The mixture of ribaldry and paranoia combined in this hoary jest accurately reflects the fluctuating attitudes of seventeenth-century Dutchmen towards their womenfolk. Seeing them, alternately, as succubi or sentinels of domestic virtue, their uncertainties surfaced not only in genre painting but in doggerel farce and the anthologies of misogynist anecdotes that became popular after 1650, as a kind of defensive hilarity. This was not the only possible response. Pieter de Hooch's affectionate studies of mothers and
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