Pile In Layer Research Articles

Sound Absorption of Tufted Carpets Produced from Coarse Wool of Mountain Sheep

ABSTRACT Coarse wool from Polish mountain sheep, often treated as a useless by-product of sheep husbandry, was used to produce pile carpets with tufting technique. Raw wool was used in the small-scale spinning mill to spin prototype rug yarns, which were then used for the production of carpets. The carpets with cut and loop piles of two different heights and densities were manufactured. During examinations, the basic parameters of raw wool, yarns, and tufted fabrics were determined. Then, the soundproofing properties of carpets were analyzed. To characterize the acoustic properties of the carpets, the sound absorption coefficient and transmission loss were measured. The measurements were carried out in one-third octave bands in the frequency range of 80–5000 Hz using the impedance tube method. It was stated that the wool of Polish mountain sheep is coarse, highly differentiated both in thickness and length and contains a significant content of medullated fibers and kemp. Despite its poor characteristics, the wool can be used for the production of rag yarns suitable for the production of pile carpets with tufting technique. The carpets possess acceptable sound absorbing capacity comparable to other similar products obtained from other wool types, which is dependent on both pile types and their parameters. The carpets exhibit low transmission loss, which is influenced, to a lesser extent, by the change in the parameters of the pile layer.

Sundowning, and: Loss/Exit, and: As My Husband Moves to Memory Care

Sundowning, and: Loss/Exit, and: As My Husband Moves to Memory Care Carla T. Griswold (bio) Sundowning with lines from Jennifer L. Knox This game is rigged to separate us,to leave you to your darkness alone.No one tried to stop mefrom carrying you on my back.It's shocking how light you have become,how content I am to move you acrossthe gravel to the next thing you need.The scritch scritch of my steps soundheavier than ever, sound prehistoricto my sensitive ear, as though I'm leadinga wounded mate to the watering hole.Drink, eat. The sun is going down.It's getting dark. Loss/Exit Say loss is a bed and a cloudless skyexchanged for a table and chairs,a shift that prepares the audience for what comes next. The actorplaying the wife enters the scenebearing a chair on one strong arm [End Page 103] and the actor playing the husbandpaces on stage wrappedin his own bedsheets. Or say loss is a layer of snowthat piles gently or evenheavily on a run of party lights. Note how its shape is determinedby time or temperature,how its craters and caverns threaten to fall from the light's wirewith the next gust of wind.Say loss persists with the garden statue, ice settling in her floral bouquet,her eyes and ears,the folds of her garments. Say the actor playing the wifegrieves in her chair, twisting tearsfrom her handkerchief. Say the actor playing the husbandexits the stage without her,his sheets trailing their corners. As My Husband Moves to Memory Care with lines from Belle Waring I wish I could say the storm breathingthrough the keyholeis just a whisper of change. [End Page 104] I wish I could raise a fingerto my mouth to quiet your doubts,to make you believe our separationto keep you safe, is preciselywhat we both need. It may seem to youthe tear of a saturated clifffalling into the river below. But witnessour bodies, the way my knees tuck intothe back of yours, how my mouthfinds the dip in your soft neckwhere I inhale the marrow of your bones.We've untangled our legsfrom the bedsheets, their stripesnow straightened from our once daily tussle.There are ways to grieve this.The storm will get loud, flash,then calm into a soft rain. [End Page 105] Carla T. Griswold Carla T. Griswold's work has appeared or is forthcoming in the San Pedro River Review, Kota Press Poetry Anthology (Vol. 1), the The Community of Writers Review, and on npr's Morning Edition. Her chapbook Missing Women was published by CJ Ink. She has received support from the Community of Writers and holds an mfa from Pacific University. She recently moved to an island in the Puget Sound where she enjoys cycling to find the best views of Mt. Rainier. Copyright © 2022 University of Nebraska Press

Elimination and analysis of mcr-1 and blaNDM-1 in different composting pile layers under semipermeable membrane composting with copper-contaminated poultry manure

The mcr-1 and blaNDM-1 elimination in copper contamination poultry manure was evaluated by semi-permeable membrane composting. The results showed the mcr-1 in control and high copper groups could not be removed, but mcr-1 decreased superlatively 80.1% in low copper treatment group. BlaNDM-1 was increased after composting, especially the copper addition groups, the results indicated that the relative abundance of mcr-1 and blaNDM-1 was obviously different in the different pile layers of copper treatment groups. Three mobile gene elements (MEGs) correlated both mcr-1 and blaNDM-1,copB correlated mcr-1, czcA and copA correlated both mcr-1 and blaNDM-1. The major phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria in all layers. The correlation analysis showed that the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) potential hosts could be influenced by copper form and physicochemical parameters. Semi-permeable membrane composting could decrease the abundance of major potential pathogens. Furthermore, the composting pile was not homogeneous by semi-permeable membrane composting.

Design and study of equipment for accepting and drying soya seeds with high moisture content

The studied designs of existing equipment for post-harvest processing do not ensure careful reception and drying of high-moisture soya seeds which leads to a decrease in quality and yield loss. To solve this problem, a mobile device was developed and manufactured for accepting and drying in one pass of a high-moisture soya piles, that is, a cloth air-slide conveyor. The developed device design with a low specific quantity of metal provides reception, drying and transportation of high-moisture seeds. These advantages have been achieved through the use of additional air supply ducts in the design and woven materials including woven sieves with a coefficient of open space increased to 46 %. Drying of wet materials is the most critical operation in humid climate areas. The use of existing reception departments and devices for drying and ventilating seeds of leguminous crops does not ensure quality and reduction of costs of drying high-moisture seeds in the areas of high humidity. The use of additional ducts for supplying air from the cloth screens in the design of the cloth air-slide conveyor can additionally increase supply of the drying agent to the pile layer by 60 %. The design of the drying chamber ensures high uniformity of drying with deviation of the relative moisture of soya seeds no more than 1.2 % and an increase in their germination capacity by 4.5 %. The use of the developed cloth air-slide conveyor makes it possible to receive high-moisture seeds of loose crops in batches of various weights and dry them at high quality, without injury in one pass at the least energy consumption. Features of the design open up the possibility of its use in areas of high humidity at enterprises with various product outputs.

A Frequency Signature RFID Chipless Tag for Wearable Applications.

In this paper, a frequency-signature Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) chipless tag for wearable applications is presented. The results achieved for a fully-textile solution guaranteeing a seamless integration in clothes are reported and discussed. The proposed tag consists of two planar monopole antennas and a 50 Ω microstrip line loaded with multiple resonators. In order to achieve a compact size, the resonators are slotted on the ground plane of the microstrip line. As for the antennas, the same geometry was exploited for both the TX and the RX tag antenna. In particular, it consists of a proximity fed planar monopole on a ground plane. The selected geometry guarantees easy integration with the multi-resonator structure. Numerical and experimental data referring to a 2-bit implementation are presented and discussed. For fabricating all the prototypes, a layer of pile was used as a substrate, while an adhesive non-woven conductive fabric was exploited for the fabrication of the conductive parts. Experimental tests demonstrate that although the performance of the final device strongly depends on the properties of the used materials and on the imperfections of the fabrication process, the proposed frequency-signature RFID chipless tag is suitable for wearable applications, such as anti-counterfeiting systems and laundry labels.

Comparative analysis of bark and woodchip biomass piles for enhancing predictability of self-heating

Along with the inherent woody biomass supply needs within the bioenergy industry, self-heating risks associated with stored biomass piles continue to threaten worker safety, have the potential to cause serious damages to plant infrastructure and can result in the complete loss of feedstock stores. Though bark and woodchips can both be utilized as a feedstock, their physical and chemical properties differ significantly. Self-heating risks and dynamic pathways leading up to such events were therefore expected to vary as well. A large-scale industrial storage trial was conducted in Point Tupper, Nova Scotia along with comparative physical tests to determine whether wood self-heating models could be used successfully for piles primarily consisting of softwood bark (from local sawmills). Modeling with established bark variables yielded accurate predictions of pile temperature when compared with actual temperature sensor data (R2 = 0.94). Following the start of the simulation (Day 1 = November 10, 2015), it was found that the average bark pile temperature peaked at 58.4 °C on Day 33 with varying heating rates between the pile layers. The woodchip pile simulation in comparison, was found to peak on Day 23 with an average temperature of 64.9 °C. A sensitivity analysis highlighted significant self-heating variables, revealing those associated with microbial activity as being some of the most influential on temperature profile during initial storage stages. Our overall results indicated that bark piles heat at a slower rate compared to woodchips while retaining more heat over time. Wood parameters are insufficient for modelling bark pile dynamics and the use of specific bark parameters is necessary.

Bending force of LLDPE monofilaments at high temperatures measured in DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer)

The bending force of monofilaments used as pile layer in artificial turf football fields is a very important property due to the strong relation with the performance of the entire system being the force that mostly influences the deformation of monofilaments. The existing test methods for measuring this force can only be used to perform tests at room temperature. Nowadays, artificial turf surfaces are being installed worldwide, even in regions with very high values of air temperature, leading to the need of evaluating the performance of monofilaments and thus, of testing their bending force at elevated temperatures.The aim of this paper is to use the DMA’s advantage of testing at high temperatures, by using a new test method developed for measuring the bending force of monofilaments at room temperature and to evaluate the results obtained. For this purpose, six different LLDPE (Low Linear Density Polyethylene) monofilaments are tested at temperatures 25°C, 50°C and 80°C and the bending force is measured. The DMA is used successfully on performing tests at high temperatures. Considering the results, an analysis of the bending behavior of LLDPE monofilaments depending on the temperature is done. All fibers show the same trends regarding this influence, with decreasing of the bending force while increasing the temperature.

Особенности изменения гранулометрического состава мело-мергельных техногенных субстратов в районе Курской магнитной аномалии

As a result of mining of minerals by open method, formation of technogenic broken lands takes place. In the sediments of iron ore mines of Kursk magnetic anomaly (KMA), about 60-80 % of overburden rocks are sands and chalk. These rocks during mining and stripping operations is transported and stacked in piles. Chalk and chalk-marly rocks of KMA are extremely unfavorable on water-physical and agrochemical properties for growing woody and shrub vegetation. One of the ways to increase forest potential of edaphotopic layer of chalk and chalk-marly piles is formation of technogenic substrates by applying and blending chalk-marl with a variety of more fertile reclamation layers of varying thickness. Granulometric composition of technogenic substrates is an important genetic and isotopologues characteristic of habitat conditions of plants. The object of the study was reclaimed in 1974, chalk-marl phosphorite Schigrovsky mine, Kursk region. Particle size distribution was determined by pipette method by Kaczynski. Positive changes of granulometric composition of technogenic substrates on reclaimed area at the time of establishment and after 40 years of growth on them of forest plantations are shown. Application of drainage layer from 10 to 50 cm promotes the formation of lighter granulometric composition of technogenic soil. Over the 40 year period in the embodiments, when applying a layer of sandy deposits, technogenic substrate is transferred from the category of light clay to sandy loam, clay loam layer from the category of light clay to medium loam, and when applying the layer of humus soil in medium loam and sandy loam.

SIDE FRICTION OF DRILLED PILES IN COBBLE LAYERS

Full scale vertical load tests have been carried out on drilled piles in cobble layers to evaluate side friction capacity. In the finite element analysis, firstly the property of pile is assumed linear elastic and the elastic-plastic Mohr-Coulomb model is used for the cobble layer. Interface elements are introduced to model interface interaction between pile and cobble layer. The measured data obtained from the field tests are compared with the finite element simulation results using PLAXIS 2D. It shows reasonable agreement between field test data and simulation results. A preliminary evaluation of side friction of drilled piles in cobble layers based on Rollins et al. design equation is also made after assembling the available load test data and numerical analyses. A modified equation is proposed to estimate the ultimate unit side friction of drilled piles in cobble layers for design purpose.

Multivariate Regression Modeling of Parameters Affecting Punching Force during Random Velour Needling

Manufacturing of random velour needled fabrics comprises two separate needling operations. In the first stage a carded fibrous assembly is consolidated using a barbed needle. The consolidated assembly is opened-up due to action of fork needles of the second needling stage. In this special needling operation the mono-structure consolidated fibrous assembly is converted to a bi-structure fibrous assembly, comprised of base and pile layers. The extent of imparted structural changes influences physical and mechanical properties of the resultant random velour fabric. Fork needles which are the culprit of the structural alteration are subjected to relatively large forces. In this work the effect of random velour needling parameters and fiber characteristics on force exerted on the fork needle were investigated. Force measurement and data analysis were carried out using a purposely designed twin load cell force measuring unit and required software. Sixty four samples of polyester fabrics were prepared. Separate identification of the effect of principle independent parameters on the exerted force on individual fork needles was achieved using a linear multivariate regression analysis based on SAS 9.1 statistical software. Estimation of total average force (Frms) and peak average force (FPA) were used as response variables of the model. Results manifested that force exerted on the fork needle is profoundly affected by a large number of parameters. It was also found that, total fiber displacement “ TFD“, occurring during random-velour needling was the foremost factor directly influencing force on the fork needles.

Bark- and wood-boring beetles on Scots pine logging residues from final felling: effects of felling date, deposition location and diameter of logging residues

To reduce the risk of bark- and wood-boring beetle pests, the extensive removal of logging residues is conducted in forests; however, this practice can lead to a loss of saproxylic insect diversity. Thus, finding a better pest management strategy is needed and requires additional information on the actual effects of various, differently treated logging residues for pest multiplication. In the present study, a total of 2,160 fragments of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) logging residues generated during final felling in a single stand in the Drahanska Highlands in the Czech Republic were examined for bark- and wood-boring beetles. The felling occurred on four dates in 2006 (in February, May, August and November). The logging residues from each felling were left scattered on the clear-cut area or were gathered into piles. The fauna inhabiting the logging residues were investigated by peeling off the bark during the first six months of the vegetative period following the felling. The logging residues hosted species-rich assemblages of bark- and wood-boring beetles (25 species were identified). Beetle occurrence was significantly affected by felling date, logging residue type (trunk fragment or branch and branch thinner or thicker than 1 cm), diameter and the manner in which the logging residues were deposited (freely scattered, top pile layer, or bottom pile layer). The Scots pine logging residues were a substrate for the significant multiplication of several potentially significant pests (particularly, Pityogenes chalcographus [Linnaeus], Ips acuminatus [Gyllenhal] and Pityophthorus pityographus [Ratzeburg]). The results indicated that the risk of pest reproduction can be minimised by felling the trees in August (and probably also September and October). For I. acuminatus and P. pityographus , the risk can be minimised by gathering the logging residues into piles.

EFFECT OF STIFFNESS OF THIN BEARING LAYER ON TOE BEARING MECHANISM OF STEEL PIPE PILE WITH A CONCRETE BULB

It has been known that the sufficiently stiff layer can be considered as a load-bearing layer of piles, even if its thickness is thin. The authors have studied the toe bearing resistance of pile on a thin load- bearing layer, in order to establish the design method about pile on a thin load-bearing layer. In this paper, the effect of stiffness of load-bearing layer on characteristics of toe resistance of steel pipe pile on a thin load-bearing layer is discussed through a series of numerical analyses. First, a field loading test of steel pipe piles with a concrete bulb on a thin load-bearing layer is reproduced through the numerical analysis, in which a soil-water coupled with an elast-plastic finite element method is applied, to confirm the availability of the numerical analysis proposed. Second, a series of numerical analyses are carried out in which the deformation modulus of the load-bearing layer and the thickness of load-bearing layer are chosen as a variable parameter. The results of the numerical analyses show that the stiffness of load-bearing layer affects the resistance when the yielding of load-bearing layer occurs.

A Coupled BEM Model for the Dynamic Analysis of a Pile Embedded in a Half-space Soil Covered by a Water Layer

Dynamic analysis of a pile embedded in a half-space soil covered by a water layer is crucial for the designs of the pile foundations for bridges, docks and offshore platforms etc. In this paper, a coupled boundary element method (BEM) model is developed to evaluate the dynamic response of the pile. In the proposed model, the pile and half-space soil are treated as elastic media, while the water layer is considered as an acoustic medium. Three BEM formulations are established for the pile, half-space soil and water layer by means of the boundary element method (BEM), respectively. Using the three BEM formulations as well as the continuity conditions at the interfaces between three regions, a coupled BEM model for the pile-soil-water system is established. To validate the proposed model, results due to our model are compared with existing results. With the coupled BEM model for the pile-soil-water system, dynamic response of the pile is investigated. Presented numerical results show that when the pile is subjected to an axial load and torque, resonance phenomena is not obvious. However, when the pile is subjected to a horizontal load and moment, resonance phenomena is pronounced and the pile-soil modulus and density ratios have a considerable influences on resonant frequencies.

Chemical composition of surface runoff from flotation wastes of Zn–Pb ore formation of the Mississippi Valley-type, Olkusz, Southern Poland

Mining wastes of Zn–Pb ores were studied at Olkusz, Southern Poland, using X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDS analyses. Additionally the chemistry of surface water runoff collected on the tailings slope was analyzed. The surface layer of tailing piles contains pyrite and marcasite, and dolomite as predominant carbonate mineral. The principal secondary sulfate mineral is gypsum, but the presence of trace epsomite was also inferred. Grains of dolomite are relatively fresh: the source of Ca necessary for crystallization of gypsum seems to be highly corroded minor calcite. In surface runoff, pH is close to neutral; Ca and sulfate are the dominant ions, followed by Mg. Concentrations of sulfate reaches 939mg/l, whereas concentrations of Ca and Mg are 389mg/l and 15.43mg/l, respectively. The principal heavy metal in runoff is Zn, reaching 2.65mg/l. Most species in runoff exhibited a negative correlation with the amount of precipitation in 5days preceding the formation of surface runoff, due to their presence in efflorescent salts precipitated in dry period. Bicarbonate showed a positive correlation with the amount of precipitation, probably due to enhanced dissolution of calcite under high water saturation conditions. The results of this study indicate a dominant role of the surface layer of tailings and previous precipitation conditions in the formation of the surface runoff chemistry. In the future, surface runoff and fast releases of contaminants may become more important as a consequence of on-going climatic changes resulting in higher intensity of storm events.

Momentary measurement of force exerted on individual fork needles in random-velour needling

Random-velour needling can be regarded as a modified technique of conventional needling process. This modified technique results in the occurrence of fundamental changes in initial orientation of fibers within the preconsolidated fibrous assembly. As the consequence of these changes a dual fibrous structure comprising base and pile layer is created. It is evident that momentary analysis of forces exerted on fork needles is vitally important in the design of both needle and machine. In this research, momentary forces experienced by individual fork needles were precisely measured. A novel force measuring system enabling the momentary sensing of the forces was designed and developed. The results were analyzed by purposely written MATLAB-based software hereafter named as force analyzing software. Results showed that fork needle experiences various forces due to its vibration and inertia and also frictional resistances offered by preconsolidated fibrous assembly and brush conveyor during a complete needling cycle. Furthermore, fork needle is subjected to an additional force due to contact of fork needle with fibers of preconsolidated fibrous assembly during dwell of needle board at the bottom dead center. It is concluded that total force on the fork needle includes contact and noncontact components. Quantification of results showed that, noncontact forces are due to fork needle vibration and inertia. These comprise significant proportion of total force experienced by individual fork needles. Magnitudes of these forces are strongly dependent on stroke frequency of the needle board. It was found that contact component of the total force is dominated by preconsolidated fibrous assembly characteristics.

Evaluation on Features of Soft Foundation Engineering and Bearing Layer of Pile in Jiaxing City

Through the investigation into composition of major shallow foundation soil mass and the correlation of mechanical indicators in this study, the regression equation of mechanical indicators of the features of local foundation soil mass and the data of in situ testing was obtained. Based on massive quantities of exploration materials, this study analyzed engineering features, distribution status, and the feasibility of silty clay to be used as the bearing layer of the pile in Layer ④2 . The analytical results showed that the silty clay with the uniform depth of over 3.5m and the cone tip resistance in static sounding of over 400MPa could be used as bearing layer of the pile. This study could provide the reference for the accurate understanding of the engineering features of soil mass, and the design and evaluation of foundation in Jiaxing City.

Source of Nitrous Oxide Emissions during the Cow Manure Composting Process as Revealed by Isotopomer Analysis of and amoA Abundance in Betaproteobacterial Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria

A molecular analysis of betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers and a N(2)O isotopomer analysis were conducted to study the sources of N(2)O emissions during the cow manure composting process. Much NO(2)(-)-N and NO(3)(-)-N and the Nitrosomonas europaea-like amoA gene were detected at the surface, especially at the top of the composting pile, suggesting that these ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) significantly contribute to the nitrification which occurs at the surface layer of compost piles. However, the (15)N site preference within the asymmetric N(2)O molecule (SP = delta(15)N(alpha) - delta(15)N(beta), where (15)N(alpha) and (15)N(beta) represent the (15)N/(14)N ratios at the center and end sites of the nitrogen atoms, respectively) indicated that the source of N(2)O emissions just after the compost was turned originated mainly from the denitrification process. Based on these results, the reduction of accumulated NO(2)(-)-N or NO(3)(-)-N after turning was identified as the main source of N(2)O emissions. The site preference and bulk delta(15)N results also indicate that the rate of N(2)O reduction was relatively low, and an increased value for the site preference indicates that the nitrification which occurred mainly in the surface layer of the pile partially contributed to N(2)O emissions between the turnings.

Replicating the cross-sectional distribution of house-dust mite allergen found in carpet

With a view to producing carpets that could be used to determine the ease of particulate aerosolisation during domestic activity, we measured the cross-sectional distribution of dust-mite allergen, Der p 1, produced using American Society for Testing and Materials method (ASTM F608–89) for embedding house dust in carpets with that produced by several alternative protocols. Allergen concentrations produced at different levels within the pile using the different techniques were also compared with those in carpets from actual houses – in which the majority of allergen is typically found towards the base of the pile. To obtain profiles of allergen, horizontal sections, 2-mm thick, were taken from new carpets after they had been seeded with dust and embedded using one of four following techniques: (1) dragging a fixed roller across the surface of the carpet four times, (2) using the same roller but following it up with 200 revolutions in a hexapod wear simulator, (3) dragging the fixed roller across the carpet surface 30 times (the ASTM method), and (4) 2 minutes under a commercial plate compactor. Fibre from each 2-mm-thick section was collected and the Der p 1 content determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and results expressed as ng Der p 1 per area in each section. Embedding with a fixed roller alone was not found to be particularly effective, resulting in roughly equal amounts of dust being apportioned within each pile layer, irrespective of the number of embedding passes used. In contrast, a distribution biased towards the base of the pile was found after roller-embedding/hexapod wear, although still to a lesser extent than has been observed in used carpets. Plate compaction gave a similar allergen distribution profile to combined roller/hexapod treatment but was considerably easier to perform. Thus, both techniques offer promise for researchers seeking to replicate the cross-sectional distribution of dust mite allergen found in carpets after actual use (and conceivably other particulate pollutants also).

Characterization and dielectric properties of GeO x thin films prepared by radio frequency (RF) reactive sputtering

Dielectric properties of germanium oxide have not been investigated in detail. But, it has been investigated from an optical viewpoint as light waveguide materials. Its electrical properties have rarely been studied for electronic device applications. We have examined the previous investigations on Ge–O films deposited by radio frequency (RF) reactive sputtering. The dissipation factor tan δ, the capacitance per area, the breakdown field of GeO x films were studied as well as its composition by RBS analysis. Aiming at obtaining the higher value of the dielectric constant or capacitance per area, we have attempted to fabricate Ge–Pb–O films by the same deposition method. An optimization of the dielectric properties of these materials has been done, using the best conditions of sputtering for each oxide, the alternated pile layers as dielectric multilayer capacitors and thermal treatments. These dielectric properties have been improved by thermal treatments, and the dielectric multilayer made with alternated GeO 2 and Ge–Pb–O films capacitors has a breakdown field superior to that of each simple layer.

3D finite element analysis on pile-soil interaction of passive pile group

The interaction between pile and soft soil of the passive pile group subjected to soil movement was analyzed with three-dimensional finite element model by using ANSYS software. The soil was assumed to be elastic-plastic complying with the Drucker-Prager yield criterion in the analysis. The large displacement of soil was considered and contact elements were used to evaluate the interaction between pile and soil. The influences of soil depth of layer and number of piles on the lateral pressure of the pile were investigated, and the lateral pressure distributions on the (2×1) pile group and on the (2×2) pile group were compared. The results show that the adjacent surcharge may result in significant lateral movement of the soft soil and considerable pressure on the pile. The pressure acting on the row near the surcharge is higher than that on the other row, due to the "barrier" and arching effects in pile groups. The passive load and its distribution should be taken into account in the design of the passive piles.