when travel speed is increased there is decrease in both weld bead width and weld bead height. The genetic algorithm for minimization of both weld bead width and height is also done. The predicted results from the created mathematical model, optimized model and the related experimental result are in good agreement.

Using pipes from various materials for water supply pipe line network

Presents the analysis of data on Russian settlements water supply pipe line networks as of 2016-2022. All the settlements are divided into seven groups depending on the population size. For each group, the distribution of water supply line depending on the material of the pipes is established. The most widespread pipes are steel and cast-iron pipes, which have been widely used in the last 100 years. Schedules for the commissioning of water supply line from various materials by years have been constructed. Over the past 25 years, plastic pipes have become the most widely used. After 2010, they accounted for 86.5% of newly built water supply line, excluding data for Moscow and St. Petersburg. Information was collected on the timing of commissioning of individual sections of water supply line. The largest number of operating water supply pipe line networks were built in the period from 1980 to 1989. In general, in all settlements, the standard service life was exceeded for 40.8% of networks. The authors believe that there will be a significant increase in the number of plastic pipes in the total length of water supply pipe line networks in the next few years.

Analysis of bulge failure of steel wire-reinforced thermoplastic composite pipe

A steel wire-reinforced thermoplastic composite pipe (SRTP) was used for water injection connecting line pipe had caused bulge failure of the external surface after 6 years of service. Investigations were performed to identify the most probable causes of the pipe failures. The study was conducted by reviewing the background of the failure, visual physical inspection, test production process analysis, and thermal analysis. The results revealed that the failure of this pipe was mainly caused by scratch defects on the inner surface and the poor resin stability near the cracking site compared to its basal resin. It has scratch defects forming a crack source under the combined action of internal pressure, the resin matrix on the inner surface appears brittle cracking. Subsequently, the medium to be corroded after contacting with the metal wire, losing the pressure bearing effect, and finally forming a bulge on the outer surface under the action of low internal pressure.

Design of Subsea storage tanks for Arctic conditions - heat treatment of materials

The Arctic region contains a plethora of recoverable hydrocarbon wealth in the form of oil and gas in existing conventional wells and other undiscovered fields. The main challenges faced in the Arctic region are both environmental and operational. Some environmental challenges are low ambient temperature, winterization, severity and unpredictability of the weather. However, the issue of multi-phase flow in the current operation coupled with the decline of the reservoir pressure are the major concerns in this gas field. In the early stages of field life, the reservoir pressure is sufficient to allow the natural flow from reservoir formation to surface without additional supporting compression. Unfortunately, the pressure naturally declines throughout the entire life cycle of the field. To achieve a better production profile in the arctic region the idea is to implement a Subsea processing concept employing a Subsea Storage Tank (SST) in order to maximize production from additional infield wells, introducing a novel step in this field development phase that will change the entire oil and gas industry especially for subsea processing field architecture. The incorporation of SST in the subsea system will enhance the production rate as well as it avoids the transportation problems through pipe lines. By this work, the production rate is increased by 50% and decrease the oil spill accidents considerably.

A MINLP model for the layout design of subsea oil gathering - transportation system in deep water oil field considering avoidance of subsea obstacles and pipe intersections

This paper focuses on the layout design of subsea oil gathering-transportation system in deep water oil field. In such a system, subsea manifolds are applied to gather and transport the produced fluids from subsea wells to floating processing terminals. A mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is proposed, constrained by a series of operation and production requirements, aiming to minimize the total layout cost. Through the model, the pipe line network topology structure which reflects the allocations among the subsea wells, manifolds and processing terminals, the routes of pipes, as well as the size of the facilities could all be figured out. Two key contributions are made through this work. First, avoiding pipe intersections and subsea obstacles are integrated simultaneously, making the proposed model closer to practical situations. Second, a decomposition strategy based on Delaunay triangulation and gradient descent is constructed, achieving high quality initial solution and stable iteration process. The results of case studies indicate the validity, feasibility and stability of the proposed model and the solution method. Besides, the effect of manifold numbers on the layout optimization result is analyzed through the model, indicating its flexibility in the layout design analysis.

Pulmonary and neurological health effects associated with exposure to representative composite manufacturing emissions and corresponding alterations in circulating metabolite profiles.

Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technology is increasingly being utilized to repair aging and damaged pipes, however, there are concerns associated with the public health hazards of emissions. CIPP installation involves the manufacture of a new plastic composite pipe at the worksite and includes multiple variable components including resin material, curing methods, and operational conditions. We hypothesize styrene-based composite manufacturing emissions (CMEs) will induce greater pulmonary inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, as well as neurological toxicity compared with nonstyrene CMEs. Further, these CME-toxicological responses will be sex- and time-dependent. To test the hypothesis, representative CMEs were generated using a laboratory curing chamber and characterized using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and photoionization detector. Styrene was released during staying, isothermal curing, and cooling phases of the process and peaked during the cooling phase. Male and female C57BL6/J mice were utilized to examine alterations in pulmonary responses and neurotoxicity 1 day and 7 days following exposure to air (controls), nonstyrene-CMEs, or styrene-CMEs. Serum styrene metabolites were increased in mice exposed to styrene-CMEs. Metabolic and lipid profiling revealed alterations related to CIPP emissions that were resin-, time-, and sex-dependent. Exposure to styrene-CMEs resulted in an influx of lymphocytes in both sexes. Expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, including Tnfα, Vcam1, Ccl2, Cxcl2, Il6, Cxcl1, Tgfβ1, Tgmt2, and Hmox1, displayed alterations following exposure to emissions. These changes in pulmonary and neurological markers of toxicity were dependent on resin type, sex, and time. Overall, this study demonstrates resin-specific differences in representative CMEs and alterations in toxicity endpoints, which can potentially inform safer utilization of composite manufacturing processes.

Effect of Normalizing on Impact and Corrosion Resistance of Low-temperature Service Seamless Steel Pipe

The seamless line pipe, which has fine low temperature impact properties for Low-temperature Service and good H2S corrosion resistance, was investigated through chemical composition designing, optimizing smelting-rolling processes, and heat treatment processes following ASTM A333 standard. The influence of normalizing on the impact property and corrosion resistance was studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, mechanical test and corrosion test. It is demonstrated that the low temperature mechanical properties and anti-H2S corrosion properties of hot-rolled trial-pipe and normalized trial-pipe meet ASTM A333 standard. The microstructure of hot-rolled trial-pipe is pearlite and ferrite, and the grain distribution is uniform and grain size is fine. The dominated precipitates phase are TiN particles in hot-rolled trial-pipe. Ductile to brittle transition temperature is determined at -60 °C. The grain refinement is achieved after normalized and the main precipitates are TiN particles together with a few VN particles. Ductile tobrittle transition temperature was further lowered, at - 80 °C. The corrosion behavior of the material was examined by hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) corrosion test, sulfide stress corrosion (SSC) test and polarization test at various polarization scanning rates. It is observed that the anti-HIC corrosion performance and SSC corrosion resistance are similar for both hot-rolled and normalized pipes, but the performance of electrochemical corrosion of normalized pipe is better than hot-rolled pipe, which indicates that the normalized pipe is more suitable for demanding corrosive environments.