Pipe Connections Research Articles

Simultaneous mitigation of multiple pollutants in urban stormwater systems illicitly connected with wastewater systems by an Fe(vi)-based process

The illicit connection of wastewater pipes to stormwater pipes might result in the direct discharge of wastewater into natural water and even drinking water sources.

Health Risks Associated With Sources of Water: An Exploratory Study From Turag-Tongi Riparian Areas, Bangladesh

The present study aims to investigate the available water sources for drinking and domestic purposes and their relationship with the occurrence of diseases in a given community. To accomplish this, 1826 households in the Turag River area of Tongi at twelve different locations were surveyed. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) and twelve key informant interviews (KIIs) were also conducted in six different Turag River locations. Data on water quality has been gathered from various government surveys (BNDWQS, 2011; BBS, 2017; SVRS, 2019, etc.), international reports (WHO, World Bank, etc.), individual studies, and other relevant sources. Of all the recorded (13) drinking water sources, motorized tubewells were the most common and were used by 73.8 percent of respondents. Other sources include pipe connections into the yard (16.7%) and dwelling (4.5%), deep and shallow tube wells (2.6%), public tap water (2.1%) etc. The study also revealed that a notable percentage (2.8%) of the survey population still depended on open sources such as rainwater, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc., for drinking and domestic purposes. The respondents also reported the presence of yellow crust (iron) and other unwanted components in their water sources, with foul odors and unpleasant tastes. It has also been documented that the communities have been suffering from various diseases, such as diarrhea, skin diseases, dysentery, malaria, jaundice, typhoid, tuberculosis, pneumonia, cholera, etc. diseases over the past year. The Spearman's rho (ρ’s) test showed significant associations between these diseases and the water sources. The issues identified by the present study are likely to aid policymakers in including water and health concerns in national policy and ensuring access to sustainable water resources, aligning with SDGs 6.1, 6.3, and 6.4. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 49(2): 121-138, December 2023

Impact and Failure of Internal Pressure of Pipe Connections C Influenced by Sea Water

Impact and Failure of Internal Pressure of Pipe Connections C Influenced by Sea Water

Hot Tool Welding of Pipelines from Polyethylene for Gas Supply with a Diameter of 90-315 mm

Purpose of research. GOST P 55276-2012 applied in the Russian Federation does not regulate concrete data on the choice of this or that procedure under various conditions of welding and standard sizes of the applied pipes, leaving it to the discretion of the consumer. Unlike the procedure of the welding with only low pressure which is well fulfilled and widely applied in domestic practice, the welding according to the procedure with the only high pressure allowing to reduce three times time of a welding cycle is practically not used and specially intended welding machines in Russia are not issued. In this regard this work is devoted to development of the modes of hot tool welding of abutting connections of pipes from polyethylene with a diameter from 90 to 315 mm for SDR 13.6 - SDR 9.0 with the only high pressure, to the choice of possible domestic welding equipment and experimental check of the developed modes.Methods. In this article for butt welding by the heated tool of pipes from polyethylene with a diameter from 90 to 315 mm, using a design technique, main parameters of welding procedure are determined with the only high pressure. When choosing the welding machine necessary for tube welding of the considered range on welding procedure with the only high pressure, by results of the carried-out analysis of technical datas of domestic welding machines and features of their operation capabilities it is preferred as the welding machine with the hydraulic drive "Native of the Volga Region of SSPT-315". For experimental check of the executed payment of parameters of the procedure of welding under the cyclogram with the only high pressure four joints of pipes with a diameter of 110 mm with thickness of a wall of 10 mm from PE-100 (SDR 11.0) have been welded and visual and measuring quality control of the executed connections and short-term tests of technological samples on axial stretching by the R-50 machine is made.Results. Mechanical tests of technological samples of all joints of the pipes from PE-100 with a diameter of 110 mm (SDR 11.0) executed on the SSPT-315 welding machine on welding procedure with the only high pressure have shown 100% - ny result of plastic nature of destruction at the size of lengthening from 500 to 600%.Conclusion. The high quality of experimental joints of pipes from PE-100 assumes a possibility of use of the SSPT- 315 machine for hot tool welding of pipes from polyethylene of everything of the range regulated by technical datas on welding procedure with the only high pressure.

Analisis Pengendalian Risiko Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) dengan Metode Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) pada PT. ABC

PT. ABC is engaged in metal casting such as drinking water pipe connections and quality drainage components. Existing manufacturing processes involve direct interaction of workers with equipment in production situations that have sufficiently high safety risks. The research aims to identify the type or source of hazard, determine the value of high risk, and appropriate risk control measures. Using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method to identify failures from facilities, systems or equipment that have an impact on work accidents. The results of the study found 48 hazards with identifying the risk of work accidents with categories are very low (7), low (48), medium (17), high (10) and there is no risk of work accidents with very high categories. Work accidents that have a high risk in the metal casting process at PT. ABC is at the die-making, smelting and pouring, roughing, and finishing work stations. Potential risks to work safety include dust from mixing, being crushed by solid iron, exposed to sparks, exposed to molten liquids, electrocuted, and exposed to odors from paint. Risk control measures are proposed in the metal casting process at PT. ABC is carried out with engineering control and the use of PPE according to the source of danger.

Accelerated testing of soft soldered, small-diameter, thin-walled CuNi pipes subjected to cyclic internal pressure loading

Small-diameter, thin-walled pipes have applications in a wide range of industries including high-energy physics, heat transfer, nuclear, medical and communications. However, there are currently no standards that exist for permanently joining these components either via welding (melting the base material) or soldering. As such it is difficult to determine the likely performance of a thin-walled pipe connection. Porosity is largely inevitable in soldered joints and is a determining factor in the performance of a connection.This study focused on characterisation of failure initiation and propagation within soft soldered CuNi thin-walled pipe joints under cyclic internal pressure loading. A step-stress accelerated life testing regime (SSALT) was developed to simulate the loads the joints would experience over their operational lifetime, in a shorter timescale.10 soldered joints were studied in total, with varying levels of porosity within the soldered joints prior to testing. Pressurised Nitrogen gas was used to internally pressurise the samples, with cyclic loading between atmospheric conditions and a prescribed maximum pressure value.The results of the SSALT showed that the soldered samples experienced early failure through crack initiation and propagation through the solder. Cracks, or failures, were seen to initiate from existing voids, or porosity, within the soft-soldered joints.From this work, it can be concluded that the performance of soft-soldered joints under cyclic, internal pressure loading is strongly influenced by the presence of voids that are created during the manufacture of such soldered connections.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ТЕПЛОМАССООБМЕНА В РЕКУПЕРАТОРЕ ТИПА «ТРУБА В ТРУБЕ»

Recuperators including heat exchangers of various types are considered. The prospects of using pipe-in-pipe heat exchangers for the utilization of thermal emissions containing significant amounts of moisture and gas emissions, for example, ammonia, which is typical for livestock complexes, are shown. When heat carriers come into contact with different temperatures, moisture vapors condense on the walls of the heat exchanger and gaseous ammonia dissolves in it. The removed air is supplied to the inner pipe, condensate in the form of ammonia water is removed at the bottom of the installation, and the cooled and purified air is discharged through the upper branch pipe into the atmosphere. Based on the theory of similarity, a model setup has been developed. With the help of the SolidWorks Flow Simulation software package, the influence of hydrodynamic and thermophysical properties of heat carriers on heat and mass transfer processes was studied. The temperatures of the cold coolant ranged from -5 to -23 ° C, (outside air), the temperature of the thermal coolant (exhaust air) is +25 ° C. It was found that in order to avoid freezing of the inner surface of the heat exchanger, the temperature of the air supplied to the outer pipeline should be above -10 ° C. To increase the heat transfer coefficient, it is advisable to supply heat carriers tangentially. At the same time, it is desirable to maintain the same coolant velocities in the supply and exhaust connection pipes of the installation. To increase the energy efficiency of the installation, it is recommended to develop and improve methods for turbulizing coolant flows.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ТЕПЛОМАССООБМЕНА В РЕКУПЕРАТОРЕ ТИПА «ТРУБА В ТРУБЕ»

Recuperators including heat exchangers of various types are considered. The prospects of using pipe-in-pipe heat exchangers for the utilization of thermal emissions containing significant amounts of moisture and gas emissions, for example, ammonia, which is typical for livestock complexes, are shown. When heat carriers come into contact with different temperatures, moisture vapors condense on the walls of the heat exchanger and gaseous ammonia dissolves in it. The removed air is supplied to the inner pipe, condensate in the form of ammonia water is removed at the bottom of the installation, and the cooled and purified air is discharged through the upper branch pipe into the atmosphere. Based on the theory of similarity, a model setup has been developed. With the help of the SolidWorks Flow Simulation software package, the influence of hydrodynamic and thermophysical properties of heat carriers on heat and mass transfer processes was studied. The temperatures of the cold coolant ranged from -5 to -23 ° C, (outside air), the temperature of the thermal coolant (exhaust air) is +25 ° C. It was found that in order to avoid freezing of the inner surface of the heat exchanger, the temperature of the air supplied to the outer pipeline should be above -10 ° C. To increase the heat transfer coefficient, it is advisable to supply heat carriers tangentially. At the same time, it is desirable to maintain the same coolant velocities in the supply and exhaust connection pipes of the installation. To increase the energy efficiency of the installation, it is recommended to develop and improve methods for turbulizing coolant flows.

Performance Evaluation of Inverted Umbrella Type Rainwater Harvesting System at Raichur Campus

The Inverted Umbrella-Type Rainwater Harvesting System is an innovative approach to collecting and storing rainwater efficiently. It is designed in the shape of an inverted umbrella, with a lightweight and durable frame that can be installed on rooftops, open fields, and urban landscapes. This unique design was used with a aim to maximizes rainwater collection efficiency, even during light showers, while occupying minimal space. The system's adaptability to various geographic and climatic conditions makes it a versatile solution for addressing water scarcity. It has potential applications in residential, commercial, and industrial settings, contributing to more responsible water resource management. Rainfall data was collected from meteorological station at Raichur and potential for rainwater harvesting was calculated. Developed rainwater harvesting system was made out of Mild Steel material and transparent white polyethylene sheet was used as cladding material.. The Inverted Umbrella-Type Rainwater Harvesting System represents a promising step toward more responsible water resource management. The Inverted Umbrella-Type Rainwater Harvesting System of size 3m*3m was selected in the study to analyze rain water harvesting efficiency with components like canopy, central conveying pipe, storage tank, filteration mechanism etc. Once the rain falls over the canopy it was diverted to a central connecting pipe and then stored in a storage tank. A co-efficient of performance for kharif season during the year 2022 was developed to estimate the efficiency of the system. Annually 5700 litres of water can be harvested from a single unit of inverted umbrella type rainwater harvesting system. Anticipated and actual water yield during kharif season was found as 4627.56 and 4480.5 L respectively with overall efficiency as 97%. Key features of this system include high collection efficiency, a small footprint, environmental sustainability, ease of maintenance, and water quality assurance. It reduces reliance on traditional water sources, helping conserve water and mitigate environmental impacts

Coupled drillstring dynamics modeling using 3D field-consistent corotational beam elements

Drilling is essential to extract subsurface hydrocarbons and geothermal energy, or store waste fluids/gases underground. Drilling efficiency directly affects the economics of well construction, and is to a large extent determined by the non-productive time (NPT) associated with downhole tool failure, bit wear/damage, unexpected drillstring vibrations, and insufficient surface-to-bottom energy transfer. Various models have been developed since the 1960s to understand and mitigate undesired drilling system oscillations to ensure efficient drilling operations and help optimize the well design. Significant recent advancements in drilling engineering technology, sensor development, and data science make it possible to develop and apply a faster and more comprehensive drilling system dynamic model that can be used for real-time drilling optimization and automation.In this study, a novel control-oriented physic-based drillstring dynamic modeling framework is developed using 3D field-consistent corotational beam elements with an updated Lagrangian formulation. The structure and element kinematics are firstly derived in global and local coordinate systems respectively, based on which the system dynamics are formulated by integrating the element stiffness, damping, and mass matrices. Different drilling boundary conditions and forms of external loads, including bit-rock interaction, wellbore-drillstring contact, stabilizers, bottom hole assembly (BHA) eccentricities, and gravity/buoyancy are defined within the modeling framework. The numerical accuracy of the model with linear/quintic beam elements is discussed and verified in four different static/dynamic loading cases, which are typically used for beam analysis. Simulations of different drilling scenarios, including dynamics during the pipe connection process, bit on/off bottom process, and pipe rocking during slide drilling, are conducted for an actual L-shape well configuration with comparison to field data. The simulated drillstring tri-axial vibrations exhibit diverse characteristics and patterns in terms of oscillation amplitudes, frequencies, and modes at varying depths, generating valuable understanding of potential drilling dysfunctions and insights for real-time drilling optimization and automation.

Study of outdoor rainwater drainage pollution in a hospital

Abstract The outdoor rainwater drainage pollution in a large general hospital poses considerable threats to the environment and our health. A systematic analysis method was summarized in the investigation practice. Results showed that the pipe network damage caused by uneven geological settlement was the main reason for the pollution of the rainwater pipe network in the hospital. Countermeasures such as settlement repair and geological foundation reinforcement, rainwater and sewage pipeline transformation, the repair of mixed connection of rainwater and sewage pipes and polluted water sources, drainage health safety in isolated areas, and emergency storage tanks were discussed. After implementing the measures, the NH3-N measured value was within 0.82 mg/L, and the average removal rate was 97.4%. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration also decreased significantly with an average of 12 mg/L and the average removal rate was 91.8%. The results show that the reconstruction can effectively deal with the problem of outdoor rainwater drainage pollution in the hospital. The study has specific engineering reference significance for medical building drainage system's health and safety research.

An optimization model for the layout of a branching water distribution system

This paper presents an optimization model for the layout of a branching water distribution system. The goal is to minimize construction costs while meeting the system's demands. The study utilizes the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) to optimize a non-looping water distribution system. The methodology involves determining the existence and diameter of connections between demand nodes. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. A simplified layout is used to illustrate the constraints and validate the model. The explicit model implemented in GAMS yields optimal solutions and demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach. The results highlight the decisions on connection existence, flow, and pipe diameter, contributing to cost minimization. The findings from this study provide insights for optimizing the design of branching water distribution systems and reducing construction costs.

Failure Analysis of Low-Pressure Evaporator in Heat Recovery Steam Generator with 200 ton/h of Capacity

A steam-gas power plant (SGPP) combines a gas power plant (GPP) and a steam power plant by using the exhaust gas from the GPP to produce steam in the heat steam recovery generator (HRSG). The SGPP, which has a 200 ton/h HRSG capacity, experienced cracks, ruptures, and fatigue at the connection of the low-pressure evaporator pipe. Fatigue is a common failure mechanism in mechanical components due to thermal stress. However, the exact cause of the failure was unknown; therefore, a root cause analysis was conducted. Analysis included the thickness, metallography, chemical composition, tensile testing, thermography, defect testing, and hardness testing. The research showed thermal stresses were the cause of the low-pressure evaporator HRSG pipe failure. In addition, inspection results revealed a decrease in tensile strength, material hardness, and thermal expansion that exceeded the allowed limit.

In-situ experimental study on heat exchange capacity of long-span energy tunnel exchangers

Energy tunnel is a new type of geothermal exchanger in ground source heat pump systems due to their technical and cost improvements over traditional borehole geothermal exchangers. The main reason that the factors affecting the heat exchange capacity of energy tunnel are unclear makes its development be restricted. An in-situ full-scale study using the thermal response tests (TRT) and thermal performance tests (TPT) is performed to investigate the factors affecting the heat exchange capacity in Badaling Energy Tunnel of Beijing-Zhangjiakou High-speed Railway. This paper analyzes the influences of constant heating power, inlet water temperature, air temperature in tunnel, circulating water flow velocity, operation mode, and pipe connection on the heat exchange capacity of the energy tunnel. The test results reveal that (1) the heat exchange rate of the energy tunnel decreases with the increasing constant heating power, (2) the heat exchange rate of the energy tunnel is positively proportional to the inlet water temperature, (3) the heat exchange rate of the energy tunnel at a circulating water flow velocity of 1.1 m3/h is larger than that at 0.5 m3/h, it is smaller than that at 0.8 m3/h, (4) the air temperature in tunnel has a great effect on the heat exchange rate of the energy tunnel, and the pipes connected in parallel or connected in series have a slight effect on the heat exchange rate of the energy tunnel, (5) the average heat exchange rate in an intermittent operation mode is approximately 18.5% larger than that in a continuous operation mode. The test results can be used for the thermal design of energy tunnels.

Performance evaluation of water supply distribution system: a case study of Muke Turi town, Oromia region, Ethiopia

Abstract Adequate and sustainable supply of potable water in urban areas of developing countries is often a challenge. This study assessed the performance of the water supply system in Muke Turi town, Oromia, Ethiopia. The Water Geospatial Engineering Modeling System (WaterGEMS) model was used for hydraulic analysis of the distribution network. The water losses were determined by different indicators including non-revenue water (NRW), losses per pipe connection (LPC), losses per main pipe length (LMPL), unavoidable annual real losses (UARL), and infrastructure leakage index (ILI). The water supply coverage of the town was found as 43.34%, which is considerably low. From the hydraulic analysis, the velocity of flow in 54.2% of the pipe and pressure at 60% of the nodes were found within the recommended ranges. The NRW was estimated at 37.61%, which is above the acceptable limit. Of which, the real losses are the major ones with 37.14%. Moreover, the LPC and LMPL were found to be 298 l/d and 29,709 l/km/d, respectively, which are again above the recommended limits. Based on ILI, the annual real losses were estimated to be 4.31 times the UARL. Finally, it was concluded that access to water in the town is inadequate which is exacerbated by high losses.

Adaptive neural network control of multiple‐sectioned flexible riser with time‐varying output constraint and input nonlinearity

AbstractIn this paper, an adaptive neural network controller is proposed for vibration suppression of a multisectional riser system with unknown boundary disturbance, time‐varying asymmetric output constraint, and input nonlinearity. The considered riser system is composed of a continuous connection of several different pipes, and its dynamic models are represented by a set of multiple continuously connected partial differential equations (PDEs) and an ordinary differential equation (ODE) at the top boundary. Considering input nonlinearity, external disturbance, and system uncertainty, radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are adopted to eliminate the effect of these uncertain terms. Besides, a barrier Lyapunov function is employed to guarantee the restrictions. With the proposed boundary control, the stability of the closed‐loop system is proved and simulations are given to illustrate the well performance of the proposed control strategy.

Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of axial tensile behavior of pipe joints based on bi-linear cohesive bond-slip model

PurposeDue to its inexpensive production costs, low stress concentration and maintenance-friendliness, the adhesive bonded pipe joint is frequently utilized for pipe connection. However, further theoretical analysis is needed to understand the debonding failure mechanism of such bonded pipe joints under axial tension.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, based on the bi-linear cohesive zone model, the integrated closed-form solutions were derived by considering the axial stiffness ratio and failure stage to determine the relative interfacial slip, interfacial shear stress and relationship of tension–displacement in the bonded pipe joint.FindingsAdditionally, solutions for the critical bonded length and the ultimate load capacity were put forth. Besides, the numerical study was conducted to verify the theoretical solutions regarding the load–displacement relationship. The interfacial shear stress distribution at different failure stages was presented to understand the interfacial shear stress transmission and debonding process. The effect of bonded length on the ultimate load and ductility of pipe joints was also discussed.Originality/valueThe findings in this study can give a reference for the design of bonded pipe joints in their actual engineering applications.

Technical Feasibility Analysis of Main Distribution Network in the Development of Paraku Drinking Water Supply System, Padang City, Indonesia

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the technical viability of the main distribution network (MDN) of the Paraku Drinking Water Supply System in Padang City, Indonesia Theoretical Framework: A water distribution system is a component of a WSS that delivers treated water from a water treatment facility to consumers (residential, commercial, industrial, and firefighting requirements). The main distribution network's dimensions are determined using MDN pipe specifications based on Indonesian National Standard 7509: 2011. Method/design/approach: The approach began with secondary data collecting, field observations, and technical feasibility analysis. Technical Feasibility Analysis of Main Distribution Network for the Development of Paraku Drinking Water Supply System, Padang City, Indonesia. Results and conclusion: The feasibility study considers the technical provisions of the MDN pipeline based on SK SNI 2005, where the pipeline is as short as possible and avoids difficult and expensive construction. There were two potential MDNs, and Line 2 was chosen as the alternative. The pressure and flow velocity in the pipe were then checked to see if Line 2 was technically feasible using Epanet 2.0 software. The Epanet 2.0 calculation results demonstrate that the flow of raw water from a water treatment plant with a capacity of 50 L/second can be flowed by gravity and sufficient pressure to the point of connection on the By-Pass Road. The route is completed at the pipe connection on By-Pass Road Padang (0°57'52.0"S 100°24'12.7"E) at an elevation of 30.86 meters. Research implications: Understanding the technological viability of the MDN line in developing Paraku DWSS that complies with statutory laws Originality/value: Technical Feasibility Analysis of the Main Distribution Network in the Development of the Paraku Drinking Water Supply System

Topology optimization of thermally activated building system in high-rise building

The building sector accounts for nearly 1/3 of global energy end-use and associated carbon emissions. Fulfilling buildings' thermal demand in an efficient way is critical for decarbonizing the building sector. Therefore, this paper introduces the thermally activated building system (TABS) as an energy retrofit solution. A TABS floor-by-floor return water temperature control approach is proposed to reduce buildings' energy use and carbon emissions. The approach includes the topology optimization of TABS and flow control. The bypass pipe connections of the TABS to each floor, namely, the floor-by-floor pipe network topology, have been optimized by using genetic algorithms to achieve the lowest total cost. A case study of a high-rise building located in Beijing demonstrates that the proposed approach can improve the system's energy efficiency compared to the conventional TABS without optimization. The reduction of energy cost can be up to 11.21% with a 13.53% annual emission reduction. In general, the proposed TABS floor-by-floor return water temperature control approach can significantly improve the building efficiency comprehensively, therefore can be considered as a promising energy retrofit solution for the decarbonization of high-rise buildings.

Temperature and geometry impact on defect detection and sizing

Increasing requirements to minimize the frequency and duration of shutdowns of nuclear power plants have led to the need to address the implementation of ultrasonic testing of welded pipe connections at operating temperature. In practice, the pipes are made of carbon and stainless steel. Laboratory ultrasound tests were performed on two types of test pieces with different geometry and with homogeneous and heterogenous welds. The measurement was done within a temperature range of 50°C to 200°C in increment of 50°C. The aim of the performed measurements was to verify the detection of artificial defects created by electric discharge machining (EDM) in the root area of the weld on the carbon steel side by a selected test system and an impact of the change in focal laws (FLs) due to temperature on sizing. Together with this was evaluated the influence of elevated temperature on the determination of defect dimensions and impact of the test system, including ultrasonic, cooling, and handling subsystems for detection, sizing and using in the limited space of nuclear power plants. An inspection procedure and a safe workflow were created ss part of the testing. Both procedures were necessary for testing at elevated temperatures from the point of view of occupational safety and for carrying out individual test steps to maintain the repeatability of testing. The inspection procedure was subsequently qualified.