Pink Bollworm Pectinophora Gossypiella Research Articles

In vitro translation of diapause mRNA from the fat body of active and diapause larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

A diapause associated protein (DAP) (M(r) 103,000) was isolated from the hemolymph and fat body of diapausing fourth instar larvae of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella. The protein has been named Pectinophora diapause protein (PDP). The in vitro translation peptide patterns of total RNA from the fat body of actively feeding fourth instar, wandering, prediapause, early diapause, mid-diapause, and late diapause larvae in rabbit reticulocyte lysates showed the presence of poly (A)+ RNA sequence of PDP. The antigen was immunoprecipitated by polyclonal antiserum. It was concluded that the transcription of the PDP gene in the fat body cells started in the late fourth instar larva and that the expression of this gene was regulated at the level of transcription in the fat body of diapausing larvae. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that wandering fourth instar larvae (diapause individuals) maintain a relatively low level of diapause message (mRNA/2.4 kb) in their fat body cells which may be necessary for the induction of diapause.

A diapause associated protein of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders.

A diapause associated protein was electrophoretically isolated from the hemolymph of diapausing last instar larvae of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella. This protein (M(r) approximately 490,000, glycolipoprotein) was given the name Pectinophora diapause protein (PDP). It is composed of one subunit (M(r) 103,000). The concentration of PDP increased dramatically in the hemolymph of diapausing larvae from 17.4% in prediapause (PD) phase to 29.2% in early diapause (ED) phase reaching a level of 38.6% in larval hemolymph of middiapause (MD) phase. The concentrations of total proteins in the hemolymph of active feeding (A), PD, ED, and MD larvae were 69.8, 106,6, 113.3, and 118 mg/ml, respectively, while those in the fat body of the same larvae were 7.1, 7.4, 8.8, and 4.5 mg/g, respectively. In Pectinophora a drop in the concentration of fat body proteins coincided with a corresponding increase in hemolymph proteins, which suggests an active release of protein from the fat body into the hemolymph during the development of diapause. A partial amino acid sequence of pectinophorin showed the first 15 amino acids starting from the amino terminus of the peptide chain: N-ALA-LYS-THR-ILEU-VAL-GLU-ASN-MET-PRO-PRO-THR-PRO-LEU-ASN-ALA-C.

Integrated use of pink bollworm pheromone formulations and selected conventional insecticides for the control of the cotton pest complex in Pakistan

AbstractHollow-fibre, microencapsulated and twist-tie formulations of the pheromone of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were used in trials conducted in Pakistan from 1985–1988. Early season control of this pest by mating disruption, permitted an average reduction of two applications, of conventional insecticides otherwise required to control the cotton pest complex, particularly at the time of flower and fruit setting when beneficial insects are most numerous. The pheromone formulations, together with a mixture of selective and broad-spectrum insecticides in plots of 5 or 10 ha of cotton were compared with plots of cotton, of similar size in the same locality treated with a conventional insecticide spray programme and in plots where no insecticide applications were made for the control of bollworms. Comparisons of numbers of infested bolls and estimated yields showed that levels of control achieved using the pheromone/insecticide combinations were equal in effect to conventional programmes of insecticide sprays, whereas in plots where no bollworm control measures were taken, significantly higher bollworm infestations and reduced yield estimates were recorded.

Structure of a novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, and efficient isolation of phytoecdysteroids fromVitex fisherii

A novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, has been isolated from a MeOH extract of the root bark of the East African medicinal plantVitex fisherii by recycling high-performance liquid chromatography on a semipreparative scale. In addition, three known phytoecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone, ajugasterone C, and turkesterone, also were isolated. The structure of vitexirone has been established spectroscopically. The position and stereochemistry of the 11-α-hydroxy group of ajugasterone C and vitexirone were confirmed by the(1)H-(1)H homonuclear COSY NMR data. These phytoecdysteroids disrupt the molting process of the pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiella.

Adult emergence pattern of parasitoidApanteles angaleti and its known hosts during off-season in Punjab

Observations on emergence pattern of parasitoidApanteles angaleti Muesebeck and its 2 hosts, cotton pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and saprophyteSathrobrota simplex Wlsm. were made during 1980–81 to 1983–84. The adult emergence of parasitoidA. angaleti and non-pestS. simplex was similar and completed by end April. ParasitoidA. angaleti overwintered mostly in the larvae of non-pestS. simplex and not in pink bollworm larvaeP. gossypiella. The early breeding activity ofS. simplex in the rotten bolls in the cotton stacks helped in the carryover and initial build-up ofA. angaleti to the main crop season. The initiation and peak moth emergence in pink bollworm varied with different sources of its carryover but all adults emerged until end August.

Clitocine, a new insecticidal nucleoside from the mushroom clitocybe inversa

Chemical investigation of pest insect control agents produced by mushrooms has led to the isolation of clitocine, a new nucleoside. This compound showed strong insecticidal activity against the pink bollworm Pectinophoragossypiella. The elucidation of structure of clitocine was greatly simplified by comparisons its spectral properties to adenosine which was isolated from the same source.

Effect of Pesticides on a Nontarget Mite Species in Imperial Valley, California Cotton, 1982

Abstract Pesticides applied for pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) and the Heliothis complex of zea (Boddie) and virescens (F.) were evaluated for their effects on a nontarget, secondary mite pest Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Cotton was planted 7 Apr. and divided into plots 130 ft by eight cotton rows, arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications of each treatment. Materials were applied with a Hi-Cycle 600 Sprayer at a pressure of 55-60 lb/in2 and a rate of 20 gal/acre. Five flat-fan nozzles per cotton row were used, with sprays occurring 22 and 28 July. Twenty-five mainstem node leaves (3rd to 5th below mainstem terminal) per plot were sampled and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. All stages of T. cinnabarinus were counted.

Effect of Pesticides on Nontarget Insects in Imperial Valley, California Cotton, 1982

Abstract Pesticides applied for pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) and the Heliothis complex of zea (Boddie) and virescens (F.) were evaluated for their effects on nontarget, mostly predaceous insect species. Cotton was planted 7 Apr. and divided into plots 130 ft by 8 cotton rows, arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications of each treatment. Materials were applied with a Hi-Cycle 600 Sprayer at a pressure of 55 to 60 lb/in2 and a rate of 20 gal/acre. Five flat-fan nozzles per cotton row were used, with applications occuring 22 and 28 July. Samples were collected with a D-Vac suction sampler, with 25 suctions per plot at each date at one sample, and processed through Berlese funnels for subsequent microscopic examination. Insects recorded were immature thrips (IT) Frankliniella occidentalis (FR), Scirtothrips citri (SC), immature and adult Orius sp. (10 and AO), Nabis sp. (IN and AN), Geocoris sp. (IG and AG), Chrysopa sp. (IC and AC), and Reduviidae (IR and AR).

Protein content of various developmental stages of three strains of the pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella

Comparison of the total body protein of male and female larvae, pupae, and adults of a diapause and 2 nondiapause strains of the pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiella indicated that the protein content of larvae of the diapause strains was significantly higher than of the non-diapause strain.

THE INTERACTION OF PINK BOLLWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: GELICHIIDAE), COTTON, AND WEATHER: A DETAILED MODEL

The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) is an important pest of cotton in the desert areas of the United States and Mexico, as well as other areas of the world. The literature on this pest is quite extensive, and hence, beyond the scope of this paper. Work by McLaughlin (1974), Lukefahr (1962), Watson et al. (1973), Slosser and Watson (1972), Adkisson et al. (1963), and Westphal et al. (unpublished) have been extremely useful in providing a satisfactory data base for formulating a mathematical description of the biology of this pest species (i.e., a time varying life table model—Hughes (1963), see Southwood (1966)).

Determination of the loss in cotton yield as being affected by the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and the spiny bollworm Earias insulana (Boisd.)

AbstractA field experiment was conducted, with the endeavour of determining mathematically the damage effect of each of the cotton bollworms to cotton yield. The results indicated that one unit infestation degree by the pink bollworm affected a reduction equal to 10% of the total yield weight (on an average). For the spiny bollworm a unit infestation degree by this species causes a loss varied from 6–9% in cotton yield (depending on the larval content averages and infestation percentages/100 green bolls for each of the two involved insect‐species).ZusammenfassungZur Bestimmung des Verlustes an Baumwoll‐Ernte als Folge des Befalls durch die Lepidopteren Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) und Earias insulana (Boisd.)In Freilandversuchen wurde mit Hilfe mathematischer Methoden der von jedem der beiden genannten Baumwollkapsel‐Schädlinge verursachte Ernteverlust bei verschiedener Befallsdichte ermittelt. Beim Rosa Kapselwurm, P. gossypiella, lag der von einer Befallseinheit (= 1 Larve/100 grünen Kapseln) verursachte Schaden im Mittel bei 10% Verlust der Gesamternte. Beim Stachligen Kapselwurm, E. insulana, hatte ein gleich hoher Befall 6–9% Ernteverlust zur Folge.

The influence of diurnally alternating temperatures on the pink bollworm Pectinophora : II. The oxygen consumption

The oxygen consumption was studied in last instar larvae of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella, which had been reared in various constant and diurnally alternating temperatures.Larvae bred in constant temperatures showed no circadian pattern in the metabolic rate. The respiration of larvae which were adapted to alternating temperatures changed with the temperature cycle, but no metabolic rhythm was observed in these larvae when the oxygen uptake was measured in a constant temperature for about 24 hrs.Within the temperature range of 26-30°C, the respiration was weight proportional. At lower and higher temperatures, however, the metabolic rate/weight ratio (O2=Kxweightb) increased with an exponent b greater 1.A temperature compensation, i.e. a relative independence of metabolic rate from temperature change, was not observed neither by adaptation of the larvae to constant nor to alternating temperatures.Together with results presented in part I of this study (Welbers, 1975), the data indicate that the metabolism of the pink bollworm operates with maximal efficiency in a narrow temperature range of about 26°C.

Mating Studies of the Pink Bollworm1

Mating studies of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), were conducted in the laboratory under continuous light. Of 94, pairs caged individually, 74.5% mated. Observations showed that 71.0, 20.0, 7.1, and 1.4% mated 1,2,3, and 7 times, respectively. The mean duration of copulation was 2 hours 54 min with a range from 3 min to 26 hours 50 min. Of the total matings, 41% had occurred by the time moths were 6 days old, and the last mating occurred when moths were 16 days old. The aggregate mating that occurred at 6-hour intervals during a given day, under conditions of continuous light, was as follows: From midnight to 6 AM, 60%; 6 AM to noon, 26%; noon to 6 PM, 3%; and 6 PM to midnight. 11%. Frequency of mating of field-collected females was similar to that observed in the laboratory.

Evaluation of Damage to Lint and Seed of Cotton Caused by the Pink Bollworm1

Cotton crop value was reduced by 34% when seasonal infestation counts averaged at least 60% of the bolls infested by pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) in experiments at Brownsville, Texas. At this level of infestation, losses were about equally distributed between reductions in yield and quality of lint and seed. Lower infestations resulted in losses due chiefly to reduced quality of lint and seed. Reductions in staple length, strength, and fineness or immaturity of fiber were directly related to pink bollworm infestation levels. Likewise, losses in yield and quality of seed were related to pink bollworm infestation levels. In artificially infested bolls, the degree of damage was related to age of boll and number of larvae per boll.

Ahsorption and Metabolism of C14-Labeled DDT by DDT-Susceptible and DDT-Resistant Pink Bollworm Adults1

A Torreon, Mexico strain of pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) adults was found to be 6 times more resistant to DDT at the LD50 level and 13 times more resistant at the LD90 level than moths form EL Paso, Texas. During the first 24 hours after treatment, absorption of DDT was slightly more rapid by moths of the EI Paso strain. Dehydrochlorination of absorbed DDE occurred in adults from both strains, but the detoxification was much more extensive in individuals from the Mexican strain

Control of the Pink Bollworm and a Method for Estimating Losses in Cotton Yield

Experiments on the control of the pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) with DDT were conducted inside a screen cage. Based on data from these experiments, a method is proposed for determining the loss in yield of cotton caused by this insect. By counting all the damaged and undamaged locks on representative plants in a field, the formula below may be used for this purpose. Let y = actual yield, p = the percenage of locks pickable, and Y = potential yield, then Y = 100 y/p and loss = Y-y. The damage by the insect also resulted in a reduction in the quality of lint.

Effects of Antimicrobial Agents on Micro-Organisms and Pink Bollworm Development

Potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate were ineffective in controlling contaminants in nutrient agar at the concentrations tested. Sorbic acid, methyl paraben (methyl p -hydroxybenzoate) and butyl paraben (butyl p -hydroyxbenzoate) at 0.1% and formaldehyde at 0.05% controlled microbial growth for 15 days when incorporated into nutrient agar; however, the first three agents were less effective in wheat germ medium. In general, higher concentrations of the antimicrobial agents effectively controlled growth of contaminants but significantly lengthened larval and pupal development of the pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)). The formulation of 0.05% formaldehyde plus 0.15% methyl paraben controlled contamination and resulted in larval development equal to cotton squarereared pink bollworms.

Pink Bollworm Development in Relation to Age of Squares and Bolls with Notes on Biology

The immature stages of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) were studied in the greenhouse and field to determine the duration of the developmental period and larval survival in relation to the age of the cotton square or boll when infested. The rate of development was faster in the more mature fruiting forms, and was faster in squares than in bolls. A higher survival was obtained in bolls that were infested when less than 20 days of age than in those infested at an older age.

Incidence of Pink Bollworm Resistance to DDT1

Laboratory tests in 1960 confirmed 1959 field observations that the pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) was resistant to DDT in certain areas of Mexico. Topical applications of DDT to moths originating at Tlahualilo, Durango, and Francisco I. Madero, Coahuila, resulted in LD-50's 13.6 and 7.4 times greater, respectively, than the LD-50 of moths originating near El Paso, Texas.

Factors Influencing Pink Bollworm Pupation and Moth Emergence From Overwintering Larvae in Central Texas

Time and rate of moth emergence of the pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) from overwintering larvae in two environments over a 6-year period at Waco, Texas are reported. Two major peaks of emergence occurred in 5 of the 6 years from infested open cotton bolls on the soil surface and in 4 years from buried bolls. Usually major peaks occurred 16 to 25 days after an inch or more of rainfall on 1 or more days. Smaller peaks occurred within the same intervals after approximately 0.5 inch of precipitation. Usually major peaks were higher and extended over a longer time as the amount of precipitation on 1 to several days increased. As the temperature increased, the number of days between heavy rainfall and high peaks decreased. Burial of infested open bolls resulted in earlier moth emergence than that from bolls on the soil surface. Also, above-normal spring rainfall resulted in earlier emergence than that occurring in dry springs, from both environments, and consequently a higher percentage of the moths died before suitable fruiting forms Oil cotton were available for propagation. In general, the diapause period was longer than average lind was accompanied by a higher mortality during drought conditions from April through June. As the planting date was delayed, so was the fruiting date, and moth emergence to infest cotton was greatly reduced in both environments.