Pine Shoot Moth Research Articles

Partial Life Tables for the Red Pine Shoot Moth, Dioryctria resinosella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Wisconsin Red-pine Plantations

Partial life tables were prepared for the red pine shoot moth, Dioryctria resinosella Mutuura, in three red-pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, plantations in central Wisconsin during a period of shoot-moth population decline. Survivorship in the early instars ranged from 72–78% in 1982 and from 22–75% in 1983. In the fifth instar, survivorship ranged from 0–4% in 1982 and 0–31% in 1983. Pupal numbers were very low both years and survivorship was variable; it ranged from 0–100%. Phrynofrontina sp., Exeristes comstockii (Cresson), Bracon rhyacioniae (Muesebeck), Hyssopus rhyacioniae (Gahan), and Elachertus sp. were parasitoids present in high numbers. B. rhyacioniae caused the greatest impact on shoot-moth populations, particularly in the fifth instar. Heavy fifth-instar mortality appeared related to shoot-moth population declines. However, mortality in other life stages not included in the partial life tables, such as dispersing early instar larvae, possibly were involved.

EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL PHEROMONE COMPONENTS RESULTING IN AN IMPROVED LURE

AbstractInvestigation of the European pine shoot moth pheromone has revealed three components in addition to the previously identified E-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:Ac): E-9-dodecenol, dodecyl acetate, and dodecanol. Inclusion of E-9-dodecenol makes lures more attractive to the moth than unmated females or E9-12:Ac alone. Dodecyl acetate had no apparent effect when added to this more attractive mixture whereas dodecanol had an inhibitory effect. Dodecyl acetate appeared to mask the inhibitory effect of dodecanol when 0.3% or more of the former component is present in the lure. Relative proportions of components are critical in comparative testing or monitoring populations of the moth.

Impact of the Red Pine Shoot Moth, Dioryctria resinosella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on Height and Radial Growth in Wisconsin Red Pine Plantations

A newly described species, the red pine shoot moth, Dioryctria resinosella Mutuura, was found to be responsible for a decline in form of Pinus resinosa Ait. in central Wisconsin. Larval shoot feeding resulted in height and radial growth losses. Height growth losses were evaluated by comparison of growth in epidemic years with potential growth determined by a biological growth curve equation. Radial growth losses were evaluated by comparison of pre-outbreak growth to growth in outbreak years. Height growth loss estimates for various stands ranged from 38 to 65% over a 9-year epidemic period. Radial growth loss estimates ranged from 16 to 42% in the same stands over the same period.

BIONOMICS AND PATTERN OF ATTACK OF THE RED PINE SHOOT MOTH, DIORYCTRIA RESINOSELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN WISCONSIN

AbstractThe bionomics of the red pine shoot moth, Dioryctria resinosella Mutuura, a newly described species of shoot borer in red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., were investigated in Wisconsin sand plains plantations. The appearance of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults are described. Head-capsule measurements indicated five larval instars. First-instar larvae overwintered in hibernacula. Shoot feeding was generally initiated by third-instar larvae in late May. Cones also were attacked. Pupation occurred in July. The flight period extended from mid-July to mid-September. The sex ratio was 0.53. Only red pine shoots and cones were attacked in a mixed pine stand. Infestation rates were highest along plantation edges, in the top half of the crown and in plantations greater than 20 years of age. Hyssopus rhyacioniae Gahan occurred most frequently among parasitoids reared from larvae and pupae.

Rhyacionia buoliana . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhyacionia buoliana (Den. & Schriff.) incl. R. b. thurificana (Led.)( Evetria buoliana [Rhyacionia buoliana] Den. & Schriff.) (Lep., Tortricidae) (Pine Shoot Moth.). Host Plants: Pines and other conifers. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, ASIA (excl. USSR), Cyprus, Israel, Japan, Syria, Turkey, USSR, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay.

Comparison of Sex Pheromone Versus an Inhibitor for Disruption of Pheromone Communication in Rhyacionia buoliana1

Male attraction to the sex pheromone, (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller), is suppressed if lure formulations contain the geometrical isomer in proportions as low as 3%. However, spatial dispersion of the inhibitory isomer around pheromone or virgin-female-baited traps did not prevent male orientation. In contrast, when the pheromone alone was released around baited traps in identical plots, male orientation to the traps was successfully disrupted. These findings suggest that for R. buoliana the actual pheromone is superior to inhibitory compounds for mating disruption on an area-wide basis.

The Effects of Flowers on the Longevity and Fecundity of Two Native Parasites 1 of the European Pine Shoot Moth 2 in Ontario 3

A study was made of the effects of feeding on various flowers on the longevity of Exeristes comstockii Cresson and the longevity and fecundity of Hyssopus thymus Girault. Both species are important native ectoparasites of Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermueller) at times, and their feeding on many species of flowers significantly increases the longevity of females over that of starved controls. The fecundity of H. thymus females fed on various flowers was at least comparable to that of honey-fed females in most cases, and in some was significantly greater. The implications of the presence of flowering plants within pine plantations and the success of parasites are discussed and the establishment and encouragement of flowering plants in plantations are recommended.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE FECUNDITY OF HYSSOPUS THYMUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)

AbstractThe fecundity of Hyssopus thymus Girault females does not normally vary between generations within a single year, but differences frequently occur between years. A weighted mean annual fecundity of 14 eggs per female under laboratory conditions has been determined by pooling several years’ records, although the maximum number of eggs laid by a female was 130. A mean of 20 eggs per female was determined under quasinatural conditions. The weight of the host, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), limits the number of eggs laid per host during the early spring when shoot moth larvae are small. When the host larvae are larger, size is no longer a limiting factor in the number of eggs deposited per host. There is a preoviposition period of about 3 days and egg production is synovigenic. The number of fully developed eggs within a female at one time varies between about 7 and 12 eggs on a 3-day cycle, and never exceeds 16. Each female wasp attacks two or three large host larvae and this number is probably doubled when the host larvae available for attack are small.

Sex pheromone of the European pine shoot moth: Chemical identification and field tests

The sex pheromone of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, has been isolated and, using chemical methods, its structure shown to be (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate. Field traps containing the synthetic pheromone were consistently more attractive than traps baited with unmated females.

SURVIVAL OF EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIAINA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), UNDER CAGED CONDITIONS IN A PONDEROSA PINE FOREST

AbstractThe European pine shoot moth developed successfully on native lodgepole and ponderosa pines at central Oregon locations. Lodgepole and slow-growing ponderosa pine less than 6 ft in height were most susceptible to damage. Largely because of low winter temperatures, interior British Columbia, northern Washington, northeastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, and the Dakotas are not likely to experience Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) damage. In contrast, southern Oregon and northern California pine stands are highly susceptible.

EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND VAPOR PRESSURE DEFICIT ON EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), EGG PRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL

AbstractFecundity and egg survival had inverse linear relationships with increasing evaporation potentials expressed as vapor pressure deficits. With an increase of vapor pressure deficit from 4 to 24 mm Mg at a favorable temperature of 25.5 °C, mean fecundity could be reduced from 130 to 51 eggs and egg survival from 90% to 20%. Optimal laboratory physical conditions for egg production consisted of a low evaporation rate of less than 9 mm Hg vapor pressure deficit but short of a saturated atmosphere at a room temperature of 25.5 °C. One hour daily exposure of eggs to high temperatures up to 39 °C did not cause a significant increase in egg mortality. In the field there was no difference in fecundity of females between plots in damp western Washington and dry central Oregon (pine region). Egg mortality was always higher at the central Oregon plot, presumably because of higher evaporation rates. Since high vapor pressure deficits are common occurrences during the growing season in most of the pine region, it is possible this factor could limit Rhyacionia buoliana populations in some of these areas.

Inhibition of Pheromone Perception in European Pine Shoot Moth 1 by Synthetic Acetates

Insect sex pheromones have recently received considerable attention as potential agents for selective control of insect populations. One pheromone-related behavioral approach involves interrupting the normal reproductive cycle by preventing orientation of male to female by the use of pheromone inhibition (Wright 1965, Shorey et al. 1967, Roelofs and Comeau 1968, Traynier 1970, Beroza et al. 1971). A series of sixteen 12-carbon aliphatic acetates were evaluated as inhibitors of European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller), sex pheromone perception.

THE EFFECT OF ORGILUS OBSCURATOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

AbstractThese studies show that Orgilus obscurator-purasitized Rhyacionia buoliana larvae initially gain weight in a manner similar to unparasitized larvae, but eventually attain a much smaller maximum size and then slowly decrease in weight with time. This decrease in weight is caused by the feeding of O. obscurator. The rate of increase in weight by O. obscurator increases with time during the second to fourth instars and decreases slightly during the fifth instar. During the fourth and fifth stages, the weight of O. obscurator changes from an initially minute proportion of the combined host–parasite weight to a significantly large proportion, eventually attaining ca. 80% of the combined weight. The feeding and activity of parasitized hosts remain high and continue for ca. 1 week longer than that of unparasitized hosts, resulting in a higher potential for damage to the host tree. Moulting of host larvae seems not to be affected by the presence of O. obscurator, although parasitized larvae remain in a "juvenile" state and do not develop testes. The implications of the size relationships of O. obscurator with its host on the activity of another parasite, Hyssopus thymus are discussed, and it is noted that parasitized hosts, on the average, needed fewer moults to complete their post-winter development than unparasitized hosts. This phenomenon is related to synchrony of the adult parasite with its host, and to host behaviour.

THE INFLUENCE OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE NON-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF HYSSOPUS THYMUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)

AbstractThe influence of constant temperatures on the non-diapause development of Hyssopus thymus was studied and the results of these studies are presented. A lower threshold for development of less than 12 °C and an upper threshold of about 32 °C were determined. Mean times for and rates of development at different temperatures are presented for all developmental stages. The egg is the stage most sensitive to temperature change. Regression equations describing the relationship between the rate of development and temperature for these stages are given and a thermal constant (K) of about 190 degree-days is calculated for total development. This constant is not applicable to naturally fluctuating temperatures. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to the potential impact of H. thymus on European pine shoot moth dynamics under different climatic conditions. It is concluded that H. thymus should be more effective in warmer seasons and at lower latitudes.

Techniques in Obtaining Overwintering Larvae of European Pine Shoot Moth for Mass Rearing1

Techniques were developed for forcing over wintering larvae of Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermiuller) from infested shoots and avoiding larval transport of molds into rearing dishes. Shoots were first surface sterilized by a 5-minute dip in 5–20% bleach solution, then exposed to constant light at cage temperatures of 76–79°F. After cold storage of 2 weeks or less, larvae commenced La issuing on the 4th day, with 90% issuing ill the next 5–7 days. With storage storage, larvae issued sooner.

STUDIES ON TECHNIQUES FOR THE XENIC AND ASEPTIC REARING OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

AbstractA preliminary study to define a laboratory diet on which to rear the larvae of Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) was made. The rearing vials were very important and gaseous exchange was essential for proper rearing and moisture levels. It was found that wheat germ appeared to contain essential components or balance of nutrients necessary for rearing this insect. Ascorbic acid also appeared to be an important component either for its nutritional value or as an antioxidant protecting other labile dietary components. It also appeared, because of the feeding habits of this insect and the length of its life cycle, that the larvae may have to be periodically transferred to new diet formulations to insure the presence of changing necessary nutrient(s). Aseptic rearing of the larvae seemed to be feasible. It was found that eggs, surface sterilized in 0.1% hypochlorite solution for 10–15 minutes, could be aseptically introduced into containers without appreciable decrease in egg hatch; however, sustained asepsis was difficult to maintain in the rearing vials employed.

AN ELECTRICAL CAUTERIZER FOR INSECT LARVAE

AbstractWhen Rhyacionia buoliana larvae were confined with adults of the parasite Hyssopus thymus in gelatin capsules, the larvae regurgitated on the parasites and/or chewed out of the capsules. Instructions for constructing and using an electrical device for cauterizing the mouthparts of the larvae and a suction accessory for holding them are given.

DISCRIMINATION BY HYSSOPUS THYMUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) AGAINST ORGILUS OBSCURATOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

AbstractWhen given a choice of large, unparasitised sixth-instar larvae of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana, and small sixth instars containing developing Orgilus obscurator, Hyssopus thymus selected the former. This discrimination does not exist when the host larvae are in the third or fourth instars. The size of the contained O. obscurator larva is related to this change in behaviour. H. thymus shows no cleptoparasitic tendencies and is recommended as a safe candidate for introduction where O. obscurator exists.

Test Release of Itoplectis quadricingulatus Against European Pine Shoot Moth in an Isolated Infestation12

A total of 5365 female Itoplectis quodricingulatus (Provancher) was released on a 40-acre site over a 7-week period when pupae of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller), were present. Activity and parasitizing ability of the parasites were estimated from weekly parasitization of wax moth pupae hung from tree branches. Effectiveness of the release against shoot moth was evaluated by comparing parasitization of shoot moth pupae in exposed and caged branches. About 50% of the wax moth pupae but only 30% of the shoot moth pupae were killed by I. quadricingulatus .

Easy Recognition of Mated Females of the European Pine Shoot Moth1

Journal Article Easy Recognition of Mated Females of the European Pine Shoot Moth Get access G. E. Daterman G. E. Daterman Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service. USDA, Corvallis, Oregon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 62, Issue 2, 1 April 1969, Pages 527–528, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/62.2.527 Published: 01 April 1969 Article history Accepted: 28 December 1968 Published: 01 April 1969