Pinus Sibirica Du Tour Research Articles

Структура кроны у молодых генеративных деревьев кедра сибирского (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). Пространственная организация разнообразия побегов

Структура кроны у молодых генеративных деревьев кедра сибирского (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). Пространственная организация разнообразия побегов

Result of study on developing forest seed region in Mongolia

In other countries, they usually use auto road and railroad as borders of the forest seed regions. In case of Mongolia, this method is not suitable since sparse population, large distribution area of forests and large territory. Therefore, we used topographical features to determine borders of the seed regions. Satellite images in combination with DEM make it possible to define rivers, streams and mountain ridges as border of forest seed regions. Species included in forest seed regions are: Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.), Dahurian larch (Larix dahurica Turcz), Chekanovskii larch (Larix chekanowski Szaf.), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour.), Siberian spruce (Picea obovate Ldb.), and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ldb.).Mongolian forests are mountain forests with high altitudinal variation and have dry growth condition hence, seed quality of the main tree species is declining recently. It is required to use seeds from the same seed region. Only if this is not possible the seeds should be obtained from regions with comparable ecological conditions.Local seed is the ones collected from the forests within the border of same seed region, and seed from the other regions are the ones collected from the other seed region. Seeds collected from the plain forests can be used for almost all forest regions, however seeds collected from mountainous regions can only be used within 200-400 m limit of the original altitude.We identified 19 seed regions for Siberian larch and 12 regions for Scots pine, 9 regions for Siberian pine, 6 regions for Siberian fir and 9 seed regions for Siberian spruce forests, respectively. Due to lack of genetic-selection study in Mongolia, this proposed forest seed regions can be considered as preliminary effort and it is possible to changed and improved based on more detailed research results. These forest seed regions proposed by project team can be used as fundamental material for establishing permanent forest seed supply based on genetic-selection characteristics of the forests in different regions in Mongolia.

Peculiarities of the Male Generative Sphere in Pinus sibirica from Forest Bog Ecotopes of Western Siberia

We studied the male generative sphere in the populations of Pinus sibirica Du Tour growing in forest bog ecosystems of the southern taiga subzone of western Siberia. Significant differences in the morphological and palynological characteristics were found in specific microclimatic and edaphocenotic growing conditions on the upland and on the ecotone between the upland and the bog.

Contents of macro-, microelements and long-lived radionuclides in the medicinal plants belonging to the wetland community of Siberian region, Russia

Studied contents of macro-, microelements and long-lived radionuclides in the following medicinal plants belonging to the wetland community of Siberian region, Russia: Sphagnum fuscum (Schimp.) Klinggr., Sphagnum balticum (Russ.) Russ. ex С. Jens., Polytrichum strictum Brid., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Betula pubescens Ehrh., Andromeda polifolia L., Ledum palustre L., Oxycoccus palustris Pers., Rubus chamaemorus L., Vaccinium uliginosum L., Comarum palustre L., Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Samples were collected in the sphagnum wetlands of Tomsk region and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. For the purpose of research, we used roots, shoots and bark of the plants in the Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta species and turf of the Bryophyta species. The content of macro-, microelements in the plants was determined by an atomic emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma “iCAP 6300 Duo” of the “Thermo Scientific” company. The specific activities of the long-lived radionuclides Th-232, K-40, Ra-226, Cs-137 were measured by a gamma-ray spectrometric complex with a high purity germanium semiconductor detector by “ORTEC” (AMETEK) and a digital analyser “ORTEC DSPEC LF”. The obtained results of the element content are useful when selecting a medicinal plant species (or part thereof) which may be used in preparation of new medicinal drugs.

Growth and reproduction in Pinus sibirica ecotypes from Western Siberia in a common garden experiment

Experimental studies of forest trees’ intraspecies variations in reproduction and reproductive allocation are scarce. Such studies are relevant for the Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) because of the high value of its seeds and wood. To reveal growth and reproductive variations among Siberian stone pine ecotypes in relation to the climate of the provenances, we examined their growth height, crown diameter, stem volume, number of female cones, and male shoots, at different ages, in the clonal common garden experiment established in 1996 in Russia. Scions were obtained from 11 to 19 randomly selected 100–170-year old trees in each of four natural stands located on the latitudinal transect on the West Siberian plain. They were grafted onto local 4 year old Siberian stone pine seedlings and grown in a common garden experiment comprising nine plots near the southern margin of the species’ natural range. Growth traits were affected by climatic conditions in the provenances: generally, a warmer climate was associated with more rapid growth. Variation among the ecotypes at the graft age of 12 years was not large; however, it significantly increased by the age of 19. The relationship was ambiguous between reproductive traits and the climate of the provenances. The proportion of female, male and bisexual clones varied among years in all ecotypes. Most of the clones had only female cones; male clones were less common. The southern ecotype showed rapid growth and formed the lowest number of male shoots and female cones. The northern ecotype showed the weakest growth and moderate cone bearing, along with abundant male flowering. The intermediate ecotypes had a moderate growth and the highest numbers of cones, along with moderate numbers of male shoots. These results demonstrate the fundamental differences in the patterns and nature of variation in growth and reproductive traits.

WOOD-DESTROYING PROPERTIES OF FOMITOPSIS PINICOLA (SW.) P. KARST. FROM MIDDLE SIBERIA

Presents the results of a research of wood-destroying properties of the basidiomycete Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. The strains were isolated in pure culture from fruiting bodies that grew on the Abies sibirica Ledeb, Pinus sylvestris Ledeb, Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Larix sibirica Ledeb in the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (56°09'–56°22' N; 92°10'–92°58' E). The cultures screened for growth parameters and the dynamics of enzymatic activity during cultivation on cellulose-containing media. The radial growth rate of Siberian strains on the agar medium and plant substrates is 1,1–3,3 mm / day; the growth coefficient is 10–42. All studied cultures synthesize extracellular cellulolytic enzymes that hydrolyze the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose. The enzymatic activity is in the range 0,05–0,39 U / ml with a maximum of 7–9 days. The most active strain of Fp5-15 F. pinicola used for bioconversion of coniferous plant substrates under solid-phase culture conditions. The maximum wood-destroying activity observed on pine and larch wood – the mass loss of substrates was 16 and 20%, respectively. On Pinus sylvestris sawdust, the total content of polysaccharides decreased by 1,2 times due to the fermentolysis of the hardly hydrolyzable fraction (a decrease of 1,4 times); the content of lignin substances did not change significantly. On the sawdust of Larix sibirica, the amount of polysaccharides decreased by 1,3 times in comparison with the initial substrate; lignin – in 1,2 times.

Природный потенциал возобновления в пихтовых лесах, поврежденных в ходе инвазии уссурийского полиграфа

In the beginning of this century, the cases of invasions of dendrophilous insects becomes more often. The impact of invadors leads to the degradation of forest ecosystems and loss of natural biological diversity. The article discusses the invasion of Polygraphus proximus Blandf. in fir forests of Western Siberia. The aim of the research was to evaluate the potential of natural regeneration of fir forests in Western Siberia, damaged by Polygraphus proximus. Studies are conducted in the southern part of the Tomsk region at 11 test plots. Objects of research were both one breed fir trees, and grass communities of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) with participation of Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour), Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and aspen (Populus tremula L.). Surveyed plantations belonged to the ripening or ripe age states. The study of natural regeneration was carried out according to standard procedures. Method of transects was used. Measurements were subjected to basic morphological parameters of the undergrowth. The distribution of the natural regeneration area was estimated by calculating the ratio of occurrence and index of scattering. To assess the affinity of the undergrowth, micromosaic structure of the organization of communities was studied. Analysis of the size and morphological structure of natural regeneration have identified the degree of damage of forest stand and condition of the undergrowth. Dynamics of spatial structure is characterized by heterogeneity (index of dispersion exceeds 1). It indicates group location and its variable density. 82 % of teste plots were recorded with mortality of trees in the impact of Polygraphus proximus. In this case the bulk of the deceased undergrowth is from the major category (95 %), and only 5 % is the average undergrowth. The share of deceased major undergrowth was 9.9-50 %. There was a positive relationship between the number of mortality of trees and status category of fir forest. The number of damaged undergrowth in fir forests varies from 1.2 to 29.6 thousand units/ha. Predominant species is fir. Fir forests of Western Siberia, damaged by Polygraphus proximus, have potential of regeneration. Siberian fir will retain edificatoria value.

Development of microsatellite genetic markers in Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) based on the de novo whole genome sequencing

Siberian stone pine, Pinus sibirica Du Tour is one of the most economically and environmentally important forest-forming species of conifers in Russia. To study these forests a large number of highly polymorphic molecular genetic markers, such as microsatellite loci, are required. Prior to the new high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) methods, discovery of microsatellite loci and development of micro-satellite markers were very time consuming and laborious. The recently developed draft assembly of the Siberian stone pine genome, sequenced using the NGS methods, allowed us to identify a large number of microsatellite loci in the Siberian stone pine genome and to develop species-specific PCR primers for amplification and genotyping of 70 microsatellite loci. The primers were designed using contigs containing short simple sequence tandem repeats from the Siberian stone pine whole genome draft assembly. Based on the testing of primers for 70 microsatellite loci with tri-, tetra- or pentanucleotide repeats, 18 most promising, reliable and polymorphic loci were selected that can be used further as molecular genetic markers in population genetic studies of Siberian stone pine.

Quantitative characteristics of the phases of winter dormancy of conifer species at a site in Central Siberia

Traditionally the registration of seasonal changes in plant growth and development has been carried out phenologically, i.e., qualitatively using visual inspection. However, since the process of plant acclimatization to winter dormancy involves reversible biochemical and physiological changes at the level of cells, quantitative methods can be applied to determine the duration and the depth of winter dormancy in perennial plants. We used a method based on detecting thermally induced changes in the zero-level fluorescence (TICZF) on needles from four Siberian coniferous trees. Needles of Picea obovata Ledeb. and Abies sibirica Ledeb. recover from the state of winter dormancy much faster than those of Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Pinus sylvestris L. The photosynthetic apparatus in the needles of A. sibirica may be damaged during the spring period, characterized by unstable weather, when after several days of warm weather, the plants prematurely recover from winter dormancy. We conclude that under conditions of climate warming tree, species like A. sibirica may suffer from severe diebacks due to desiccation caused by premature break of winter dormancy.

Структура и развитие годичного побега кедра сибирского (Pinus sibirica Du Tour)

Структура и развитие годичного побега кедра сибирского (Pinus sibirica Du Tour)

Formation of an Ecotone at the Boundary of Forest and Mountain Tundra—Morskoy Ridge as an Example, Middle Part of Eastern Coast of Lake Baikal

During last decades, new trends appeared in the ecotones of the upper boundary of forests at the ridges surrounding Lake Baikal: ones to advance of wood species (Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Abies sibirica Ledeb., Larix sibirica Ledeb.) out of timber stands into the area of sub-goltsy with Pinus pumila (Pallas) Regel. up to mountain tundras. In average, this is from 100 to 200 - 300 meters in linear distance from the margin of dense timber stand. A burst of forests renewal occurred in 1989-1995, it resulted probably from a high productivity of the seeds of wood species due to warmer winters in 1980ies-1990ies which favoured the formation of favourable climate-edaphic conditions for the development of forest communities above the forests boundary on the ridges surrounding Lake Baikal.

Reaction of coniferous trees in the Kuznetsk Alatau alpine forest-tundra ecotone to climate change

In recent decades there has been an increase in the radial growth of Larix sibirica Ledeb., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, and Abies sibirica in the Kuznetsk Alatau alpine forest-tundra ecotone. Larch growth correlates positively with summer temperatures; cedar and fir growth is determined by temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration. It is shown that the current growth of maturing larch trees is about 55% higher than that of a similar age group observed 200 years ago. The rate of larch advancement along the height gradient is estimated at 1 m/10 years. A periodical limitation of the radial growth in fir by winter and summer temperatures is found; the strongest correlation is revealed with summer temperatures (r = 0.9). The growth rate of all conifers correlates highly with the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (r = 0.42–0.84). Increased winter temperatures induce the transformation of the elfin forms in larch and cedar (the early 1970s) and later fir (the early 1980s) into vertical forms.

Biotic and abiotic factors as causes of coniferous forests dieback in Siberia and Far East

This study is based on 20 years of research into the massive dieback of coniferous forests (Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Picea obovata Ledeb., Abies sibirica Ledeb., Pinus sylvestris L., Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen., Abies nephrolepis (Trautv. ex Maxim.) Maxim., Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) in Siberia and the Far East. It was found that the dieback had been provoked by the causative agents of root rot disease (Armillaria mellea s.l, Heterobasidion annosum s.l, Phellinus sulphurascens Pilat., Porodaedalea niemelaei M. Fischer, Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat.). The disease spread due to the decreased biological sustainability of coniferous trees. A. borealis Marxm. & Korh. should be considered the most dangerous species affecting a large variety of woody plants in different forest-site conditions. The trigger mechanism of the dieback was a combination of adverse climatic anomalies and certain edaphic conditions and/or a set of factors favorable for pathogenic organisms.

РОСТ PINUS SIBIRICA DU TOUR В КУЛЬТУРАХ И ПОД ПОЛОГОМ СОСНОВО-БЕРЕЗОВЫХ ЛЕСОВ В ПОДТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЕ ЗАПАДНОГО САЯНА

РОСТ PINUS SIBIRICA DU TOUR В КУЛЬТУРАХ И ПОД ПОЛОГОМ СОСНОВО-БЕРЕЗОВЫХ ЛЕСОВ В ПОДТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЕ ЗАПАДНОГО САЯНА

Структура и развитие элементарного побега кедра сибирского

Структура и развитие элементарного побега кедра сибирского

Analysis of genetic structure and differentiation of the bog and dry land populations of Pinus sibirica Du Tour based on nuclear microsatellite loci

We evaluated the population structure of the bog and dry land populations of the Siberian pine Pinus sibirica (P. sibrica) in Western Siberia using nuclear genome markers. Six pairs of nuclear microsatellite loci were used for this analysis. We detected 30 allelic variants in 120 individuals of four populations of P. Sibirica. We established that the studied populations differ by genetic structure. The most essential differences were identified between the Siberian pine population from oligotrophic bog and the group of populations from dry land within eutrophic bogs and near settlements P. sibirica forest (F(ST) = 0.019; D(N) = 0.053). We estimated that diversification of the West Siberian populations of P. sibirica exceeded 2.4% (F(ST) = 0.024), based on an analysis of SSR markers.

Distribution of the genetic diversity of the Siberian stone pine, Pinus sibirica Du Tour, along the latitudinal and longitudinal profiles

The Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) is one of the main forest-forming coniferous species of the boreal ecosystems of Western Siberia. We used the isozyme method to analyze 11 ecotypes representing the latitudinal and longitudinal profiles within the species range, including samples from the geographic boundaries of the distribution. The genetic structure of the ecotypes is described on the basis of the variability for 26 isozyme loci encoding for 16 enzyme systems. The greatest genetic diversity was observed in the taiga ecotypes in the central part of the studied area, while the ecotypes along the species range boundaries were shown to be genetically depauperized. Approximately 8.1% of the observed genetic diversity is attributed to differences between the studied ecotypes. We detected high levels of genetic diversity for the Fest_2, Pgm_1, Sod_4, and a few otherloci, as well as a correlation between allele frequencies and geographical locations of the populations. The results of multivariate analysis of allelic frequencies as well as cluster analysis allowed us to discriminate three major groups of ecotypes: north-eastern, central and south-western. In view of our results, we compare two hypotheses: one which attributes the spatial distribution of genetic variations to the selectivity for some of the polymorphic allozyme loci, and the other based in the history of the formation of the range of the Siberian stone pine.

Genetic diversity and differentiation of siberian stone pine populations at the southern edge in lowland part of West Siberia

Background. Siberian Stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) is one of the major forest-forming species at West Siberia. Climate change and anthropogenic impact lead to reduction of Siberian stone pine forests at the southern limit of distribution in lowland part of the species range. Materials and methods. Five Siberian Stone pine stands from the trailing edge in transit zone between southern taiga and forest-steppe in West Siberia were studied. Genotypes of 104 trees on 25 allozyme loci coding for 15 enzymes were determined using starch gel electrophoresis. Results. We evaluated genetic diversity, differentiation and population subdivision of Siberian Stone pine from the trailing edge in West Siberia. About 2 % of total genetic diversity was related with differences between populations (FST = 0,021). Conclusions. In our study at the southern limit of distribution in lowland part of Siberian Stone pine range there is no indication of genetic depauperation and increased differentiation in small isolated stands due to recent climate change and anthropogenic impact.

Callusogenesis and somatic embryogenesis induction in hybrid embryos from the seeds of Pinus sibirica

The results of long-term work on the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) growing in a natural stand of trees and in clone grafting plantation located in the Western Sayan are shown. Controlled pollination of the clones of Siberian pine had a positive influence on the state of callus cultures. The cytological analysis of embryonal-suspensor mass made it possible to identify embryological structures morphologically close to zygotic embryos at early developmental stages; as a result, the callus tissue was recognized embryogenic. We revealed donor plants (clones), whose zygotic embryos in vitro can serve as a source of embryogenic callus tissue.

Вплив ефірних олій та полігексаметиленгуанідіну на чорні дріжджеподібні гриби Exophiala alcalophila

Influence of essential oils of the following plants Rosmarinum officinalis L., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Abies sibirica Ledeb., Juniperus communis L., turpentine oil, and polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PHMG) on black yeast-like fungi Exophiala alcalophila FCKU 304 was investigated. Disc-diffusion method was used. Level of the antifungal influence on X. alcalophila found to be different for each chemical. 5% PHMG is characterized by the highest fungicide activity. Level of the antifungal activity of essential oils of plants Rosmarinum officinalis, Pinus sibirica and Abies sibirica is similar to 1.5-3 % PHMG activity. The PHMG and essential oil of Rosmarinum officinalis found to cause exchanges of morphometric indices of cells, colony morphology and intensity of budding E. alcalophila what is considered as adaptations of investigated culture of black yeast-like fungus. Furthermore dimorphic transition 'yeasts – mycelium' of E. alcalophila was observed under influence of essential oil of Rosmarinum officinalis.