Pipe Connections Research Articles

Pengoptimalan Jaringan Pipa Primer PDAM Tirtanadi Cabang Tuasan Dengan Menggunakan Algoritma Kruskal

Kruskal's algorithm in searching for minimum spanning trees can be applied to pipelines installed at the location of PDAM Tirtanadi Tuasan where problem identification starts with the water discharge reaching the consumer is small but the discharge flowing from the reservoir is sufficient, so this research is used as a solution to this problem and also as an optimization of the clean water distribution network in the Tirtanadi Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) of the Tuasan Branch with the intention of cutting the direction of the pipe flow to overcome this problem. The data obtained from PDAM Tirtanadi Tuasan Branch is in the form of a floor plan and formed into a weighted graph. After the data is obtained, then it is calculated manually that the length of the installed water pipe is 32,645 m with 86 vertices and 100 edges, then the pipe length is represented as a set of paths and the pipe connection ends are represented as nodes. The pipe length obtained using Kruskal's algorithm and inspection of iterations using the QM for windows software is 22,095 m, with 86 vertices and 85 edges. So, using the Kruskal Algorithm and the help of the QM for windows software, the difference in pipe length obtained is 10,610 m.

Influence of tool geometry on reaction forces and strength of an inseparable joint produced on a prototype stand with the use of jaws

The present article describes a new and innovative method of producing an inseparable joint with the use of expansion jaws. The effect of jaw tool geometry on the reaction forces and ultimate strength of an inseparable joint formed on a prototype stand was analyzed. The results are also compared of joints produced by jaws with single movement method and with complex movement method. The tool responds with bending and pressing one part into the other, which results in their permanent connection. In the tests, differentiation was introduced with regard to the height of the applied force to the collar of the connection pipe. A novelty is also a solution based on a complex, parameterized trajectory of the stamp movement consisting of horizontal and vertical displacements. This paper presents the tests of the joints formed at the stand. The new approach described in this article has resulted in a joint strength increase of approximately 30% using the innovative complex jaw movement of the biaxial clinching process. A joint tensile strength close to 1000 N was achieved.

ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PRODUK GIBOULT MENGGUNAKAN METODE NEW SEVEN TOOLS DI PT ANEKA ADHILOGAM KARYA

ABSTRACT
 
 PT Aneka Adhilogam Karya is a company located on Jl. header Batur Jaya, Batur, Tegalrejo, Kec. Ceper, Kab. Klaten, Central Java 57465. The company is a metal casting industry manufacturing/manufacturing, specifically a manufacturer of pipe connection equipment for drinking water/pressurized similar fluids and a manufacturer of drainage system components. One of them is the Gibol product, the problem with this company is that there are still a large number of defective and rejected products during the production process. Based on data obtained from PT Aneka Adhilogam Karya, it shows that there are many product defects that occur, to be precise in 2022 with a total number of repairs of 121 defective products, namely in the kropos category, total defects 20, percentage of defects 16.53%, continuous total defects 34, percentage of total defects. defect 28.10%, incomplete defect 41 percentage of total defects 33.90%, total defect table 26 percentage of total defects 21.50%. With product defects that occur, quality control is needed, namely by using the New Seven Tools method. By using 7 (Seven) data processing steps including Affinity Diagrams, Ship Relationship Diagrams, Tree Diagrams, Matrix Diagrams, Matrix Data Analysis, Arrow Diagrams, and Process Decision Program Charts. Get some problems, namely in the category of human factors the operator does not work according to the SOP, the operator is negligent, lack of communication. The method categories are mold pattern design, metal material composition, smelting process, pouring process, inlet and riser channel arrangement. The environmental categories are flying dust, the noisy work area reaches 98 dB with a noise standard of 85 dB, the hot work area reaches 31°C - 35°C. The engine category is the occurrence of problems with the smelting machine, lack of machine maintenance. By doing data processing to get control results, namely by setting up machines, improving the performance of human resources and methods, improving the environment, maintaining machines, replacing tools with new ones, conducting operator training, adding blowers.
 Keryword: Product Defects, Gibol, Quality, New Seven Tools

Resonant Fatigue Tests on Drill Pipe Connections with Different Geometries and Sizes

In this study, a resonant bending fatigue test rig, designed and implemented by the University of Pisa, is presented, providing a detailed description of the set-up of the machine, the strain gauges calibrations, and the control system used with the main electronic devices. Several geometries of drill pipe connections and pipe samples made of different materials were tested, and all the obtained experimental fatigue results are presented in the paper and compared to previous experimental data. Fractographic images are provided to clearly show that, in two kinds of drill pipe connections, the crack initiation was found at the connection zone, whereas for another connection geometry, it was found at the pipe body. In order to interpret these latter results, a discussion about the section modulus of bending of the various sections of the drill pipes was provided, along with an FE model of a specific zone of one of these connections.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ADDING A SUPPORT SLEEVE TO A SIX-BOLT STEEL CIRCULAR PIPE CONNECTION CLIP ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

In this study, the effect of adding a support sleeve for a pipe connection with 6 bolts of equivalent distance was investigated. The research was carried out with a package program that is widely used in finite element analysis. The lip geometry used for bolts and connection has been simplified for ease of analysis. As a material, steel with standard features was used in the models and static analyses were made. Factors that the connection may encounter most in operating conditions; The axial tension between the pipes, the internal pressure within the pipe and the bending effect with an applied moment were investigated. In addition, the pre-loading condition applicable to the bolts was applied as displacement to all 6 bolts for tensile condition and to 3 bolts subjected to tension for bending condition. In the results, the connection region was determined as the region where the stresses were concentrated under all different loading conditions and it was seen that the applied support sleeve did not show any benefit in reducing the stresses. It was determined that the preload applied to the bolts increased the stresses. Preloading only had a limited positive effect on the bending behaviour.

Use of NEWS and MMM technologies for diagnostics of NPP components

The paper provides information on the results of the R&D projects of the Research Centre Rez carried out between 2019 and 2022 for the Technological Agency of the Czech Republic as part of the "Perspective Diagnostic Methods" projects. In the first part of this paper, the development of the use of NEWS technology for the detection of cracks in pipelines is described. Results from development on half-pipe and pipe test pieces are presented, as well as results from measurements on the main circulation pipeline and connection pipes up to the first shut-off fitting at NPP Temelín. The method of certification and verification of the methodology is also described. The second part of this paper describes the development of the use of MMM technology to detect the state of tightening of bolts of flange joints. The development focused on determining the dependence of the tension in the bolt and the values obtained by the MMM method, determining the influence of the measurement location for the MMM method on the assessment of the condition of the flange joint, and determining the sensitivity of the method to unsatisfactory flange conditions such as undertightened bolts, overtightened bolts etc. is described. At the end, implementation plans are presented, either for specific applications at the NPP or in a subsequent R&D project.

Comparison and integration of simulation models for horizontal connection pipes in geothermal bore fields

The heat transfer along horizontal connection pipes in geothermal bore fields can have significant effects and should not be neglected. As practical and design-related applications require simple and efficient models, we investigate suitability of different models for the first time within this context. Three ground and three pipe models of different complexity are studied. All model combinations are coupled with a fixed ground load boundary condition on one side and a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) model on the other side. Models are tested under a variety of realistic conditions to evaluate performance. The investigations show that all investigated pipe models are equally suitable for the application. For the ground models, the horizontal finite line source model and the numerical 2D model produce identical results for homogeneous ground properties. The soil resistance model neglects the temperature accumulation in the ground and thus leads to considerable deviations and should be avoided. Based on the findings, we propose a computationally efficient approach using a novel combination of established simple steady-state models for the BHE and connection pipes. In the selected example scenario, the consideration of a 30 m connection pipe attached to the BHE leads to an increase in the BHE load by 40% for the heating case and a reduction in the BHE load by 5% for the cooling case.

A modified analytical model for predicting seismic behaviors of unanchored liquid storage tanks

Large-scale liquid storage tanks, which are generally constructed unanchored, would suffer from severe damages subjected to intensive earthquakes, e.g., uplift, shell buckling and piping connection fracture, or even failure. This paper aims to develop a modified analytical model for performance assessment of large-scale unanchored storage tanks subjected to earthquakes, with a special focus on the effect of the uplift behavior. The stiffness of the rotational spring at the base of the analytical model was derived from an artificial neural network (ANN) on the spring resistance function. For this purpose, finite element (FE) models of unanchored storage tanks for static analysis were first verified by using experimental and numerical results from literature. Subsequently, the static analysis was performed on a large-scale unanchored storage tank to obtain the spring resistance function, i.e., the overturning moment – uplift height relationship, and a parametric analysis was further developed. Accordingly, a database consisted of 324 FE models was generated to establish the ANN and the spring resistance function was consequently derived. Responses of the large-scale storage tank under different earthquakes obtained from the modified model were compared with the numerical simulation result and reasonable accuracy with deviations of −24% and − 14% on the peak uplift height and peak base shear force was witnessed, respectively.

Development of a Versatile and Reversible Multi-Stack Solid Oxide Cell System Towards Operation Strategies Optimization

Solid oxide cell technology is currently experiencing a rapid industrialization phase. To investigate operational strategy, CEA/LITEN has designed and constructed its first multi-stack reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) module. While it is able to host four of CEA’s standard 25-cell stacks, the present work reports on preliminary validation results obtained in a 2-stack configuration. Thermal losses have been quantified and identified. While the hotbox is showing high performances, the overall losses increased twofold when taking into account pass-through piping and current connections. Module fluid distribution was verified to be homogeneous, and does not affect nominal stack operation. A durability test of more than 2 kh is presented. Over the first 1.1 kh, the stacks behavior was compared to that of a stack previously operated on a test bench. The remarkable similarities indicate adequate control of the module. Finally, a detailed analysis of the recorded efficiency was conducted.

Direct discharge of sewage to natural water through illicitly connected urban stormwater systems: An overlooked source of dissolved organic matter

The illicit connection of sewage pipes to stormwater pipes commonly occurs in urban stormwater systems. This brings problems that sewage might be directly discharges into natural water and even drinking water sources without treatment, posing risks to ecological safety. Sewage contains various unknown dissolved organic matter (DOM), which could react with disinfectants and lead to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Thus, understanding the impacts of illicit connections on downstream water quality is of significance. This study firstly investigated the characteristics of DOM using fluorescence spectroscopy and the formation of DBPs after chlorination in an urban stormwater drainage system in the case of illicit connections. The results found that the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen ranged from 2.6 to 14.9 mg/L and from 1.8 to 12.6 mg/L, respectively, with the highest levels occurring at the illicit connection points. Concerning DBP precursors, pipe illicit connections introduced considerable precursors of highly toxic haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles into the stormwater pipes. Furthermore, illicit connections introduced more contents of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like aromatic proteins, which may be related to foods, nutrients, personal care products, etc. in the untreated sewage. This indicated that the urban stormwater drainage system was a significant input source of DOM and DBP precursors to natural water. The results of this study are of great significance for protecting the security of water sources and promoting the sustainability of urban water environment.

ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF PIPE ADAPTER FOR CARS

It is shown that the responsible parts of each vehicle are tubular connecting lines, which are included into the braking, fuel and exhaust systems of cars. These pipelines have high requirements for reliability, vibration resistance, strength, corrosion resistance and durability. These parts are used as expanders and connecting elements when transitioning from a smaller pipeline diameter to a larger one. The paper presents studies of the operation of distributing the end of the pipe blank with a rigid punch. In the process of distribution, the acting tangential stresses lead to a decrease in the thickness of the edge section of the workpiece. This entails a decrease in the reliability of this area during operation and a decrease in its maintainability and corrosion resistance. Also, to ensure the tightness of pipe connections, threads are cut or these areas are welded together in the specified areas of the workpieces. Therefore, an important design feature of tubular diffusers is the same wall thickness throughout the cross-section of the semi-finished product. To solve the problem of increasing the thickness of the semi-finished product after distribution, an asymmetric tool is proposed. The task was solved in the finite-element formulation using a special complex of 3D modeling Simulia Abaqus – student edition. The pipe blank was represented as a deformable solid, while the punch was modeled as a completely rigid discrete solid. The construction method for both models is "revolution". According to finite element modeling, dispensing with a conical asymmetric tool has advantages from the point of view of increasing the thickness of the end zone of the pipe bell. The thickness of the part increases by 22.5% from a thickness of 1.77 mm for the classic version of distribution, to 1.82 mm – for distribution with an asymmetric tool. To reduce the thinning of the wall after distributing the pipe blank, it is recommended to use an asymmetric punch. To obtain a symmetrical pipe socket, it is necessary to make two dispensing transitions with a 180° rotation of the blank or punch

Effect of combination of explosion venting and chemical barrier on starch explosion suppression in a large scale connected vessels

The explosion of starch poses a potential threat to the process safety of food and energy enterprises in product processing and storage. To control explosion, a 5 m3 columnar tank with a 10 m long connecting pipe at one end and a 700 mm diameter explosion vent at the other end was built as an experimental device. Combined controlled explosion experiments were conducted using a rupture disc with a static activation pressure of 10 kPa and a chemical barrier containing ABC powder with nitrogen as the driving gas to investigate the pressure and flame change characteristics inside the vessel and piping. The experimental results show that the maximum explosion pressure in the connected vessel without explosion venting is 41.21kPa and the maximum pressure rise rate is 5.20 bar/s. Explosion venting reduces the maximum explosion pressure and pressure rise rate in the vessel by 52.31 % and 21.92 %, respectively, and reduces the flame propagation speed in the pipeline, so that the chemical barrier device can effectively isolate the flame when the installation distance is more than 6 m. The N2 and ABC dry powder two-phase explosion suppressant produced an effective inhibition effect through the physical effects of oxygen insulation, heat absorption, and thermal transmission weakening, as well as the chemical effect of eliminating explosive radicals. The explosion venting provides an initial defense by releasing any remaining pressure and heat of the explosion, while the chemical barrier provides a secondary layer of protection by extinguishing the flame and suppressing the explosion in the pipe to prevent further damage. This combination can greatly reduce the risk of equipment damage, injuries, and fatalities caused by explosions in industrial settings.

ANALISIS PENGARUH VARIASI SUDUT SAMBUNGAN BELOKAN PIPA TERHADAP PRESSURE DROP ALIRAN PIPA

In the water distribution process, whether in industry or housing, there are usually pipe bends. Every pressure pipe that flows the fluid must experience a head loss or energy loss. The amount of this loss is influenced by several factors, including: diameter, inlet and outflow, viscosity, and the angle of the arch pipe connection. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in connection points at pipe bends on energy losses and pressure drops. To do this, the research uses experiments with several types of turns according to the conditions that occur in the field. The results showed that the pressure drop was influenced by the water discharge and the head loss of the pipe flow. At the 45obend connection, the largest pressure drop is at node 10, which is 0.7052 bar. While at the 30o turn connection, the biggest pressure loss is at node 11 with a value of 8.5948 bar. And the last turning connection, with a turning angle of 60o, loses pressure of 0.0042 bar

Analysis on Load Capacity of Grouted Ducts Connected Precast Piers under Action of Bi-directional Compression and Bending

In order to improve the accuracy of the calculation method of the bearing capacity of the prefabricated pier connected by the grouting bellows, the calculation formula of the ultimate bearing capacity of assembled bridge piers with grouting corrugated pipe connection under the action of bi-directional compression and bending is deduced. Firstly, the quasi-static testing of cast-in-place piers and prefabricated piers under unidirectional and bi-directional loading are introduced, the ultimate bearing capacities are compared. Secondly, according to the arrangement position of the neutral axis and the static force balance relationship, the calculation formulas of the ultimate bearing capacity in two directions under the action of constant axial force are deduced. Finally, the calculation formulas of derivation were verified by the experimental results, and the calculated yield surfaces of the prefabricated piers with grouting corrugated pipe connection under different axial forces are established. The results show that the experimental results are relatively close to the numerical calculation results, the average error does not exceed 10%, and the P-Mx-My three-dimensional yield surface provided a relatively simple and quick method for the cross-sectional safety verification of precast segmental piers with Grouting Corrugated Pipe Connection.

Analisis Penentuan Kedalaman Penanaman Pipa Flowline Untuk Mencegah Terjadinya Upheaval Buckling

A force inside a pipe drains fluid from wells producing oil and natural gas. When the power works exceed the pipe's maximum resistance limit, it will cause deformation in the line. This research aimed to evaluate the height of the trench to determine the threshold of tremendous friction force working on the pipe to withstand the axial force, which can cause upheaval buckling. The method used is the calculation of stress analysis. The line of 12 inches measured its style and voltage was planted in the trench with l.5 meters high and 3 meters wide and the soil density of 14.70kN/m3. The data used in the calculation were the design pressure, the outside diameter of the pipe, the minimum melting point of the line, the design factor, the factor of pipe connections, the derating factor, the modulus young, the thermal expansion coefficient, the pipe installation temperature, the maximum operating temperature, the Poisson ratio, the internal pipe pressure, the sectional area of the inner pipe, the pipe cross-sectional area, the depth of pipe planting, the trench width, the value of pipe nondimension, and the soil density of flowline area. The analysis result indicated that the friction force is 356,025.71N/m, and the axial force is 44,927.35N/m. These results showed that the friction force working on the pipe could withstand the axial force working. The cost of making the trench can still be decreased by reducing the height of the track to l m. The excellent friction force in the channel with a size of lm is 252,501.92N/m, where the value is still more significant than the axial force. In conclusion, the friction force working with the trench lm high can still hold the axial force working on the pipe.

Lateral ground movement effects near a joint of MDPE gas distribution pipes

Buried medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) pipes are widely used for gas distribution systems in Canada and worldwide. When exposed to geotechnical hazards such as ground movements, these pipes can experience excessive distresses, leading to leaking or failure. This research investigates the effects of ground movement near a tee connection of MDPE gas distribution pipes. If the ground movement is parallel to a branch, the branch pipe experiences an axial force, and the main pipe experiences bending deformation/strains. The axial forces and the wall strains were investigated in this study using full-scale laboratory tests. Test results showed that the axial force on the branch and strains on the main pipe depend on the burial depth, backfill soil density, and the pipe diameter due to the effects on the shearing resistance of the soil. The soil shearing resistance was less for shallow buried pipes, resulting in a lower axial force in the branch but higher bending strain in the main pipe. The axial pullout resistance of the main pipe also contributed to the wall strains of this laterally loaded pipe at large displacements. The conventional beam-on-elastic foundation solution reasonably estimated the pipe wall strains within the linear range of deformations. Nonlinear analyses, including lateral and axial soil springs, are recommended to capture the nonlinear responses at large displacements.

Numerical study of oscillation characteristics in T-shaped cryogenic helium tube

Thermoacoustic oscillations generally exist in combustion devices and cryogenic systems, causing system instability and other problems. The actual cryogenic system has complex pipe connections, however, there are few studies on the thermoacoustic oscillation of complex structures, which brings challenges to suppressing thermoacoustic instability. Therefore, this study focuses on the T-shaped helium tube existing in the actual cryogenic system and explores the oscillation characteristics of the complex cryogenic thermoacoustic system. With the change of branch position and length, mode transition phenomenon appears. We obtained the effects of the branch position and length on the amplitude and frequency of each mode and found that the self-excited oscillation in the T-shaped tube could be suppressed to some extent by choosing the proper length and position of the branch tube. Further research found that the first mode of the oscillating pressure in the main and branch tube was in-phase synchronized, and the second mode was antiphase synchronized. By linking the flow direction with the oscillation mode, it is found that the first mode corresponds to the first flow direction, and the second mode corresponds to the second or third flow direction. The finding is valuable for understanding thermoacoustic oscillations in T-tubes and provides a reference for controlling the self-excited oscillation of complex cryogenic systems.

Accuracy of Thread Profile Depends on the Lathe Tool Angle of Inclination. Theoretical Investigation

Among threaded connections of large sizes, tapered thread pipe connections are especially often used, which are a very important part of drill strings. The efficiency of the drill strings largely depends on the accuracy of the tool-joint tapered thread. The production of such joints is implemented on lathes, with the help of tools that have a carbid insert. To ensure high performance, such inserts are recommended to be installed not parallel to the axis of the thread, but at the lead angle of thread. However, the profile of the insert itself is equal to the profile of the thread, and therefore it is important to have a theoretical predictive calculation of the probable influence of the angular setting of the carbide insert on the accuracy of the thread. Based on a detailed consideration of the geometry of the mutual placement of the plate and the tapered thread and the kinematic features of the process, an algorithm for predictive calculation of the accuracy of the thread is created. The result shows that only one of the parameters of the cutting edge really depends on the angle of inclination of the cutting edge - it is its profile. The deviation can reach 7% of the tolerance on the semi-profile angle.

Multiannuli Solution Uses Intelligent Pipe for Real-Time Monitoring

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 211546, “Intelligent Pipe: A Multiannuli Monitoring Solution,” by Francois-Xavier Bulard, Vallourec; Emmanuel Tavernier, OpenField Technology; and Lucas Kling, Vallourec. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ The authors describe a multiannular monitoring solution that measures pressure and temperature for each well annulus. These key parameters are captured by sensors based on microelectromechanical-system technology. A transmission methodology is used that allows power supply and data retrieval even for annuli beyond the B annulus. All electronic elements of the solution will be qualified through an international recommendation protocol [Advanced Well Equipment Standards (AWES)] that consists of a series of mechanical and long-term tests to ensure that the system will survive for 20 years at 125°C. The solution could be used in all storage applications, especially those related to the energy transition. Introduction The initial goal of the intelligent-pipe solution was to add functionality to tubulars by embedding miniaturized sensors into the pipe body. The secondary objective was to monitor the pipe’s environment to properly characterize well loads and compare them to its strength resistance. The main application of the solution was then to monitor annulus conditions in real time during the whole life of the well and to anticipate any leakage or annular-pressure-buildup issue that could not be monitored currently on subsea wells. A tubular design was developed to incorporate pressure and temperature sensors without affecting the integrity of the pipe. The design was verified by a testing protocol performed by an in-house testing laboratory. This protocol consisted, first, of finite-element analysis (FEA) performed on different tubular designs with the objective of optimizing the different shapes of the grooves created to incorporate the sensors. The second steps included physical tests performed on a specimen inside test frames that confirmed that the tubular integrity was not affected after several pressure and axial load cycles, even when applying maximum pipe-resistance loads. This mechanical test qualification demonstrated that the monitoring mandrel was able to withstand the constraints observed in a well. The qualification level achieved was the same as that achieved on the premium pipe connection. Much of the complete paper is dedicated to the development of the permanent solution; this synopsis focuses on the system’s pilot deployment and its global system qualification. First Deployment in a Deepwater Subsea Well The operator’s objective was to monitor several annuli of a subsea well to determine the effect of completion operations. This characterization was completed before the well-production phase. The main outputs of the pilot were annuli trapped pressure and temperature. The pilot was defined initially in two stages. The first was to monitor the B and C annuli conditions (pressure and temperature) immediately after casing deployment. The second was to do so again after running completions and various stimulation operations. A secondary objective was to retrieve historical sensor data, pressure, and temperature records from the time of sensor deployment to data-retrieval operation.

편심머리 볼트의 강도향상을 위한 단조성형

In this study, the production process of eccentric head bolts that fasten flanges for water supply pipe connections, which can only be achieved through the cold forging process, was improved. For axial forging, forming analysis was performed for a 200-ton header machine to check the raw material specifications, forming load, and metal flow improvements suitable for forming. The analysis found that the forging of high-strength bolts of M14×65 ㎜ with eccentric heads was possible under the maximum load condition of 137.2 tons with low carbon boron steel of ø13.8×89.7 ㎜ and 105.2 g. By mounting the prototype mold on the header machine, it was possible to prevent metal flow breakage, as shown by the trial mass production test. It was possible to improve the strength of the eccentric head bolt and reduce the weight of the input material through the cutting process. Therefore, manufacturing costs could be reduced.