Pineapple Residues Research Articles

Dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment for sugar and organic acid production from pineapple residues

Pineapple residue which is pineapple leaves composed of about 80% of carbohydrate containing lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose was utilised for the production of fermentable sugars. However, pretreatment of lignocellulosic material is required to remove hemicellulose and lignin and reducing crystallinity of cellulose to enhance hydrolysis. This paper presents an experimental study of acid hydrolysis pretreatment in pineapple residue to produce sugar and organic acid using sulphuric acid. The effect of different acid concentration (4%, 8% and 12% v/v), solid-to-liquid ratio (10%, 15% and 20% w/v) and reaction time (40, 80, and 120 minutes) of acid hydrolysis pretreatment on pineapple residue at temperature of 100°C were studied to produce high yield of sugar and low organic acid production. As a result, the highest of sugar concentration simultaneously with the lowest of organic acids concentration from pineapple residue were 2.68 ± 0.12 g/L (xylose), 8.84 ± 0.11 g/L (glucose), 1.62 ± 0.20 g/L (formic acid) and 3.28 ± 0.26 g/L (acetic acid); recorded at conditions of 12% acid concentration (v/v), 20% solid-to-liquid ratio and 80 minutes of reaction time. In conclusion, dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment was a great approach in order to produce high sugar at the same time with low organic acids yield from pineapple residue at mild conditions.

Design and Development of Double Rotor Drum Shredding Machine for Managing Pineapple Residue in Peat Soil

In Malaysia, Pineapple is a one of tropical crop that contributes in generating Malaysian economy. Pineapple is mostly planted on mineral and peat soils, where each has different practices and approaches. In Peat soil condition, nowadays farmers normally managed the pineapple residues by using a chemical to kill and fire to burn before it been replanted. This is common practice to remove the pineapple residues. With this method soil fertility can be affected and open burning will be polluting the environment, as the government nowadays recommending toward green approach.(1) In the 9th Malaysian plan (RMK-9), MARDI has come out with a machine to shred and plough pineapple plant residues back into the soil which are practiced for mineral soil. The machine is adopting a motivator concept. Unfortunately, the machine had the unsatisfied result because the plants were not chopped into small pieces but only separated into a few large parts. (2) In the 11th Malaysian plan (RMK-11), the development of a new concept and prototype with a double rotor drum, design type blade, special blade arrangement and speed gave a promising result in a way to manage the residues of pineapple plants easily without chemical or fire. (3)(4)The objective of the study is based on the design of the machined with double rotor drum shredding that can been conceded as normally rotovator but which has resulted in fine and easy disposal pineapple plant residues.

A Bio-refinery Approach from Pineapple in the Context of Non-Technified Crops: The Choco-Colombian Region

A pineapple bio refinery that could be adapted to the geographical and cultural conditions of non-technified crops, i.e., the Choco-Colombia region is described. Some characteristics of the region such as the geographical conditions and the relative backwardness related to economic, social, cultural and infrastructure conditions, lead to a relatively high waste of harvested pineapple, with a negative economic and environmental impact. Such situation is also identified in several areas dedicated to pineapple cultivation all over the world, where the pineapple crop usually does not reach export quality and high amount of fruits could end up as wastes. This document initially presents a description of the main generalities of pineapple cultivation and its market. Then, some of the main products of pineapple and its residues are described. Finally, the peculiarities of pineapple cultivation in the Choco-Colombia region are presented and a possible scenario of pineapple biorefinery for that region is proposed. This contribution is expected to be an adequate review material for analysis and decision making in technical and economic feasibility studies to obtain various products from pineapple residues in non-technified crops, motivating both public and private sectors to invest and promote agro-industry initiatives from pineapple waste.

Integrated influence of soil tillage, nitrogen–potassium fertiliser and mulching on pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) growth and yield

Pineapple is one of the most important fruit in the world and its production requires appropiate cultural practices. This work aimed to investigate the influences of soil tillage, nitrogen–potassium (N-K) fertiliser and mulching on pineapple growth and yield. The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replications. The main factor was soil tillage (at two levels: flat tillage and ridging), the subplot factor was N-K fertilisation (at five levels: 1.6 N and 1.6 K, 5.8 N and 6.6 K, 10 N and 11.6 K, 1.6 N and 11.6 K, and 10 N and 1.6 K, in g plant−1) and the sub-subplot factor was use of fresh pineapple residues (at three levels: surface mulching (at 10 t ha−1), 10 t ha−1 buried residues at 10 cm depth, and no mulching). Growth and yield parameters were recorded. A mixed ANOVA model was performed on ‘D’ leaf characteristics, biomass production and yield. The results suggested that soil ridging and burying of 1 kg m−2 of crop residues improved pineapple growth and yield. Nitrogen–potassium combinations 10 N and 11.6 K, 1.6 N and 11.6 K, and 5.8 N and 6.6 K (in g plant−1) resulted in better plant development and higher yield.

Analisis Kinetik Penghasilan Biohidrogen dari Proses Fermentasi Menggunakan Bakteria Penghasilan Hidrogen ke atas Span Karbon Aktif daripada Sisa Nanas

Pineapple residues are one of potential biomass feedstock for biohydrogen production. The most convenient way to produce biohydrogen from pineapple residual is through fermentation proses. The process is environmentally friendly and consumes low energy, but generally the process has low yield production. Various strategies can be used to increase production, including the use of immobilized cells in fermentation. The performance of the process can be explained as realistically as possible by the appropriate kinetic model. In this work, a kinetic analysis on fermentative biohydrogen production using different hydrogenproducing bacteria immobilized onto activated carbon sponge has been performed. The performance of cumulative and biohydrogen production rate were assessed using modified Gompertz equation via Excel solver application. All fermentation processes were carried out at a condition of initial pH 7 and temperature of 32 ± 1°C, with 30% v/v inoculum of working volume in batch process. Three different hydrogen-producing bacteria were used, namely Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Clostridium sporogenes, were immobilized onto activated carbon sponge and in free cell form as comparison. Based on best fitting curve results on the cumulative biohydrogen production, it was found that modified Gompertz equation were fitted well with all the experimental results of all regression values, R2 were greater than 0.9. This study also presented that E. aerogenes and C. sporogenes able to produce better result compared to E.coli in term of production of biohydrogen The modified Gompertz equation would be useful for further analysis of biohydrogen production performance of selected hydrogen-producing bacteria culture immobilized onto activated sponge from pineapple residues.

Use of cultural remains and residues of pineapple industrialization in ruminant feed: Review

Only 22.5% of the remaining pineapple is harvested, corresponding to the edible and to industry part, the remaining 4.5% constitute the fruit's bark and 73% the vegetative part (leaves, stem and crown), considered as cultural waste. These cultural residues can be used in the form of silage or hay, provide weight gain and / or increase in milk production, and minimize environmental costs and impacts in pineapple producing regions. The industrialization of tropical fruit trees has provided enormous leftovers of by-products, which in natura or benefited, may contribute an expressive share in the feeding of ruminants. The use of these by-products is a viable alternative with a high potential for use in ruminant feed, with daily gain in sheep of 0.231 kg using a 50% hay diet of pineapple residue + 50% Manihot pseudoglaziovii hay, and not altering performance of confined finishing cattle with replacement of 20 to 60% of corn silage by industrial pineapple residue silage. Concluding therefore that pineapple residues are a viable source of bulk for ruminants, however, research and information on the use of these alternative sources for animal feed is still limited. The present study aims to show the ways of using the cultural remains of pineapple in the feeding of ruminants.

Enhancement of Pineapple Residue Composting by Food Waste Addition

The common practice to clear pineapple residues (leaves and stems) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam for land preparation for cultivations is by burning or even by spraying herbicide that results in environmental pollution. In addition, management of food waste has also become an essential concern in recent years. In this study, co-composting of pineapple residues and food waste was investigated. The co-composting process was conducted in 120 L plastic buckets. Two composting Runs were conducted, either without (A) or with (B) food waste. The composting temperatures were monitored daily using a digital thermometer. The composting mixture was withdrawn, mixed thoroughly, and then re-distributed into the composting bucket every three days. The sample was subjected to measure pH and cell density of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms. Temperature of composting pile in the Run B increased sharply to 60 – 65 °C just after the first day. In contrast, that in the Run A increased slowly to 40 – 42 °C for the first 15 d. It implied the food waste addition promoted pineapple residues composting. The compost was subjected to phytotoxicity test and also analysed other important parameters such as organic content, useful microorganisms, and heavy metals.

An overview of applications in pineapple agroindustrial residues

Industrial food production causes a high amount of waste. This waste must be taken to a suitable location where it can be further processing. During industrial processing of the pineapple, about 50 % of the mass of the fruit ends up being discarded becoming a residue. Researchers have studied these residues in order to add value to these by-products, to reduce disposal costs and guarantee environmental sustainability. This work investigates the development characteristics of research on agroindustrial residues of pineapple based on bibliometric methods to explore the structure of knowledge in this field over the years, according to the year of publication, periodicals, country, authors, area of knowledge, institutions, keywords, subject type, and citation analysis. In total 927 articles were found and after a careful analysis and selection of papers, 364 articles remained of which 82 % were published only in the last decade. Most studies focused on agricultural and biological sciences. About 1183 authors from 50 different countries contributed to this subject, in which India has the largest number of publications. The results obtained with this study, highlighting the different uses for pineapple residues, can provide valuable information for researchers interested in the field of agroindustrial wastes.

Optimization of bromelain isolation from pineapple byproducts by polysaccharide complex formation

A simple method for bromelain extraction from industrial pineapple residues (stems and peels) was developed and optimized through factorial experimental design. The developed methodology, based on precipitation with carrageenan, represents an alternative to the use of organic solvents and inorganic salts (common industrial precipitation) and allows achieving extracts with high bromelain purity.High recovery yield – 80–90% - of active bromelain was obtained for both crude juices (stems and peels) making possible to obtain ca. 0.3 g of bromelain from 100 g of pineapple byproducts using a low polysaccharide concentration (0.2–0.3% w/v).

Biohydrogen Production from Pineapple Biomass Residue using Immobilized Co-culture of Clostridium sporogenes and Enterobacter aerogenes

In this study, the co-culture bacteria of Clostridium sporogenes and Enterobacter aerogenes were immobilized onto two different support materials: loofah sponge and activated carbon (AC) sponge. Both immobilized co-cultures were used in the batch fermentation of pineapple residues for biohydrogen production. The performance of both immobilized loofah and AC sponge was compared with free cell (FC) co-culture in terms of biohydrogen cumulative production and production rate within 48 hr fermentation time. It was found that the immobilized co-culture on AC sponge produced the highest rate of biohydrogen of 35.9 mmol/hr/Lsubstrate compared to loofah and FC co-culture after 24 hr fermentation. However, in terms of preservation of biohydrogen production rate, loofah as a support showed better consistency in terms of performance for 48 hr fermentation time compared to AC. This study also showed that the pH of substrate has a relation to the optical density (OD600) reduction of the bacteria, which could affect biohydrogen production rate.

Extraction and identification of endopeptidases in convection dried papaya and pineapple residues: A methodological approach for application to higher scale

The use of agro-industrial waste for application in the obtention of products with high added value has become a trend in recent years, especially in tropical countries whose main economic sector is agricultural exports. In the present study, an applicable method to food industry of extracting proteolytic enzymes from dryed papaya and pineapple residues by convection was developed. Different to other scientific reports the heat treatment at 40 °C of waste residues, to reach 20% moisture, allowed an increase in total soluble protein content and did not alter the proteolytic activity of the extracts when phosphate buffer pH 7.0 was used as solvent. In the residues evaluated as candidates for the extraction of endopeptidases, we observed that green dried papaya peel and dried pineapple core, had higher activity values (914.34 ± 25.47 U/mg and 2152.36 ± 75.99 U/mg, respectively). These results, combined with one-dimensional electrophoresis and protein identification methods by MALDI TOF-TOF, showed the presence of signal peptides characteristic of papain, bromelain and other endopeptidases previously reported in extracts of fresh papaya and pineapple residues. These findings show that the drying of the residues by convection does not alter neither the activity nor the structure of the proteolytic enzymes. Finally, it is confirmed that the use of 20% ammonium sulfate as a precipitating agent allows to reach an efficiency of 74% in different work scales the use of purification and identification protocols in a more adaptable way, making them the most promising waste in Colombia, due to its potential for the production of bromelain on a larger scale.

An integrated approach for pineapple waste valorisation. Bioethanol production and bromelain extraction from pineapple residues

Waste management is critical for the food industry for which there is increasing interest in food waste valorisation processes. Pineapple waste, an abundant agro-industrial residue, is studied as a low-cost material for the generation of different value-added products. The work succeeds in obtaining bioethanol and proteolytic enzymes from these residues and, accordingly, integrated approaches for pineapple waste valorisation combining the production of bioethanol and bromelain in a unique process are suggested. There are several potential uses for the products obtained, while bioethanol is a well-known alternative to petroleum-based transport fuels, bromelain is mainly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and it has also applications in the cosmetics, textile, leather and detergents ones. Proposals are based on the optimization of bioethanol production through different fermentation and saccharification processes: direct fermentation of the liquor, consecutive saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation increased ethanol production (5.4 ± 0.1% v/v) as compared to direct fermentation (4.7 ± 0.3%) and saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste (4.9 ± 0.4% v/v) processes. On the other hand, bromelain separation was accomplished using membrane separation techniques (microfiltration and ultrafiltration), and further stabilization of the concentrated stream by freeze-drying. An increased protein concentration after downstream processes was confirmed by the Lowry analytical method (11.5 ± 1.2 to 21.0 ± 1.3 mg/mL in the retentate), and the proteolytic activity of the lyophilized powder was estimated in 340–805 Gelatine Digestion Units. The resulting permeate successfully underwent fermentation for bioethanol production.

Residues Management Practices and Nitrogen-Potassium Fertilization Influence on the Quality of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill) Sugarloaf Fruit for Exportation and Local Consumption

Heterogeneity in pineapple fruit quality explains the low export volume of fruits from Benin to international markets. This work aims to investigate the influences of residues mulching or burying and N-K fertilization on (1) fresh fruit juice quality and the proportion of fruit meeting European standards and (2) fruit acceptability for fresh local consumption, as well as to identify morphological characteristics most related to fruit chemical quality attributes. The experimental design was a split-plot with three replications, where the main factor was N-K fertilization (T1 = 1.6 N and 1.6 K, T2 = 5.8 N and 6.6 K, T3 = 10 N and 11.6 K, T4 = 1.6 N and 11.6 K, T5 = 10 N and 1.6 K in g·plant−1) and the sub-plot factor was mulching with pineapple residues (no mulching = 0, surface mulching = 10, buried = 10 in t·ha−1). The results suggested that residues mulching and N-K fertilization has improved the percentage of fruit meeting European standards and local acceptability. The treatments T2B (T2 + burying) and T4B (T4 + burying) gave a higher proportion of fruits meeting European standards and were also promising for producing highly acceptable fruits by local consumers. Finally, the results revealed that the ratios of crown length: fruit length, crown length: infructescence length and crown length: median diameter were significantly associated with fruit quality, which has not yet been reported.

Pineapple (Ananas comusus) Plant Material as Supplement for Maize Residue-based Oyster Mushroom Substrate and Reduction of Cadmium Soil Contamination

Pineapple (Ananas comusus) production generates hard currency and, as a labor-intensive industry, it creates jobs. The profitability of pineapple farming in South Africa faces several challenges, including low yield potential and cadmium (Cd) contamination of soils, which damaged the reputation of the industry. To increase the income of pineapple farmers, research was conducted to evaluate the utilization of pineapple crop residue for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production and to establish the Cd levels in the mushrooms produced on Cd-contaminated pineapple crop residue. Treatments were maize residue (M), pineapple residue (P), and a mixture of maize and pineapple residues [at 1:1 ratio (on a dry weight basis), M + P]. Biological efficiencies of 90%, 77.6%, and 29% were recorded for the M + P, P, and M treatments, respectively. The P and M + P substrates significantly increased mushroom yield. Mushroom protein contents were 23.3%, 18.86%, and 18.81% (on a dry weight basis) in the M + P, P, and M treatments, respectively. Mushrooms in the P substrate had the highest Cd level (3.3 mg/kg). In the M + P substrate, Cd reduced to a safe level (0.15 mg/kg). This indicates that mushrooms have biosorption capacity, and could be used to solve the problem of Cd pollution and increase the income of pineapple production.

The biochemical characterization, stabilization studies and the antiproliferative effect of bromelain against B16F10 murine melanoma cells

The current study aims to extract bromelain from different parts (stem, crown, peels, pulp and leaves) of Ananas comosus var. comosus AGB 772; to determine of optimum pH and temperature; to test bromelain stability in disodium EDTA and sodium benzoate, and to investigate its pharmacological activity on B16F10 murine melanoma cells in vitro. The highest enzymatic activity was found in bromelain extracted from the pulp and peel. The optimum bromelain pH among all studied pineapple parts was 6.0. The optimum temperature was above 50 °C in all bromelain extracts. The fluorescence analysis confirmed the stability of bromelain in the presence of EDTA and sodium benzoate. Bromelain was pharmacologically active against B16F10 melanoma cells and it was possible verifying approximately 100% inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Since bromelain activity was found in different parts of pineapple plants, pineapple residues from the food industry may be used for bromelain extraction.

Ruminal degradability of agro-industrial fruit residues

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and ruminal degradability of the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of fruit residues. Three fistulated sheep were held collectively in a pen, and fed daily with the studied residues in a diet consisting of canarana grass (Echinochloa pyramidalis) and a concentrate of corn and soybeans. The animals were allowed an adjustment period of seven days. The residues were dried in the sun, crushed in a forage machine, sorted using a 4.0-mm sieve, and incubated for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h using nonwoven bags (weight 60g/m2, 14 ×12 cm²). Chemical analyses of the residues were performed using a randomized block experimental design with split plots. The cherimoya and tamarind residues showed the highest concentrations of CP (12.66% and 11.79%) the ether extract of cherimoya residue was the highest at 22.30%stands out the sour soup residue. The cashew and guava residues showed the highest levels of lignin (22.13 and 18.34%). The effective degradability of DM for the pineapple and tamarind residues to a passage rate of 5%/h were 53.04% and 42.61%, respectively. The guava, cherimoya, and cashew residues showed lower values at 19.16%, 26.86%, and 29.21%, respectively. The cherimoya, guava and pineapple residues showed the highest values of potential degradability for CP at 87%, 81%, 86.02% and 90.94%, respectively, with an average effective degradability of 50.0% at the rate of 5%/h. The pineapple (35.38%) and tamarind residues (34.49%) showed higher values of the effective degradability of NDF at a passage rate of 5%/h. Among the studied residues, the pineapple residue showed the greatest potential for use in animal feed based on chemical composition and rates of degradability.

Pineapple agroindustrial residues for the production of high value bacterial cellulose with different morphologies

ABSTRACTBacterial cellulose (BC) with different morphologies was biosynthesized by Gluconacetobacter medellinensis strain under static and dynamic culture conditions using sugar cane juice and pineapple residues as sources of carbon and other nutrients. Hestrin and Schramm's standard culture medium was used as reference. The fermentation condition and resulting yield, physico‐chemical properties, and morphology relationships of obtained cellulose were analyzed. Pineapple agroindustrial residues can be envisaged as an inexpensive and sustainable alternative resource for the production of different BC morphologies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41237.

Effect of Moisture Content on Physical Properties of Animal Feed Pellets from Pineapple Plant Waste

Presently, pineapple residues are recycled through open burning before replanting, thus contributed to the air pollution. One of the possible ways to manage pineapple residues is by converting them into animal feed by densification process. Densification of biomass into pellet can increase bulk density, improve storability, reduce transportation costs, and enables easier handling with proper storage equipment. The range of pellet's friability, bulk density, true density and porosity are between 0.85 - 1.22%, 303.31 - 345.24 kg m-3, 1502.65 - 1520.35 kg m-3 and 77.022 - 80.05%, respectively. Thus, from the analysis, the best condition to produce pellets from pineapple plant waste, was at 35% of moisture level.

Characterization and extraction of volatile compounds from pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) processing residues

The aim of this study was to extract and identify volatile compounds from pineapple residues generated during concentrated juice processing. Distillates of pineapple residues were obtained using the following techniques: simple hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation by passing nitrogen gas. The volatile compounds present in the distillates were captured by the solid-phase microextraction technique. The volatile compounds were identified in a system of high resolution gas chromatography system coupled with mass spectrometry using a polyethylene glycol polar capillary column as stationary phase. The pineapple residues constituted mostly of esters (35%), followed by ketones (26%), alcohols (18%), aldehydes (9%), acids (3%) and other compounds (9%). Odor-active volatile compounds were mainly identified in the distillate obtained using hydrodistillation by passing nitrogen gas, namely decanal, ethyl octanoate, acetic acid, 1-hexanol, and ketones such as γ-hexalactone, γ-octalactone, δ-octalactone, γ-decalactone, and γ-dodecalactone. This suggests that the use of an inert gas and lower temperatures helped maintain higher amounts of flavor compounds. These data indicate that pineapple processing residue contained important volatile compounds which can be extracted and used as aroma enhancing products and have high potential for the production of value-added natural essences.

Co-composting of pineapple leaves and chicken manure slurry

Abstract Background The common practice of clearing pineapple (Ananas comosus) residues for land preparation for cultivation is by burning, an unsustainable agricultural practice that causes environmental pollution. Chicken manure produced from the poultry industry is also increasing. Inappropriate disposal or treatment can pose harm to the environment and humans. In order to reduce environmental pollution, pineapple leaves and chicken manure slurry were co-composted to obtain high-quality organic fertilizer. The shredded pineapple leaves were thoroughly mixed with chicken manure slurry, chicken feed and molasses in polystyrene boxes. Co-compost temperature readings were taken three times daily. Results Nitrogen and P concentrations increased whereas C content was reduced throughout the co-composting. The CEC increased from 32.5 to 65.6 cmol kg-1 indicating humified organic material. Humic acid and ash contents also increased from 11.3% to 24.0% and 6.7% to 15.8%, respectively. The pH of the co-compost increased from 6.14 to 7.89. The final co-compost had no foul odour, low heavy metal content and comparable amount of nutrients. Seed germination indices of phytotoxicity test were above 80% of final co-compost. This suggests that the co-compost produced was phytotoxic-free and matured. Conclusion High-quality co-compost can be produced by co-composting pineapple leaves and chicken manure slurry and thus have potential to reduce environmental pollution that could result from poorly managed agricultural wastes.