Pig Breeding Farms Research Articles

Epidemiological Analysis of the Swine Perfringens Disease in the Aragatsotn Region

Over the recent 20 years, for the first time, the disease of swine perfringens has been studied in the Aragatsotn region of RA and related epidemiological analysis has been conducted. To identify A, C, and D serological types of Cl. Perfringens and special diagnostic sera produced by the Kursk biofactory were used. It has been found that the main serological infection type of swine perfringens is C and sometimes A and D subtypes. In the pig breeding farms of the mentioned region about 6887 heads of swine (aging from 3 days to 1 year old) were registered. Per the research results, about 45 out of 72 communities were recognized as insecure/vulnerable. As to the above-stated animal number, it should be mentioned, that 1722 heads of swine fell down, whereas 5510 were considered bacteria carriers. Thus, as a result of epidemiological analysis, the morbidity (bacteria carrying rate), mortality, insecurity/vulnerability, and focality coefficients (indicators) have made 0.80 (80 %), 0.25 (25 %), 0.63 (63 %), and 122 animals, respectively.

Электроозонная технология очистки навозных стоков: реализация математической модели

The disposal of animal waste products is especially urgent at large livestock facilities. In order to develop an effective technology of processing animal manure effluents, the authors have developed an effective method of their treatment and designed an experimental installation - a manure effluent treatment station including an electro-ozonizer. Cleaning is carried out in two stages: at the first stage, manure effluent is subjected to separation and flotation to remove large dispersed impurities, at the second stage, liquid fraction is treated with ozone. The technical result is achieved by fine atomization of manure effluents with a droplet diameter from 1.0 to 10.0 microns in the ozone-air mixture at an ozone concentration of 450 to 500 mg/m3 . Calculations based on the developed mathematical model have shown that fine atomization of manure effluents in a chamber with the ozone-air mixture increases the ozone concentration gradient and ozone mass transfer through the interface in 360 times as compared with barbotization of ozone into liquid. This makes it possible to increase significantly the rate of ozone consumption in chemical reactions, increase the efficiency factor, and reduce energy consumption for manure effluent treatment. The experiment was conducted at the pig-breeding farm of LLC “Novye Agrarnye Tekhnologii”, Beysuzhek Vtoroy, the Vyselki district, the Krasnodar region. The results of chemical, organoleptic and microbiological analyses confirm the high efficiency of the developed method and equipment for wastewater treatment of pig farms. The developed electro-ozonization technology and equipment improve the ecological situation on livestock farms by preventing the discharge of harmful emissions of ecologically toxic volatile compounds into the atmosphere.

Infection of Pigs by Associative Invasion

The article deals with research work carried out in pig-breeding farms located in the Gabala district on the infection of pigs from helminthiasis with metastrongylosis and strongyloidosis, from diseases caused by primary intestinal parasites — eimeriosis, depending on age and season. During the study in the spring period, infection with metastrongylosis was detected in 2-6-month-olds 36.4%, in 7-12-month-olds 38.5%, in mature animals 25.0%; with strongylodiosis in 2-6-month-olds 27.3%, in 7-12-month-olds 30.8%, in mature animals 16.7%; from diseases caused by primary intestinal parasites, - eimeriosis in 2-6-month-olds 54.5%, in 7-12-month-olds 38.5%, in mature animals 25.0%; in summer period infection with metastrongylosis in 2-6-month-olds 30.0%,in 7-12-month-olds 33.3%, in mature animals 27.3%; with strongylodiosis in 2-6-month-olds 20.0%, in 7-12-month-olds 25.0%, in mature animals, 18.2%; infection with eimeriosis in 2-6-month-olds 20.0%, in 7-12-month-olds 8.3%, and in mature animals during the examination, infection was not detected. In the autumn period, infection with metastrongylosis was studied in 2-6-month-olds 45.5%, in 7-12-month-olds 50.0%, in mature animals 30.0%; infection with strongyloidosis in 2-6-month-olds 36.4%, in 7-12-month-olds 35.7%, in mature animals 20.0%; with eimeriosis in 2-6-month-olds 45.5%, in 7-12-month-olds 35.7%, in mature animals 30.0%; and in winter period infection with metastrongylosis in 2-6-month-olds 23.1%, in 7-12-month-olds 20.0%, in mature animals 18.2%; with strongyloidosis in 2-6-month-olds 15.4%, in 7-12-month-olds 10.0%, in mature animals 9.1%; infection with eimeriosis in 2-6-month-olds 23.1%, in 7-12-month-olds 20.0%, in mature animals 9.1%. Summarizing the results obtained, infection with metastrongylosis was detected in the spring period of 33.3%, in summer 30.3%, in autumn 42.9%, and in winter 20.6%; infection with strongyloidosis in spring 25.0%, in summer 21.2%, in autumn 31.4%, and in winter 11.8%; infection with eimeriosis in spring 38.9%, in summer 9.1%, in autumn, 37.1%, and in winter was 17.6%.

Влияние навозных стоков на почвенные фототрофные микроорганизмы

Soil phototrophic microorganisms (algae, cyanobacteria) play a very important role in functioning of anthropogenic systems. They take an active part in soil self-purification by directly absorbing biogenic elements, as well as by stimulating the activity of mineralizing microorganisms at the expense of disengaged oxygen. The research was carried out at a plough field with sod-podzol soil situated near a large pig-breeding farm. Neutralization took place due to natural microbiological processes during the time of disgorging the liquid fraction in the lagoons. Long-term application of manure runoff from pig-breeding farms into plough soil had an impact on species diversity of phototrophic microorganisms, which was considered in the research. Groups of species tolerant to the impact formed in the soil in course of long-term application of liquid manure fraction. The influence of long-term runoff of manure from pig breeding farms on specious diversity of soil phototrophic microorganisms was assessed. In plough soils affected by liquid manure runoff a group of species tolerant to this impact has formed. Their basis is represented by green algae: Klebsormidium flaccidum, K. nitens, Chlorococcum infusionum, Chlorella vulgaris, as well as by the heterocyst-free cyanobacteria Phormidium autumnale and the diatom alga Hantzschia amphioxys. On the surface of plough soil these species make microscopically marked films, i. e. soil “blooming” takes place. General species diversity of microphototrophs in soil of the experimental site is lower than that of the control site. Jaccard coefficient of the experimental and control sites of the field is 47.8%. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are not represented in the microphototrophic community; it indicates that the natural microcoenosis is damaged in the plough soils and nitrogen content is high.

Histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in the placentas and fetuses of domestic swine naturally infected with Brucella suis biovar 2.

Porcine brucellosis, which is caused by Brucella suis biovar (bv) 2, is a re-emerging disease that causes reproductive problems in pigs in Europe. The pathogenesis and lesions of B. suis intrauterine infection are poorly characterized; characterization could facilitate the diagnosis and investigation of porcine brucellosis. We collected samples of placentas and fetuses for histologic and microbiologic studies during an outbreak of abortions on a pig-breeding farm in Spain. Brucella was cultured from the vaginal swabs obtained from sows that had aborted, some placentas, and fetal tissues (spleen, liver, lung, gastric content); molecular testing confirmed B. suis bv 2 infection. Histologically, there was necrotizing and hemorrhagic placentitis; suppurative hepatitis; lymphoid depletion and sinusoidal histiocytosis in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus; and bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Hemorrhages were observed in the umbilical cord, heart, kidneys, and brain. We detected Brucella by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in all of the placentas and fetal organs studied, specifically in the trophoblasts of the chorionic epithelium, in the cytoplasm of macrophages in the chorionic stroma, and extracellularly in necrotic debris. Furthermore, we assessed the lymphocyte population in the placentas through the use of IHC (anti-CD3, anti-Pax5 antibodies), revealing that the lymphocytic response was composed of T cells but not B cells.

The Influence of CO2 Injection into Manure as a Pretreatment Method for Increased Biogas Production

Manure is considered a by-product or organic waste in cattle, pig, chicken or other animal breeding farms, which can be a valuable product as compost or feedstock for biogas production. The production of biomethane from biogas always copes with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by-product. This CO2 may be recycled through the feedstock as a pretreatment to maximize homogeneity, and improve biogas yield and biogas quality. The CO2-pretreatment process of cow manure (CoM), chicken manure (ChM) and pig manure (PM) was performed in the continuously fed agitated reactor at 25 °C temperature and ambient barometric pressure. Biogas yield and composition exploration were performed in an anaerobic continuous feeding digester with controlled mesophilic (37 °C) environmental conditions. The CO2 pretreated PM, CoM and ChM yielded 234.62 ± 10.93 L/kgVS, 82.01 ± 3.19 L/kgVS and 374.53 ± 9.27 L/kgVS biomethane from feedstock volatile solids, respectively. The biomethane yield from CO2 pretreated CoM, ChM and PM achieved was higher over untreated manure by +33.78%, +28.76% and +21.78%, respectively. The anaerobic digestion process of tested feedstocks was stable, and the pH of the substrate was kept steady at a pH of CoM 7.77 ± 0.02, PM 8.07 ± 0.02 and ChM 8.09 ± 0.02 during all the experiment. The oxidation-reduction potential after pretreatment was within the optimal range (−255 ± 39.0 to −391 ± 16.8 mV) for anaerobic digestion. This process also had a positive effect on the energy generated from the feedstock, with ChM showing the greatest increase, from 2.38 MJ/kg to 3.06 MJ/kg.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES OF BACTERIA IN THE GUT OF PIGLETS (SUS SCROFA DOMESTICUS) IN THE EARLY NEONATAL PERIOD

The article presents the assessment of the presence and relative amount of antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria in the gut microbiome of piglets in the early neonatal period. The genes for beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams) have become the dominant majority of the antibiotic resistance genes present in both healthy and sick piglets. Tetracycline resistance genes were also found in the samples of healthy and sick animals. Healthy animals had the aminoglycoside resistance gene Aph3-III (relative content - 81.15%). The quinolone antibiotic resistance genes QnrB5 and QnrB19 were present in both healthy and sick animals, and the gene QnrD was identified only in the piglets with diarrhea (relative content - 10.27%). The same relative abundance of the sulfonamide resistance gene SulII (relative content - 82%) was demonstrated in both healthy and sick piglets, while the gene SulIII was found only in the animals with diarrhea (relative content - 13.44%). The results show a wide spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the population of healthy piglets and piglets with diarrhea, and this requires special attention from pig breeding farms in order to minimize further migration of antibiotic resistance genes.

FORMATION OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN PIGLETS REARED UNDER THE SOWS THAT HAD EXPERIENCED POSTPARTUM DISEASES

The article presents the results of a study on the state of specific cellular immunity in suckling piglets at an in-dustrial pig breeding farm. In the piglets reared under the sows that had experienced postpartum diseases, cellular immunodeficiency was established at the age of 20 days, caused by insufficient activation of the functioning of the own immune system and characterized by a reduced abandance of relative and absolute lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, theophylline-resistant and theophylline-sensitive T-cells and B-lymphocytes. The data obtained indicate a slowdown in the formation of specific cellular defense in them, which may have a negative effect on the formation of adaptive immunity during the specific prevention of infectious diseases.

STATE OF LIVESTOCK IN UKRAINE: MONITORING FOR 2021

STATE OF LIVESTOCK IN UKRAINE: MONITORING FOR 2021

Poor welfare compromises testicle physiology in breeding boars.

In commercial pig breeding farms, boars are often exposed to stressful situations, such as confined housing conditions, inadequate environmental temperature, food restriction, lameness, diseases, among other challenges. Confined housing conditions, such as crates, are reported as a major source of stress for pregnant sows, and were banned in the UK and in Europe, however there is limited information about the impact of this housing system for boars. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of three different housing conditions for boars and the consequence on the testicles. We studied 27 crossbred boars (F1 large white and landrace), housed in crates (n = 9), pens (n = 9), or enriched pens (n = 9), during 10 weeks. We collected data of scrotal superficies mean temperature (SSMT) with a thermal camera; we measured testicular parenchyma perfusion (ultrasound evaluation); and we measured sperm characteristics. We found that boars housed in crates had a higher SSMT (p < 0.05) and higher testicular parenchyma perfusion than boars housed in pens and enriched pens (p = 0.01). Regarding the semen features, we found that boars housed in crates showed more agglutinated semen, and higher values of linear curved linear velocity (VCL) than boars housed in pens and enriched pens, both indicators of reduced fertility. These results indicates that boars housed in pens and in enriched pens showed better indicators of testicular health, better sperm motility features (VCL, p = 0.046), and less agglutinated sperm (p < 0;05) than that observed in boars kept in crates.

Estimate of inbreeding depression on growth and reproductive traits in a Large White pig population.

With the broad application of genomic information, SNP-based measures of estimating inbreeding have been widely used in animal breeding, especially based on runs of homozygosity. Inbreeding depression is better estimated by SNP-based inbreeding coefficients than pedigree-based inbreeding in general. However, there are few comprehensive comparisons of multiple methods in pigs so far, to some extent limiting their application. In this study, to explore an appropriate strategy for estimating inbreeding depression on both growth traits and reproductive traits in a Large White pig population, we compared multiple methods for the inbreeding coefficient estimation based on both pedigree and genomic information. This pig population for analyzing the influence of inbreeding was from a pig breeding farm in the Inner Mongolia of China. There were 26,204 pigs with records of age at 100 kg (AGE) and back-fat thickness at 100 kg (BF), and 6,656 sows with reproductive records of the total number of piglets at birth (TNB), and the number of alive piglets at birth (NBA), and litter weight at birth. Inbreeding depression affected growth and reproductive traits. The results indicated that pedigree-based and SNP-based inbreeding coefficients had significant effects on AGE, TNB, and NBA, except for BF. However, only SNP-based inbreeding coefficients revealed a strong association with inbreeding depression on litter weight at birth. Runs of homozygosity-based methods showed a slight advantage over other methods in the correlation analysis of inbreeding coefficients and estimation of inbreeding depression. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the model-based approach (RZooRoH) could avoid miscalculations of inbreeding and inbreeding depression caused by inappropriate parameters, which had a good performance on both AGE and reproductive traits. These findings might improve the extensive application of runs of homozygosity analysis in pig breeding and breed conservation.

State and prospect of application immunocorrection therapy in castration of piglets and 5‐month‐old boars in pig breeding farm

One of the most widespread surgical interventions is the castration of piglets and 5‐month‐old boars without breeding selection being a criterion in conditions of intensive development of the pig breeding industry. This work aims to use immunocorrection therapy, methods and system of their use, technological simplicity, and efficiency in boars castration in the pig breeding industry.The research was done with the help of the pig breeding industrial complex and Kostroma State Agricultural Academy. 87 hybrid boars at the age of 5 months (F1) were used. In total, two cycles of experiments were carried out. For the first cycle, 49 animals were divided into 7 groups (n=7) to define the effectiveness of using different methods and schemes of immunocorrection therapy in post‐castration complications and its impact on product indicators. In the second cycle of the research, performance indicators of pig‐meat production were studied on the control group (n = 9) and experimental group (n = 29) of boars by using the best immunocorrection therapy according to the first cycle of the research.Thymogen injection is a synthetic immunomodulatory dipeptide, an analog of one of the thymus hormones. Ribav (mycovit) is a natural origin alcohol‐based drug for local use immunocorrectors. Both immunocorrectors were used for the research.Research results: decrease of complications with an open surgical way of castration in the experimental group on 28,57% (control group 57,14%) especially in the group treated with thymogen and Ribav in post castration time; similar results were received considering local reactions as hyperemia and less edema; the same indicators were higher than in the control group at the closed technique of castration. It can be caused by an immune reaction to suture material ‐ Polycon; Ribav was more effective at the open technique of castration than at closed, which is explained by the accessibility of local wound treatment; the average daily gain in live weight in the groups treated with thymogen and Ribav was 0.551 ± 0.13 and 0.618 ± 0.09 versus 0.406 ± 0.04 kg in control, meat yield rate 77.0 ± 0.58 and 76.40 ± 0, 29 versus 76.85 ± 0.14 in control with 85.71% safety in the experimental groups versus 81.43% in control.Thus, Thymogen is preferable according to its manufacturability and cost indicators.In the second cycle of experiments with its use, the gain in live weight exceeded the indicators of the control group by 18.6% without significant differences in meat on the bone and its yield. At the same time, it should be noted that the safety of the livestock, as in the first series of experiments, was 7.6% higher in the experimental group (96.55 versus 88.89%).Thus, thymogen post castration injections or Ribav (mukovit) local irrigation treatment with a five‐day course at a postoperative period reduce the risk of post castration complications on 14,28 ‒ 28,57% in the condition of pig breeding intensification, reduce emersion of local reactions, increases the safety among 5‐month‐old boars by 14.28 ‐ 28.57%.As a result, it is better to use treatment schemes based on using Ribave with the closed technique of castration on small pig farms when personal care is possible.

Veterinary syndromic surveillance using swine production data for farm health management and early disease detection

The use of syndromic surveillance (SyS) has grown in animal health since the 2010s, but the use of production data has been underexplored due to methodological and practical challenges. This paper aimed to tackle some of those challenges by developing a SyS system using production data routinely collected in pig breeding farms. Health-related indicators were created from the recorded data, and two different time-series types emerged: the weekly counts of events traditionally used in SyS; and continuous time-series, where every new event is a new observation, and grouping by time-unit is not applied. Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) and Shewhart control charts were used for temporal aberration detection, using three detection limits to create a “severity” score. The system performance was evaluated using simulated outbreaks of porcine respiratory and reproduction syndrome (PRRS) as a disease introduction scenario. The system proved capable of providing early detection of unexpected trends, serving as a useful health and management decision support tool for farmers. Further research is needed to combine results of monitoring multiple parallel time-series into an overall assessment of the risk of reproduction failure.

Novel polymorphisms in GPX5 gene and their association with reproductive and productive traits in Lumsniang (Hampshire x Niang Megha) pigs under subtropical hilly region of Meghalaya

Aim: To detect genetic variants of GPX5 gene and their associations with reproductive and productive traits in the Lumsniang (Hampshire x Niang Megha) pigs. Methodology: In this study, a total of 87 Lumsniang pigs were selected for collecting blood samples (3-5 ml) from Nucleus Pig Breeding Farm of ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hilly region, Umiam, Meghalaya. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood leukocytes using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and tissue kits and diluted to working concentration (50 ng μl-1) and stored at -20°C, which were used as templates for association of GPX5 variants with polymerase chain reaction. The data for reproductive and productive traits were recorded from all the animals taken in this study. The reproductive and productive traits were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) procedure of SPSS Version 16.0. Results: Polymorphisms at Intron 1 of the GPX5 gene was determined by PCR-RFLP with HinfI restriction enzyme and DNA sequencing analyses. Two alleles and three genotypes were identified by HinfI digestion of the GPX5 gene. In the SNP-HinfI (g.1896A&gt;G) locus, significant associations were found between GPX5 genotypes and litter size at birth. The genotype AA demonstrated significantly (P&lt;0.05) superior litter size at birth as compared to AG and GG genotypes at the SNP-HinfI locus in Lumsniang pig. Interpretation: The study reported probable associations of GPX5 variants with reproduction and production traits in Lumsniang pig. The genotype AA at locus SNP-HinfI improved the litter size at birth in the studied population. The GPX5 gene may be considered as a DNA marker for marker-assisted selection after validation in a large pig population.

The effect of the ryanodine receptor on the structure of the muscle tissue of the piglets different genotypes

The article presents the results of studies of the histological structure of the muscle tissue of the longest back muscle of purebred piglets of the KB and L breeds of different genotypes. Recommendations are given for carrying out DNA genotyping of livestock in the early postnatal period on pig breeding complexes and farms, in order to leave young animals with the desired genotype for the tribe on complexes with a completed production cycle. According to the results obtained, it is recommended to use animals with the NN genotype of the RYR-1 gene in feedlots to increase quantitative and qualitative indicators of meat productivity.

Environmental consequences of using antibiotics in agriculture in the Baikal Region

The article presents the results of a study that investigated the phytotoxicity of tetracycline, one of the most frequently used antibiotics in agriculture when raising farm animals that enters the soil in high concentrations with manure when applied to fields as fertilizer. Tests to assess the phytotoxicity of tetracycline and wastewater from the manure storage of one of the pig breeding farms located in the Usolye Municipality of the Baikal Region were carried out by seed germination according to the GOST method. As test organisms, we used shelling peas, whole-leaved garden cress (dicotyledonous plants), and Asian rice (monocotyledonous plant). It was found that significant inhibition of the vital functions of test plants, such as germination energy and seedling length, was observed at tetracycline concentrations of 50-100 mg/L. Peas were more sensitive to tetracycline contamination, and of the studied functions - the length of the roots. Tetracycline at concentrations of 25 mg/L and below can accumulate in plants and enter into metabolic changes with the participation of oxidases, primarily peroxidases.

ԽՈԶԵՐԻ ՎԱՐԱԿԻՉ ԱՏՐՈՖԻԿ ՌԻՆԻՏ ՀԻՎԱՆԴՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՏԱՐԱԾՎԱԾՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ՀՀ ՈՐՈՇ ՄԱՐԶԵՐՈՒՄ ԵՎ ԴՐԱ ԴԵՄ ԻՐԱԿԱՆԱՑՎՈՂ ՊԱՅՔԱՐԻ ՄԻՋՈՑԱՌՈՒՄՆԵՐԸ

Currently, the atrophic rhinitis of pigs is registered in some pig breeding farms of the Armavir and Kotayk regions. According to investigations swines of all breed and sex-age groups are susceptible to the disease but the inherent symptoms are manifested in the 3-5-month-old fattened gilts. In Armenia the spread of the mentioned disease is promoted by the disposing factors and economic relationships between pig breeding farms. Rehabilitation of insecure pig breeding farms, as well as measures to prevent the further spread of the pathogen, were carried out in accordance with the directive on measures for the prevention and control of diseases. Sulfaprim 48-BT preparation was used for treatment.

Использование интегральных лейкоцитарных индексов для оценки воспалительного процесса, эндогенной интоксикации и иммунологической реактивности у поросят при желудочно-кишечных болезнях и эффективности проводимой терапии

The article presents the results of studying the possibility of using integral leukocyte indices to assess the inflammatory process, endogenous intoxication and immunological reactivity in piglets with gastrointestinal infections on industrial pig breeding farms and the efficacy of therapy of sick animals with an interferon-containing drug. It was found that in sick piglets, compared with clinically healthy animals, the values of integral leukocyte indices of endogenous intoxication were higher, and the lymphocytic-granulocytic index, which characterized the severity of inflammation and the degree of intoxication associated with the infectious process, was lower. At the same time, changes in the indices of nonspecific reactivity were revealed, indicating a decrease in the activity of the monocyte-macrophage system, the adaptive capabilities of the organism and a pronounced stress reaction. The use of propig ensured the recovery of 97,5 % of sick animals. In recovered piglets, the values of integral leukocyte indices, which characterize endogenous intoxication, decreased, there were changes in the values of nonspecific reactivity indices, indicating an increase in the immune status, there was a tendency to an increase in the lymphocytic-granulocytic index, which indicated the extinction of the inflammatory process and the efficacy of treatment. The conducted studies have established the possibility of using integral leukocyte indices for an objective assessment of the presence of an inflammatory process, endogenous intoxication and the state of immunological reactivity in piglets with gastrointestinal diseases and the efficacy of therapy.

EFFECT OF GM-CSF ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THYMUS IN THE TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN PIGLETS

The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the functional state of the thymus in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in piglets was studied. The experiment was carried out on a large pig breeding farm in the Voronezh region. For the experiment, 3 groups of 20 sick piglets at the age of 5-7 days were formed in which gastrointestinal diseases of bacterial etiology were registered. The group 5 was the control, and the piglets of it did not receive treatment, the piglets of group 2 received the drug Quinocol, and the piglets of group 3 – Quinocol in combination with GM-CSF. Histological and immunohistochemical studies were carried out according to commonly accepted methods. As a result, a significant (p&lt;0.01) decrease in CD-3 positive cells in the field of view by 12% in group 3 was shown, which was a consequence of cell migration from the thymus to peripheral organs. There were no significant differences in the number of PAX-5 cells.

CHANGES IN HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS IN SOWS DURING GESTATION

The article presents the results of studying changes in hematological and biochemical indicators in pregnant sows during different gestation periods on an industrial pig breeding farm. It has been established that more pronounced changes are noted with an increase in the duration of gestation and are manifested by a decrease in the serum content of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, color index (globular value), platelets, albumins, iron, an increase in hematocrit, ESR, globulins to maintain balance in the hemostasis system.