Piece Of Bone Research Articles

Six Animal Bone Pieces exhibited in Museum of Egyptian Geographical Association in Cairo

Six Animal Bone Pieces exhibited in Museum of Egyptian Geographical Association in Cairo

How much did we lose? Investigating the impact of depositional environments on bone artifact preservation: Preliminary taphonomical findings

The impact of the depositional environment on bone artifacts is a crucial aspect of traceological research related to prehistoric osseous tools. The conditions in which bone artifacts are deposited significantly influence their preservation and the visibility of manufacturing and use-wear traces. Various factors such as soil composition, climate, burial depth, microbial activity and taphonomic processes (e.g., scavenging, water transport, and plant roots), can alter the state of bone artifacts. These processes may introduce additional wear or modify existing traces. This study presents the preliminary results of a taphonomical research examining the impact of different soils and post-depositional changes (mainly plant roots and fungi) on the preservation and visibility of cultural modifications on bones. Thus, an experiment was conducted where specially prepared modern bone pieces with various manufacturing traces on their surfaces were deposited outdoors in five types of soil for periods of 3 and 6 years. The study’s findings provide numerous interesting observations and insights into the preservation of various types of manufacturing stigmata and the bones themselves, emphasizing the need for further in-depth research in this field. Furthermore, the presented findings may be helpful in taphonomic, traceological and forensic science research.

Heat Generation during Dental Implant Bed Preparation Using Surgical Guides with and without Internal Irrigation Channels Evaluated on Standardized Models of the Alveolar Bone

Dental implant bed preparation involves surgical drilling. Heat generated in this process can cause a temperature elevation beyond the bone damage limit (10 °C), affecting the osseointegration of the implant. Surgical templates ensure accurate implant placement, but they limit the access of the irrigation fluid. This study evaluated the hypothesis that surgical guides with internal cooling prevent bone heating more effectively than classical guides. To eliminate biological variability, this study was conducted on artificial bone pieces that mimic the bone density of the human mandible. We created a surgical template that incorporated four pairs of guides—one classical (CLA) and one with internal cooling (INT) in each pair. For each specimen, we randomly selected the type of surgical guide to start with and performed four osteotomies with a 2.7 mm-diameter drill; then, we widened each hole with a 3.3 mm drill and finalized it with a 3.7 mm drill. The temperature was recorded by thermocouples placed at 0.8 mm from the prospective edge of the final osteotomy. In 168 measurements (12 osteotomies on 14 specimens) conducted for each type of surgical guide, the mean temperature rise was 7.2 ± 4.9 °C (mean ± standard deviation) for CLA and 5.0 ± 3.8 °C for INT. The mean differences between temperature elevations were 1.5 °C, 2.1 °C, and 3.0 °C for the first, second, and third drill, and they were statistically significant: the p-values of Student’s t-test were 0.004, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. Although the mean temperatures remained safe, temperature rises exceeded 10 °C in 23.8% (9.5%) of the osteotomies performed in the presence of CLA (INT). Taken together, our results suggest that surgical guides with internal cooling ensure a significant drop in the temperature rise caused by implant site drilling.

ESTIMATION OF STATURE FROM NASAL HEIGHT IN MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS IN UDAIPUR

Objective: Stature refers to a person's height when standing upright. It is a vital measure of physical identity. In archaeological operations or forensic exams following a mass disaster, height is estimated using rudiments or bone pieces for identification. In order to determine stature, separate regression formulae should be developed for each population group. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Anatomy, Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Umarda, and Udaipur. A total of 110 students (55 males and 55 females) aged between 18 to 25 y, participated in this study. Those with craniofacial defects were excluded from study. Height was measured from vertex to floor by stadiometer. Results: The study showed that in males mean values are significantly higher than females for both nasal height as well as stature; nasal height in (male 48.54±3.584 mm; female 46.75±3.763 mm) and stature in (male 170.3±7.902 cm; female 159.61±5.383 cm). In total student’s as well as in males and females, nasal height had a weak positive linear relationship with stature; r=0.283 in total students, r=0.222 for male and r=0.123 for female. The regression equation for stature and nasal height was found to be Y=134.053+0.648× nasal height for total students, Y=146.487+0.496×nasal height for males, Y=151.328+0.177× nasal height for females. Conclusion: The observed correlation is statistically significant in total students (p value<0.05) but not significant in males and females (p value>0.05). Overall nasal height had a weak positive linear correlation with stature.

A Review of Histological Techniques for Differentiating Human Bone from Animal Bone.

The first step in anthropological study is the positive identification of human remains, which can be a challenging undertaking when bones are broken. When bone pieces from different species are mixed together, it can be crucial to distinguish between them in forensic and archaeological contexts. For years, anthropology and archaeology have employed the histomorphological analysis of bones to evaluate species-specific variations. Based on variations in the dimensions and configuration of Haversian systems between the two groups, these techniques have been devised to distinguish between non-human and human bones. All of those techniques concentrate on a very particular kind of bone, zone, and segment. Histomorphometric techniques make the assumption that there are size, form, and quantity variations between non-humans and humans. The structural components of Haversian bones are significant enough to use discriminant function analysis to separate one from the other. This review proposes a comprehensive literature analysis of the various strategies or techniques available for distinguishing human from non-human bones to demonstrate that histomorphological analysis is the most effective method to be used in the case of inadequate or compromised samples.

Osteocyte gene expression analysis in mouse bone: optimization of a laser-assisted microdissection protocol.

Among bone cells, osteocytes are the most abundant, but also the most challenging to study because they are located inside a dense mineralized matrix. Due to their involvement in bone homeostasis, diverse tools are needed to understand their roles in bone physiology and pathology. This work was aimed at establishing a laser-assisted microdissection protocol to isolate osteocytes and analyze their gene expressions. The goal was to overcome the limitations of the technique currently most used: RNA extraction from the whole bone. To perform laser microdissection and subsequent gene expression analysis, the five main steps of the protocol have been adapted for the bone tissue. After testing many parameters, we found that the best options were (1) take unfixed snap-frozen tissue, (2) cryosection with a supported tape system to improve the tissue morphology if necessary, (3) microdissect regions of interest, and (4) recover the bone pieces by catapulting, if feasible, or by gravity. Finally, RNA extraction (5) was the most efficient with a precipitation method and allowed quantifying the expression of well described osteocyte genes (Gja1/Cx43, Phex, Pdpn, Dmp1, Sost). This work describes two protocols optimized for femur and calvaria and gives an overview of the many optimization options that one could try when facing difficulties with laser microdissection.

Gastrotomia para remoção de corpo estranho linear em cão

In the routine of small animal veterinary clinics, the ingestion of foreign bodies, such as pieces of fabric, shoelaces, ropes, balls, bones and toothpicks, is common. Depending on the case and the amount ingested, they may pass normally in the feces or may require surgical intervention to remove. Symptoms can be broad, mainly including the occurrence of vomiting, lack of appetite and apathy. For the correct diagnosis of the disease, a combination of factors such as anamnesis, symptoms and the results of complementary tests such as radiography and ultrasound, must be taken into account. This work aims to report a case of a linear foreign body removed by gastrotomy in a dog.

Comparison of Deep Learning Models and Optimization Algorithms in the Detection of Scoliosis and Spondylolisthesis from X-Ray Images

The spine is composed of pieces of bone called vertebrae that lie between the skull and the tailbone. Various medical conditions can affect the spine. In this study, two types of degenerative diseases, scoliosis, and spondylolisthesis, were studied. Deep AI architectures have recently enabled further disease diagnosis innovation using medical images. Various traditional and deep learning studies use medical images for disease diagnosis in the literature. This study aims to classify spine X-ray images according to three possible conditions (Normal, Scoliosis, and Spondylolisthesis) and to exploit the potential of these X-ray images to detect possible diseases occurring in the spine. The performance of deep learning models and optimization algorithms used in this process was evaluated. The study uses a data set created and/or analyzed during an existing study. This data set consists of images that belong to three different classes: scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, or x-ray images of normal (i.e. healthy) individuals. A total of 338 spine X-ray images, 188 scoliosis images, 79 spondylolisthesis images, and 71 normal images. Six different deep-learning architectures have been used in the study. These architectures are Alexnet, GoogLeNet, ResNet-18, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, and EfficientNet-bo. While working on these deep architectures, each model has been evaluated using different optimization algorithms. These optimization algorithms are RmsProp, SGDM, and Adam. According to the classification processes, the deep learning model with the highest accuracy value was Alexnet, and the optimization algorithm used with it, Sgdm (99.01%), and the training time lasted 38 seconds. According to the classification processes, the deep learning model with the fastest completion time (30 seconds) was Alexnet and the optimization algorithm used with it was RmsProp. An accuracy rate of 98.02% has been obtained in the training of this model.

Bone flap binding and transposition: a method for bone reconstruction in cranial burst fractures and early-stage growing skull fractures.

To introduce a method of cranial bone reconstruction for cranial burst fractures and early-stage growing skull fractures, named bone flap binding and transposition. Cranial burst fractures, severe head injuries predominantly observed in infants, are characterized by widely diastatic skull fractures coupled with acute extracranial cerebral herniation beneath an intact scalp through ruptured dura mater. These injuries can develop into growing skull fractures. This study included two cases to illustrate the procedure, with a particular focus on the bone steps in managing these conditions. The medical history, clinical presentation, surgical procedures, and postoperative follow-up were retrospectively studied. The details of the surgical procedure were described. The method of bone reconstruction, named bone flap binding and transposition, was applied after the lacerated dural repair. Two bone pieces were combined to eliminate the diastatic bone defect and then fixed by an absorbable cranial fixation clip and bound by sutures. The combined bone flap was repositioned into the bone window, completely covering the area of the original dural laceration. Subsequently, the bone defect was transferred to the area of normal dura. The postoperative courses for the two infants were uneventful. Follow-up CT scans revealed new bone formation at the previous bone defect and no progressive growing skull fracture. The major cranial defects had disappeared, leaving only small residual defects at the corners of the skull bone window, which required further recovery and did not affect the solidity of the skull. Bone flap binding and transposition provide a straightforward, cost-effective, and reliable method for cranial bone reconstruction of cranial burst fractures and early-stage growing skull fractures. This method has taken full advantage of the small infant's dura osteogenic potential without the need for artificial or metallic bone repair materials. The effectiveness of the method needs further validation with more cases in the future.

Reconstruction of the Large Frontal Sinus Defect With the Small Supporting Bone Pieces in Neurosurgical Anterior Skull Base Surgery

BackgroundLarge defects of frontal sinus (FS) might be difficult to manage effectively. Mismanagement of the large defects could lead to serious postoperative complications in anterior skull base surgery. This study introduces a simple and reliable method applying small supporting bone pieces to cover or insert into large FS defects, then the large defect of FS was transformed into the some small defects which can be sealed by bone wax successfully. MethodsEleven patients underwent anterior skull base surgery for lesions or aneurysms, with the reconstruction of large FS defects by small supporting bone pieces. During craniotomy, mild violations of the FS mucosa were spared and sterilized, while severe violations required mucosal removal. Small supporting bone pieces were obtained from the inner plate of the bone flap, and carefully covered or inserted into the large defects. The large defects were transformed into some small ones, which could be sealed effectively by bone wax. Demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative complication data were collected. ResultsFour patients had severe mucosal violations requiring removal, while seven had mild violations sparing the mucosa. All underwent effective reconstruction with small supporting bone pieces. Median follow-up was 6 months. All cases showed effective FS morphology reconstruction, with no FS-related complications. ConclusionApplying the small supporting bone pieces for large FS defect reconstruction can restore the FS morphology, preserve physiological function, and avoid postoperative complications.

Stiffness of Anatomically Shaped Lattice Scaffolds Made by Direct Metal Laser Sintering of Ti-6Al-4V Powder: A Comparison of Two Different Design Variants

The modern approach to the recovery of damaged and missing bone tissue is increasingly focused on the application of implants capable of supporting the growth and recovery of parent tissue, rather than replacing the tissue itself. In this regard, the primary task of modern bone implants is to enable the targeted deformation of the implant against the expected load that that piece of bone should bear. The paper presents research related to anatomically shaped lattice scaffolds (ASLSs) made by the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) of Ti-6Al-4V powder, and refers to the influence of the crossing angle between the outer lattice struts on the rigidity of the scaffold structure. The study includes the measurement of the deformation of two ASLSs designed for the same missing piece of rabbit tibia; these differed in terms of the crossing angle of the struts in the outer lattice and were exposed to quasi-uniaxial compression. The results show that the ASLS with outer struts that intersect at 60° (the angle between the compression direction and the strut axes is 30°) is more flexible compared to the ASLS with outer struts that intersect at 90° (the compression direction and the strut axes are colinear), even though its porosity is lower and volume is bigger.

Peri-implant mucosal fenestration and histologic observation of bone xenograft material 7 years after implant installation: A case report.

Bone augmentation is often required before the installation of dental implants. Here, we report a case for a patient who previously received bone augmentation at the upper right jaw using a xenogenic graft, followed by successful implant installation. Seven years later, the patient presented with mucosal fenestration with bone exposure at the area and gave a history of a recent diagnosis of cutaneous lichen planus. Several attempts were made to manage the situation, and finally, we resorted to connective tissue graft placement at the site. A piece of bone was sent for histologic evaluation, where the results indicated the presence of un-resorbed graft material surrounded by inflammatory cells, with no evidence of bone formation in the area. The case presents histologic evidence for the lack of new bone formation using xenograft over the evaluation period. The case also shows lichen planus, a possible cause for oral complication for patients undergoing augmentation and implant installation.

A Computational Approach to Individual Cell-Based Decision Algorithms Involved in Bone Remodeling

This work is concerned with bone remodeling, an intriguing and efficient biological process that ensures the optimal compliance of the human skeleton by screening and replacing any single piece of it on a recursive basis. We propose here that a class of algorithms, which are simple enough to be implemented at an individual cell level, suffices to account for the two main features of such homeostatic process: thorough screening of the whole skeleton on the one hand and destruction and subsequent replacement of any single bone piece on the other. This last process is accomplished at a microscopic scale by special groups of cells, assembled for that purpose, called Bone Multicellular Units (BMUs). Moreover, it is shown that the algorithms proposed are robust, i.e, they remain functional in a wide range of biomechanical environments, thus allowing for different remodeling rates at different places.

Challenges and Innovations in Forensic Identification: Case Study of Decomposed Remains in a Crocodile's Body for Missing Child Identification

Identifying a missing child from decomposed remains in a crocodile's body poses significant challenges and complexity. Forensic investigations involving human remains within animal’s body can present unique difficulties apart from conventional investigative scenarios. Decomposed remains added an additional layer of difficulty as the digestive process of a crocodile can significantly degrade the body and its features. Forensic anthropology examinations were impeded due to the limited availability of tiny bone samples. In this scenario decomposed bone pieces were the only remaining material for DNA analysis, the choice of an efficient DNA recovery procedure becomes crucial for successful outcome. In the study, prior to the DNA extraction process, a decontamination technique was employed, followed by decalcification method on the bone sample. The resulting, clean and decalcified bone sample was then subjected to extraction using a silica-based method, and the extracted DNA was subsequently typed through STR amplification. The derived DNA profile information from the bone sample pertaining to the child is compared with the profile details of parents for identification purposes.

Technological transformation of the bone at the Eneolithic tell settlement of Vitănești, southern Romania (Gumelnița B1 level)

This paper discusses the technological exploitation of bone at the tell settlement of Vitanesti (southern Romania). A total of 307 artefacts from the Gumelnita B1 level were analysed for this study, which can be assigned to four product and sub-product categories (waste, blanks, preforms, finished pieces). At the level of determined bones, the most numerous are those belonging to large species, both domestic and wild mammals. We also note the use of bones belonging to species rarely found in the Eneolithic bone industry (Bos primigenius, Equus ferus, Canis familiaris) in the Lower Danube. At the typological level, bevelled tools predominate, along with pointed tools and projectile points. A varied range of other typological categories includes spatulas, abraded astragalus, spindle whorls, burins, needles, and figurines, among others. The large quantity of preforms proves that the production of the assemblage was carried out in situ. It is an interesting assemblage which proves that the bone pieces were involved in various activities within the Vitanesti community that lived at the end of the 5th millennium BC, from the processing of hides or vegetable fibres to hunting. This assemblage could serve as a reference for future studies, as there are not many comparable assemblages for the same period in Southern Romania.

Underwater Adhesives from Redox-Responsive Polyplexes of Thiolated Polyamide Polyelectrolytes.

We report the fabrication of optically clear underwater adhesives using polyplexes of oppositely charged partially-thiolated polyamide polyelectrolytes (TPEs). The thiol content of the constituent PEs was varied to assess its influence on the adhesive properties of the resulting glues. These catechol-free, redox-responsive TPE-adhesives were formulated in aquo and exhibited high optical transparency and strong adhesion even on submerged or moist surfaces of diverse polar substrates such as glass, aluminium, wood, and bone pieces. The adhesives could be cured under water through oxidative disulphide crosslinking of the constituent TPEs. The polyamide backbone provided multi-site H-bonding interactions with the substrates while the disulphide crosslinking provided the cohesive strength to the glue. Strong adhesion of mammalian bones (load bearing capacity upto 7 kg/cm2 ) was achieved using the adhesive containing 30 mol % thiol residues. Higher pH and use of oxidants such as povidone-iodine solution enhanced the curing rate of the adhesives, and so did the use of Tris buffer instead of Phosphate buffer. The porous architecture of the adhesive and its progressive degradation in aqueous medium over the course of three weeks bode well for diverse biomedical applications where temporary adhesion of tissues is required.

Cortical bone microdamage affects primary stability of orthodontic miniscrew.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of orthodontic miniscrew pitch and thread shape on microdamage in cortical bone. The relationship between the microdamage and primary stability was also examined. Ti6Al4V orthodontic miniscrews and 1.0-mm-thick cortical bone pieces from fresh porcine tibia were prepared. The orthodontic miniscrews had custom-made thread height (H) and pitch (P) size geometries, and were classified into three groups: control geometry; HCPC (HC; thread height=0.12 mm, PC; pitch size=0.60 mm), geometry with a narrower pitch; HCPN (HC; thread height=0.12 mm, PN; pitch size=0.30 mm), and geometry with a taller thread height; HTPC (HT; thread height=0.36 mm, PC; pitch size=0.60 mm). The orthodontic miniscrews were inserted into a pilot hole in the cortical bone, and maximum insertion torque and Periotest value were measured. After insertion, the samples were stained with basic fuchsin. Histological thin sections were obtained and the bone microdamage parameters, i.e., total crack length and total damage area, and insertion state parameters, i.e., orthodontic miniscrew surface length and bone compression area were calculated. The orthodontic miniscrews with the taller thread height resulted in lower primary stability with minimal bone compression and microdamage; however, the narrower thread pitch led to maximum bone compression and extensive bone microdamage. A wider thread pitch reduced microdamage, and decreased thread height resulted in increased bone compression, ultimately resulting in increased primary stability.

P02 When should we stop the antiresorptive medications in patients with osteoporosis?

Abstract Introduction Bisphosphonates are first line and denosumab is the latest antiresorptive agent approved for osteoporosis treatment. Those drugs showed a reduction in vertebral fracture risk and other non-vertebral by 35-70%. One of the rare adverse events with antiresorptive treatment is medicine-related osteonecrosis of jaw (MONJ) which mainly occur in individuals receiving high doses for the treatment of cancer. Recent research found true incidence of MONJ is very low despite public perception. Studies indicate that 50% of women and 20% of men aged over 50 years will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture which have significant associated morbidity and mortality. Case description We report a case of an osteoporosis patient who was treated with alendronate followed by denosumab and presented with suspicion of MONJ. In 2014, a 77-year-old female was referred following right neck of fragility femur fracture. DXA showed osteoporosis (T- score of the spine −3.2, T- score total hip −2.4 and T- score of left neck of femur −2.1). She was initially treated with four years of alendronate (70 mg once weekly) but sustained a pubic rami fracture. Hence, she was then treated with six monthly injections of denosumab (60 mg subcutaneously). After three injections, she developed jaw pain. She was reviewed by her dentist who advised her to stop the denosumab for suspected MONJ. She was then seen by the oral surgeon who confirmed that there was a piece of bone in UR6 socket but with no bone sequestrum and this piece of bone was removed under local anaesthesia with good healing. She was advised to restart denosumab. The patient was extremely worried and anxious about denosumab recommencement and teriparatide was considered. After completion of teriparatide treatment her DXA still showed osteoporosis (T- score of the spine −2.1, T- score of total hip −2.2 and T- score of left neck of femur −2.6) with stable changes in the hip and improvement in the spine. On review, she continued to have concerns about antiresorptive treatment. Further oral surgeon review stated low grade infection around UL7 with poor gum condition around UR6 and LR6 with some bleeding points but no definite diagnosis of MRONJ. It was advised that any further manoeuvre involving tooth extraction will be conducted by the oral surgeon. Following this, the patient was happy to consider zoledronic acid infusions. She is due for her 3rd zoledronate infusion and is undergoing regular dental checks. Discussion The incidence of MONJ in patients taking oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis is relatively low, estimated to be less than 1% (0.001% to 0.01%). However, the risk is higher for individuals receiving higher doses of intravenous bisphosphonates for the treatment of cancer or bone-related complications of cancer. The incidence of MONJ in cancer patients receiving intravenous bisphosphonates ranges from 1% to 15%. More clinical studies have been published that describe the relation between MONJ and denosumab in cancer patients with the risk of MONJ varying between 0.7 to 1.9% (70 to 90 cases per 10,000 patients). However, in patients with osteoporosis treated with denosumab, the incidence of MONJ is lower, resulting in an even lower frequency of 0.04% (4 cases per 10,000 patients). It is understandable that there is a significant concern amongst dentists about MONJ risk with antiresorptive treatment, but it is paramount that the patients are made aware of the fracture risk and its significant effect on quality of life. Many patients are not aware that more than 20% of patients die in the first year after a hip fracture from complications surrounding the fracture and a significant number of patients lose their long-term ability to live independently. Vertebral fractures have significant morbidity and the mortality rate of 72% at 5 years and 90% at 7 years. Key learning points Most dentists are often reluctant to treat patients on anti-resorptive medications due to the risk of MONJ which results in patient’s concerns about treatment and subsequent stoppage of osteoporosis treatment leading to fracture risks. Thus, it is imperative to assure the patients of benefits of the anti-resorptive medications versus the MONJ risks. This calls for increased awareness and national guidelines for the prevention and management of ONJ in osteoporosis patients treated with antiresorptive.

Anatomics comparative aspects of head bones of domestic animals and adult human

Among the anatomical structures that make up the body of individuals, there are the bones of the head (skull and face) belonging to the axial skeleton, resulting from the union of even and odd bone structures that form a rigid box, which supports and protects part of the central nervous system. Due to the functional importance of the head, this study aimed to describe the bones of this region of some domestic animals, including canines, horses and bovines, as well as humans, and also emphasize the structural similarities and locations in these different adult species. For this, photographic records were made for further descriptions of anatomical bone pieces from the collection of the Human and Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory of the University of Franca. The results were expressed descriptively, following the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Regardless of the species, all presented bones incisor, nasal, maxillary, lacrimal, zygomatic, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, palatine, vomer, pterygoid and sphenoid bones, however, with varied sizes and shapes. Given the recommended methodology and the data obtained, it is possible to infer that the anatomical morphological distinctions between head bones of canine, equine, bovine and human are directly related to the functional, evolutionary, adaptive and postural aspects of each species.

Bone whistle modeling method based on robust scan point tracking

Several excavations at the Hemudu site in Zhejiang Province have led to the discovery of more than 100 pieces of bird bones that were likely used to create a kind of musical instrument. However, in contrast to the Jiahu bone flute, it is not clear for what the Hemudu bone whistle was used, although it was probably used for musical purposes. In this paper, the 7000-year-old Hemudu bone whistle is reproduced with 3D scanning and printing technology. Therefore, we propose a robust scan point detection and tracking method that includes three main stages. First, we conducted robust point detection and selection where noise and irrelevant points were removed. Then, we propose to track the key points and conduct 3D model optimization. With the above efforts, we obtained the 3D model of the bone whistle, and the audio of the bone whistle is replicated. The purpose of the bone whistles is inferred and evaluated through audio analyses. The experimental results show that the method is feasible.