Piece Of Bone Research Articles

Unusual finding in a diagnostic bronchoscopy of a patient with brain metastatic lung cancer

Swallowing disorders are common manifestations in patients with advanced lung cancer, this paper describes a rare clinical case of a foreign body (chicken bone) accidently found in the lumen of the left upper lobe bronchus during bronchoscopy. A 41 year- old man, with smoking history of 20 PA presented to our department with paraplegia and left arm paresis, he complained over 6 months from dyspnea, increasing posterior chest pain and persistent dry coughing. He had a history of swallowing disorders and difficulties with shocking episode passed unnoticed. The patient was apyretic but presented weight loss and weakness. On physical examination, he had a digital hippocratism, a WHO performance status was at 4 and there were diffuse snoring rales on pulmonary auscultation. The body CT scan showed a voluminous left upper mediastinal tumor involving the left upper lobe and the left apical pyramidal lobe, this tumor was extended to vascular elements and to the dorsal spine. The cerebral CT scan showed discreetly a compressive right parietal process measuring 3cm*3cm. The flexible bronchoscopy has been performed showing an extrinsic compression of the posterior wall of the trachea, a blood clot removed showing a piece of chicken bone presented in the lumen of the anterior segmental bronchus. The patient was referred to the oncology department for palliative treatment, after being diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma by a CT guided lung biopsy. This is the first paper reported an accidently discovery of bronchial foreign body during bronchoscopy in a patient with stage IVB lung cancer. Dysphagia has been reported as common manifestation in patients with advanced lung cancer due to underlying mediastinal disease and brainstem lesions metastasis, it is considered as a disorder which may increase the risk of morbi-mortality and has a potential of life-threatening.

Osteology applied to image diagnosis of the forelimb of the black-striped capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus Spix, 1823).

Macroscopic bone analysis and evaluation through imaging methods are essential in the recognition of natural and altered structures. Therefore, this study aimed at describing the osteology the thoracic limb of Sapajus libidinosus in bone pieces, identifying them in radiographic and tomographic images. For this, four cadavers were used in the macroscopic analysis and five animals for the imaging exams, of which four were euthanized and added to the macroscopic stage. For imaging exams, the animals were kept anesthetized. All bones were documented, structures described, and compared with literature data from human and nonhuman primates. There was no statistical difference between males and females regarding the length of the forelimb bones. Most of the bone structures of the scapula were well identified in the imaging methods, being more restricted in the ventrodorsal projection. The clavicle presented very limited visualization. The humerus, as well as the radius and ulna, were not well portrayed in their proximal and distal epiphyses by radiography. However, they were well identified on tomography. All structures described in the macroscopic image of the carpal and metacarpal bones could be identified through radiography and tomography, and the radiographic examination of this region is an excellent method for identifying fractures. The glenoid notch of the scapula was not visualized by any imaging method. S. libidinosus presented anatomical characteristics more similar to those of neotropical primates and man, being a great indicator of an experimental model for studies in these species.

Skull and Neck Lesions in a Long-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas): A Result of Ship Collision?

Simple SummaryWe performed a routine necropsy on an adult male pilot whale stranded in a heavy boat traffic area of Denmark. On its outside, there was no visible damage or alterations, and similarly, the internal organs of the thorax and the abdomen also showed no significant changes that could explain the death of the whale. But to our surprise, we found extensive internal injuries after incisions in the head and neck regions: There were multiple fractured bones, muscle trauma and extensive bleeding including a fractured occipital bone with several fragments and bone pieces deeply embedded into the whale brain—injuries that very well, but not with certainty, could be caused by a ship collision. This case demonstrates the importance of performing full necropsies of whales to rule out other causes of death. Otherwise, ship collisions may be an overlooked issue with implications for population health.Necropsy on an adult male pilot whale stranded in Denmark in an area with heavy boat traffic revealed internal lesions in the head and neck region, while the exterior did not show any visible lesions. We found multiple fractured bones, muscle trauma and extensive hemorrhage including a fractured occipital bone with several fragments and bone pieces deeply embedded into the cerebrum of the brain. The brain was literally smashed while the third and partially fourth cervical vertebrae were almost pulverized surrounded by large amounts of blood and muscle contusion. The whale was likely killed due to a ship collision, and this particular case substantiates the value of always performing full necropsies including incisions in head and neck regions on all stranded whales—especially in areas with heavy boat traffic. This case demonstrates the importance of veterinarians performing full necropsies of whales to rule out other causes of death. Otherwise, ship collisions may be an overlooked issue having implications for population health.

Paradigm Shift in Materials for Skull Reconstruction Facilitated by Science and Technological Integration.

The surgical repair of a bone deficiency in the skull caused by a prior procedure or accident is known as cranioplasty. There are various types of cranioplasties, but the majority entail raising the scalp and reshaping the skull using either the original piece of bone from the skull or a specially molded graft created from Titanium (plate or mesh), artificial bone in place of, a stable biomaterial (prefabricated customized implant to match the exact contour and shape of the skull). Cranioplasty, one of the oldest surgical treatments for cranial abnormalities, has undergone several changes throughout the years to discover the best material to improve patient outcomes. Various materials have been utilized in cranioplasty throughout history. As biomedical technology progresses, surgeons will have access to new materials. There is still no agreement on the optimum material, and research into biologic and nonbiologic alternatives is ongoing in the hopes of finding the finest reconstruction material. The materials and techniques used in cranioplasty are covered in this article.

Assessing the utility of quantitative and qualitative metrics in the DNA quantification process of skeletal remains for autosomal and Y-chromosome STR amplification purposes

In historical cases, ancient DNA investigations and missing persons identification, teeth or bone samples are often the only and almost always the best biological material available for DNA typing. On the other hand, DNA obtained from bone material may be characterized by a high degradation index (DI) or its low content, or DNA tests cannot be repeated due to bone piece size limitation. That is often the effect of the environment in which the material was placed and the time during which exposure to unfavorable environmental factors took place. Therefore, it is very important to use appropriate procedures related to STR analysis. For our study, we selected 80 challenging bone samples. The amount of DNA was compared in qPCR using Quantifiler™ Trio DNA Quantification Kit and Investigator® Quantiplex® Pro RGQ. All qPCR results were confirmed by PCR-CE. The results of DNA concentrations and the assigned degradation index (DI) differed significantly within analyzed samples (~10%). Additionally, the Y-chromosome DI also differed from the autosomal DI in the samples. The difference in degradation indexes could explain the lower Y-chromosome amplification success rate compared to autosomal e.g. during human identification process. The results indicate that performing two DNA quantifications with the use of two different kits (primers sets) allows for a much more precise evaluation of the DNA quality and quantity in the isolate. We suggest that at least one of two suggested DNA concentration measurements should be based on an additional determination of the Y chromosome degradation index. Altogether, it allows for rational isolate management, especially when the volume is limited and the sample is unique.

Selective U-shaped osteotomy of lateral tibial condyle for the treatment of collapse and comminuted fracture of lateral tibial plateau

To explore methods and clinical effects of selective U-shaped osteotomy of lateral tibial condyle in treating collapse and comminuted fracture of lateral tibial plateau. From January 2014 to October 2019, 15 patients with collapse and comminuted fracture of lateral tibial plateau were treated by selective U-shaped osteotomy of lateral tibial condyle, including 9 males and 6 females. The age of patients ranged from 25 to 70 years old, with an average age of (38.5±7.7) years old. According to ABC classification of condyle fracture of tibial plateau lateral, there were 2 cases of type A, 6 cases of type B, 4 cases of type BC and 3 cases of type C. Five patients were combined with medial plateau fracture, 8 patients were combined with left knee fracture and 7 patients of right knee fracture. The time of treatment after injury ranged from 1 day to 14 days with an average of (3.4±1.2) days. CT of all patients showed that lateral tibial plateau collapsed more than 2 mm, more than 2 pieces of bones were crushed and broken, and lateral tibial condyle cortex was intact. At follow-up of 12 months after operation, Rasmussen's anatomical grading system was used to evaluate fracture reduction. Rasmussen's functional grading system were used to evaluate knee joint function. Selective U-shaped osteotomy was successfully complated in 15 patients at one time, and operation time ranged from 55 to 110 min, with an average time of (85.6±20.0) min. The lateral plateau operation ranged from 20 to 60 min with an average time of(30.5±10.5) min. All patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months with an average of (14.6±2.5) months. Fracture healing time was 12 to 24 weeks, with an average of (13.6±3.6) weeks. At follow-up 12 months after operation, by Rasmussen's grading system, anatomical score of knee joint ranged from 14 to 18 points, with an average score of (17.5±0.3) points, of which 13 cases were excellent and 2 cases were good. The functional score ranged from 13 points to 30 points, with an average score of (26.8±2.5) points. Among them, 12 cases were excellent, 1 case was good, 2 cases were fair. Two patients suffered 2 mm and 4 mm loss of lateral tibial plateau, 1 case of knee joint 5 ° valgus, 1 case of stiff joints (10 ° to 100 °). No common peroneal nerve injury, important vascular injury, postoperative infection, internal fixation failure and other serious complications was found. The use of selective lateral tibial condyle "U"- shaped osteotomy approach is an effective and reliable method to treat the collapse and comminuted fracture of the lateral tibial plateau. It has the advantages of simple surgical incision, direct fracture exposure, accurate repositioning and fixation, short operation time and few complications.

A neglected foreign body in oesophagus with an unusual presentation: a case report

<p>Foreign body ingestion is clinical emergency in otorhinolaryngology practice which requires immediate proper management to ensure speedy recovery and reduce complications. Accidental ingestion of food based foreign bodies like fish and meat bones are common among adults. Penetration of these foreign bodies may cause vascular or suppurative complications which are rare; however, if present these can cause significant morbidity to the patient. We report a case of 60-year-old male patient who presented with painful right side neck swelling. The CT nscan neck revealed a foreign body penetrating oesophageal wall on either side leading to right cervical abscess and mediastinitis. Under general anaesthesia foreign body bone piece was removed by rigid oesophagoscopy. In conclusion, it is very important to elicit the history of accidental foreign body ingestion in patients who present with acute onset of neck swelling. Besides clinical examination, radiological imaging modalities are very useful in confirming the diagnosis, site localisation of foreign body and proceed with timely and appropriate management.</p>

Type II collagen-positive progenitors are important stem cells in controlling skeletal development and vascular formation

Type II collagen-positive (Col2+) cells have been reported as skeletal stem cells (SSCs), but the contribution of Col2+ progenitors to skeletal development both prenatally and postnatally during aging remains unclear. To address this question, we generated new mouse models with ablation of Col2+ cells at either the embryonic or postnatal stages. The embryonic ablation of Col2+ progenitors resulted in the death of newborn mice due to a decrease in skeletal blood vessels, loss of all vertebral bones and absence of most other bones except part of the craniofacial bone, the clavicle bone and a small piece of the long bone and ribs, which suggested that intramembranous ossification is involved in long bone development but does not participate in spine development. The postnatal ablation of Col2+ cells resulted in mouse growth retardation and a collagenopathy phenotype. Lineage tracing experiments with embryonic or postnatal mice revealed that Col2+ progenitors occurred predominantly in the growth plate (GP) and articular cartilage, but a limited number of Col2+ cells were detected in the bone marrow. Moreover, the number and differentiation ability of Col2+ progenitors in the long bone and knee joints decreased with increasing age. The fate-mapping study further revealed Col2+ lineage cells contributed to, in addition to osteoblasts and chondrocytes, CD31+ blood vessels in both the calvarial bone and long bone. Specifically, almost all blood vessels in calvarial bone and 25.4% of blood vessels in long bone were Col2+ lineage cells. However, during fracture healing, 95.5% of CD31+ blood vessels in long bone were Col2+ lineage cells. In vitro studies further confirmed that Col2+ progenitors from calvarial bone and GP could form CD31+ vascular lumens. Thus, this study provides the first demonstration that intramembranous ossification is involved in long bone and rib development but not spine development. Col2+ progenitors contribute to CD31+ skeletal blood vessel formation, but the percentage differs between long bone and skull bone. The number and differentiation ability of Col2+ progenitors decreases with increasing age.

A skeletal remains unrevealed the murder mystery of missing lady through DNA technology

In 1985, Alec Jeffreys first discovered and described the absolute identification technique through genomic DNA, which leads to open a new arena of forensic science. Since then, it has been adopted for crime-solving as well as various forensic applications across the globe. After the discovery of DNA technology, it passes through several continuous developmental steps concerning sensitivity, reduction in turnaround time, cost effect, minimizing multiple handling of the sample, and suitable challenging samples. After three and half decades of this DNA technology, Short Tandem Repeat (STR) based DNA technology established gold standard and irreplaceable technique in the field of forensic science, which is entirely different from its inception. In the present study, with help of DNA technology, a murder mystery of missing women was solved. In this case, tooth and bone pieces of deceased and blood samples of probable mother and son of deceased were received for DNA test in the laboratory. STR based 20 autosomal STR markers and one sex-determining Amelogenin marker included in PowerPlex® 21 systems kit was used for identification of unknown deceased. Based on the genetic marker unknown deceased was identified as biologically related to the probable mother and son of the deceased.

Quantification of DNA profiling from burnt remnants

In crime scene investigation, various evidences are attained in distinct forms by forensic experts. These evidences are often recovered in contaminated form, decomposed or partial form especially skelton remnants. In homicidal cases, dead bodies are redeemed partial burnt/ completely. In such cases, identification of an individual from highly burnt remnants is established by DNA profile. It can’t be neglected that hard tissues (bones and teeth) can bear extreme fire impact and often attained with some partial flesh pieces. Although, a considerable degree of degradation may occur in DNA retrieved from burnt bone pieces. This study is mainly focused upon the extraction and quantification of DNA profile generated from such remnants. Effect of fire on DNA and extreme heat on blood, blood in form of prime source of DNA are believed to be no longer traceable after exposure to a temperature of 1000°C. The outcome of this research will help researchers to quantify DNA profile, identify the deceased person/ dead bodies from such cases.

Comparison of anterior or posterior approach in surgical treatment of thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis: a retrospective case–control study

BackgroundWith the widespread use of the posterior surgery, more and more surgeons chose posterior surgery to treat thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis. But others still believed that the anterior surgery is more conducive to eradicating the lesions, and easier to place larger bone pieces for bone graft fusion. We compared the clinical and radiological outcomes of anterior and posterior surgical approaches and presented our views.MethodsThis study included 52 thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis patients at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital from January 2010 to June 2018. All cases underwent radical debridement, nerve decompression, intervertebral bone graft fusion and internal fixation. Cases were divided into anterior group (24 cases) and posterior group (28 cases). Statistical analysis was used to compare the clinical effectiveness, radiological outcomes, complications and other related information.ResultsPatients in the anterior group and the posterior group were followed up for an average of 27.4 and 22.3 months, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in the preoperative, postoperative and last follow-up VAS score, ASIA grade and Cobb angle of local kyphosis. Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences in the improvement of neurological function, loss of kyphotic correction, total incidence of complications, operative time, intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay between the two groups (P > 0.05). But there was greater correction of kyphosis, earlier bone fusion, lower incidence of poor wound healing, less interference with the normal spine and less internal fixation consumables and medical cost in the anterior group (P < 0.05).ConclusionsBoth anterior and posterior approaches are feasible for thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis. While for thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis patients with a single lesion limited in the anterior and middle columns of the spine without severe kyphosis, the anterior approach surgery may have greater advantages in kyphosis correction, bone fusion, wound healing, protection of the normal spine, and medical consumables and cost.

Causes, short- and long-term consequences and treatment options of Osgood Schlatter’s disease

Osgood-Schlatter's disease (MOS or OSD) is a common cause of knee joint pain in growing age. It is an inflammation of bone and cartilage on the shin head (tibia) immediately under the growth disc. This disease is sometimes caused by overuse of the leg. In the process, pieces of bone can detach from the shin and die (necrosis). The disease is therefore counted among the aseptic (i.e., non-infection-related) osteonecrosis. Typical symptoms are pain, swelling and tenderness of the knee. This article discusses etiology, the natural course, as well as the long-term consequences and treatment options.

Classifications of Skull Fractures using CT Scan Images via CNN with Lazy Learning Approach

Classification of skull fracture is a challenging task for both radiologists and researchers. Skull fractures result in broken pieces of bone, which can cut into the brain and cause bleeding and other injury types. So it is vital to detect and classify the fracture very early. In real world, often fractures occur at multiple sites. This makes it harder to detect the fracture type where many fracture types might summarize a skull fracture. Unfortunately, manual detection of skull fracture and the classification process is time-consuming, threatening a patient's life. Because of the emergence of deep learning, this process could be automated. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are the most widely used deep learning models for image categorization because they deliver high accuracy and outstanding outcomes compared to other models. We propose a new model called SkullNetV1 comprising a novel CNN by taking advantage of CNN for feature extraction and lazy learning approach which acts as a classifier for classification of skull fractures from brain CT images to classify five fracture types. Our suggested model achieved a subset accuracy of 88%, an F1 score of 93%, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.89 to 0.98, a Hamming score of 92% and a Hamming loss of 0.04 for this seven-class multi-labeled classification.

RITUAL BUILDINGS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN BILAD AL-SHAM FROM THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD TO THE END OF THE PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC “B” PERIOD: SELECTED SITES

This article examines the types of excavated buildings and areas with ideological and religious features in Bilad al-Sham from the Paleolithic Period until the Pre-Pottery Neolithic “B” Period. Religion played an important role in reducing people’s fear and weakness towards other creatures, as they practiced religious rituals in a variety of forms, beginning in the Paleolithic Period with some caches of ritual objects made of various materials such as pieces of stone or bone, or in the form of architectural structures containing stones in human and animal form, representing what can be called ritual buildings. With further development of people’s religious thoughts and beliefs, religious features became more apparent, and their numbers and variety increased. In the Neolithic Period, ritual buildings became more rooted and show further development and cohesion of people’s thoughts and religious beliefs. As a result, the types of ritual buildings included independent buildings containing artistic and architectural religious elements; rooms within the residential buildings containing caches for flint, stone, bone or animal tools and art pieces and plastered skulls; or colorful drawings on the walls or floors of buildings, all connected to religious thought, which means that the buildings can be called ritual buildings.

JAM'UL QUR'AN MASA NABI MUHAMMAD SAW

The Qur'an is the word of God which is full of miracles, and will always be in accordance with the development of the times and times. Muslims should use the Al-Quran as a solution to every problem they face because the development of the Ulum Al-Qur'an era has a very broad discussion so that it seems complicated to understand and the dominant Arabic language is also the reason most people in Indonesia find it difficult to learn it. Rasulullah SAW was the first person to memorize the Quran. Some of the Companions also wrote the Koran on their own initiative on palm fronds, stone slabs, thin boards, leather or wood leaves, saddles, and pieces of animal bones. the factor that prompted the codification was the large number of qurra who were killed on the battlefield so it was feared that this would continue to happen and have an impact on the extinction of the huffazh companions and lead to the extinction of the Koran itself.

Allograft Transplantation and Reconstruction of Bones after Malignant Tumor Resections.

Reconstruction surgery after the excision of musculoskeletal tumors has advanced greatly in the last few decades. After resection of a large piece of bone, limb reconstruction (when is necessary) can be easily achieved with mechanical reconstruction with metallic prosthesis, or biological reconstruction with bone. The use of bone in reconstructive orthopedic surgery is to repair skeletal defects and accelerate bone healing. Bone grafts can be used to achieve this. Those can be allografts and autografts.&#x0D; The standard in bone grafting consists of tissue harvested from the patient, autograft, usually from the iliac crest or distal femur and tibia. Allografts are taken from donors or cadavers and they serve as alternatives to autograft in bone reconstruction. In our case, the patients were treated with wide resection of the bone segment. The defect was reconstructed with intercalary bone and osteosynthesis was made with locking plates. A cadaveric graft was used. Autogenous bone is generally used as an optimal graft because it integrates faster and with fewer complications. Allogenous bone can carry the risk of viral infection for the recipient. Anyhow, allografts can serve as the only therapeutic options, besides endoprosthesis devices for large size reconstruction.

Diagnosis and Ayurvedic Management of Antah Pranashta Shalya (Bone Piece)Cause for Bhagandara – A Case Report

Bhagandara is one of the commonest diseases occurring in ano-rectal region which is difficult to treat because of its high recurrence rates. While explaining about the disease Bhagandara and its types Acharyas had enumerated Agantuja or Unmargi and Shalyaja Bhagandara as one of the type which is caused due to ingestion of non-veg diet along with bone piece in it. The ingested bone piece in it acts as a Shalya and gets lodged in the guda pradesh causing the disease Bhagandara it causes infection and suppuration in the surrounding tissues. On mere observation it may not look like a case of Pranashta shalya but the cause in this condition could be Pranashta shalya. In the present case report a 48-year-old male visited OPD of shalyatantra with a chief complaint of swelling and throbbing pain in perianal region since three days. This case was diagnosed as Guda vidradhi and the treatment was planned. During the procedure a shalya was extracted from the anal canal. After shalya niraharana the case was treated as Bhagandara with Kshara sutra.

Osteochondritis Dissecans: Ten Years After Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation

Osteochondritis dissecans is defined as a necrosis that affects the bone and cartilage of the joints. It is located in a segment of the bone tissue adjacent to the joint. The joint fragment may not consolidate correctly, resulting in a free fragment that can lead to premature osteoarthritis. It most often occurs in the knee, elbow, or ankle of the school-age child or adolescent. It usually presents with pain that worsens with exercise. There may be crepitus, contracture, or locking of the joint in advanced cases, especially if there is a loose piece of bone or cartilage in the joint. This article presents a clinical case of a 32-year-old male patient who underwent autologous chondrocyte auto transplantation 10 years ago and currently presents with pain and functional limitation of the knee.

Process Modelling and Experimental Analysis of Optimal Specimen Selection in Organic CMCs

Bone grafting is a surgical restructuring procedure of replacing broken bones and reconstructing missing bone pieces so that complex bone fractures can be repaired to avoid any serious health risk as well as permanent bone disfiguration. Normally, human bones tend to regenerate and heal completely from fracture. But it needs a small scaffold to provide the necessary space to grow. Bone implants allow a broken bone to grow seamlessly. Traditionally, non-corrosive metal alloys are used for fixing broken bones. A metal plate is fastened between two ends of broken bones to join them. However, issues like high weight, high cost, low wear resistance, etc. led to the emergence of ceramics and ceramic-based composites in surgical engineering. Recent trends indicate the usage of organic ceramics and their associated composites as biomimetic materials for prostheses and other biomedical applications. This research paper deals with the fabrication of one such type of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) specimen with sea sponge and cuttlebone using powder metallurgy process by varying composition of cuttlebone, the particle size of the ceramics and sintering temperature of green compacts. Evaluation of thermo-mechanical properties and optimization of process parameters is carried out using the preferential selection index (PSI) method. The results obtained from this technique are further validated using Multi-Level General Factorial Design (MLGFD).

Functional Macromolecular Adhesives for Bone Fracture Healing.

Compared with traditional internal fixation devices, bone adhesives are expected to exhibit remarkable advantages, such as improved fixation of comminuted fractures and maintained spatial location of fractured scattered bone pieces in treating bone injuries. In this review, different bone adhesives are summarized from the aspects of bone tissue engineering, and the applications of bone adhesives are emphasized. The concepts of "liquid scaffold" and "liquid plate" are proposed to summarize two different research directions of bone adhesives. Furthermore, significant advances of bone adhesives in recent years in mechanical strength, osseointegration, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity are discussed. We conclude this topic by providing perspectives on the state-of-the-art research progress and future development trends of bone adhesives. We hope this review will provide a comprehensive summary of bone adhesives and inspire more extensive and in-depth research on this subject.