Piece Of Land Research Articles

Management of land development risks in the course of implementation of investment and construction projects

Development is used to optimize investment construction activities. It is a form of investment carried out in the real estate market, designed to increase the investment attractiveness of a real estate object through its physical transformation or/and change of legal status. Land development acts as a process for the development of a piece of land in order to increase its value, profit, solve social or other problems. That is, it is a process associated with the formation of the necessary habitat, as well as in order to increase not only the level of liquidity, but also the level of attractiveness. Land development is designed to identify the best way to effectively use a piece of land for the implementation of an investment construction project. The effective development of various territories located within the boundaries of urban settlements implies the rational use of land resources of local governments, it follows that the implementation of measures related to the regulation of land use, increasing its efficiency is the main task of the municipality in the life cycle of territorial development. If the land belongs to local self-government bodies where an investment and construction project is planned, then the formation of a city investment policy takes place in order to achieve the required social and budgetary efficiency.

Factors affecting the successful implementation of telecommunication tower projects in Zambia

The research aimed at identifying factors that affect the successful implementation of telecommunication tower projects at Airtel Networks Zambia Plc and IHS Zambia Limited, in order to ensure adequate measures are put in place to support the successful implementation of telecommunications tower projects by market players. The study took a pragmatic approach to inquiry with a triangulated design where 16 professionals with industry experience and position of influence were purposively recruited. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, while content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The study findings revealed at least 5 factors that negatively affect the successful implementation of the telecommunication tower projects and these are Projects Scope Management, Projects Time Management, Projects Cost Management, Projects Communication Management, and Human Related Factors. The study also revealed that these factors had an adverse impact on project scheduling hence resulting into project delays. Subsequently, it was revealed that delayed legal formalities led to excess project expenses in form of warehouse and rental charges for the piece of land. Additionally, the study findings revealed that poor project scope description had a negative effect on the proper and efficient planning of project resources. Finally, the study revealed that poor project procurement management led to inadequate resource availability hence affecting the project schedule due to lack of resources as subcontractors could not proceed with the projects in the absence of necessary materials. The study recommended organizations to invest more resources in ensuring that various factors that impend the successful implementation of the telecommunication tower projects are known, as well as invest in Research and Development and project managers to ensure comprehensive project planning and evaluation before the project is initiated. This would also help ensuring that various challenges that affect the project implementation process at various stages of project’s implementation are mitigated.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER-BODIES IN THE POUMAI CULTURE: A LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACH

There is a well-known fact that there is always a relationship between the physical setting of the environment and the humans, and the interaction between the two components somehow always leaves a significant remark. Each piece of land may it be water bodies, is deeply embedded with culture specific symbolism, understanding these meanings helps one understand nature-human processes and relationships. In every society, may it be great or little, there is often a myth or oral history related with places that surrounds us. The objective of the study is to reconstruct past human life-ways through both the material and non-material remains of a particular landscape.

Land Use/ Land use zoning Practice at Micro level in Nepal: An Assessment

The land use zoning is thought to be better for the sustainable use of land resources utilization in Nepal. Land use (LU) denotes the human activity associated with a specific piece of land and mainly refers to the use by human beings for specific purposes with some sorts of management practices (Khanal, 2000). Specially, Land use is affecting by various factors like, physiographic, topographic, climatic, lithology, soil types, climate, rainfall pattern, cultural and traditional practices as well as socio economic factors etc. With varying physiography conditions around Punchapuri Municipality the land use zones have been found to be a varying shapes and thickness. With the growth of population Punchapuri has expanded the cultivable land of the town. The land use in the Municipality is predominantly nonagricultural with forest, shrub, and grass, covering more than 77% of the total area. The Punchapuri Municipality which is located Surkhet district in province no.6 has been choosen as the study area. Land use map was prepared based on 0.5 m spatial resolution satellite imagery. Various other vector raster and imagery datasets were used ancillary data which enhanced interpretation and classification of land use classes.
 Information on the losses, damage and its future risk were collected through focus group discussion, key informants, interview, observation and measurement. The paper further emphasizes on a detail study of land use pattern, land system, land forms type, and land capability, geology and natural hazards in order to formulate a classification scheme for land use zoning. This study will certainly help the concerned authorities for the ongoing practices on the land, and land use zoning the finite resource of the country. It will further help to develop plan for the local areas and implement accordingly. Therefore, this study can be regarded as milestone for the planners and development working agencies within the area.

Races and Biovar Characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum Causing Bacterial Wilt Disease of Potato

Ralstonia solanacearum, the causative agent of brown rot/bacterial wilt, is a major cause of severe potato illnesses in many impoverished nations located in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. When it occurs, the disease is to blame for significant losses to the potato industry. The illness has the potential to completely destroy a crop and stop using a piece of land for potato cultivation for a number of years. A survey was carried out to investigate the extent of Ralstonia solanacearum-caused bacterial wilt of potato crops in important potato-growing talukas in the Banaskantha district of Gujarat, India, including Deesa, Dantiwada, Palanpur, and Amirgadh. The frequency of bacterial wilt disease in potatoes is rather low in this region. Four talukas were utilised to identify ten isolates (RsSt1 to RsSt10) of R. solanacearum, which were then used to determine the biovar and race. Gram-negative rod-shaped cells were present in the isolates of R. solanacearum. On TZC agar medium, these isolates developed colonies that were creamy or dull white in colour with a hint of pink or red in the centre. The oxidation of disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and sugar alcohols (manitol, sorbitol, and dulcitol) by R. solanacearum isolates was used to determine the biovar characteristics. This revealed that, of the ten isolates, eight were classified as bv2, and the two remaining isolates (RsSt5 and RsSt7) belonged to bv2T. The pathogenicity test conducted on tobacco, tomato, and brinjal allowed for the race identification of R. solanacearum isolates, which were classified as race 3 due to their limited host range and ability to exclusively elicit wilt symptoms in potatoes and tomatoes. As a result, Races 3 and bv2 and bv2T were represented among the R. solanacearum isolates that caused bacterial wilt of potatoes in the Banaskantha district.

Irreversible investment under predictable growth: Why land stays vacant when housing demand is booming

The standard model of irreversible investment under uncertainty considers only the level of the cash flow that could be obtained through the investment. We present a general model that includes as state variables both the level and the growth rate of the cash flow, while the timing and size of the one-time investment are discretionary. As an illustration, we consider an investor with the exclusive right to develop a vacant piece of land, where the timing of the investment and the scale of the property are chosen optimally. We demonstrate that construction is optimally postponed when prospects are gloomy, but also when they are bright. Indeed, under sufficiently high growth it is, perversely, never optimal to invest. Under a cost-of-capital argument, the rational response to predictable growth combined with flexible investment conditions is to keep land vacant for extended periods, which may explain why construction in superstar cities often appears sluggish. Our proposed model can be used in all investment decisions, irrespective of sector, where the assumptions of predictable growth and a one-off, flexible but otherwise irreversible investment are met.

REMOTE SENSING OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE: A STUDY OF GREEN COVER LUNGS OF DELHI AND SURROUNDING CITY REGIONS

Abstract. The remote sensing satellites have now a days been used for creation of geospatial databases of the earth surface features and natural resources as the land use land cover mapping and monitoring periodically at the local, regional, and global levels using geospatial technologies. The Land cover consider to the type of features present on the surface of the earth. Whereas, the land use considers to the human activity or the economic function associated with a specific piece of land. The supervised classification based on the maximum likelihood classifier technique has been applied to process the digital multi-spectral imagery for LULC classification. The built-up area was about 11.95 per cent in 1977 which increased to 19.74 per cent in 1999 and further increased to about 24.54 per cent in 2009. So, the urban landscape’s urban built-up land was composed by areas of intensive use with much of land covered by built-up structures. The cities, towns, villages, strip development along highways; transportation, power, and communication facilities; shopping centres, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions found located in the urban areas have been developed over the periods. The forests cover area accounted to about 1.43 per cent in 1977 which increased to about 10.04 per cent in 1999. The forest cover regeneration over the Delhi Ridge recognized as a significant contributor to carbon sequestration, micro-climate change, biodiversity restoration for the Delhi’s urban development and rejuvenation of environmental landscape. So, the remote sensing imagery have commonly been used for urban landscape monitoring and environmental modelling for sustainable development of Delhi and adjoining city regions.

Production Potential of Rice-based Cropping System under Different Nutrient Management Practices

Background: The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop. The continuous application of inorganic fertilizers even in balanced form may not sustain soil fertility and productivity. However judicious use of chemical fertilizers in combination with organic manure is required to improve the soil health as well as to achieve sustainable crop production. Thus balanced fertilization and cropping system offers a great scope for increasing the productivity. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 in the experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Nagaland University, SAS, Medziphema campus to study the effect of cropping system and nutrient management practices on production potential of rice-based cropping system. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with factorial concept with 3 replications. The treatment consisted of five cropping systems and three nutrient management practices. Result: The result revealed that among intercropping system, rice + soybean (3:1) cropping system recorded highest plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, number of panicles m-2, grain yield, straw yield and rice equivalent yield. Among different nutrient management practices, application of 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + biofertilizer consortium @ 20 g kg-1 seed recorded significantly higher plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, number of panicles m-2, panicle length, grain yield and straw yield.

Agrivoltaics: A Sustainable Method Of Farming For Various Suitable Crops

Agrivoltaics usage in the farmer fields is a new way to get profitable income as this system allows crops cultivation and electricity generation simultaneously on the same piece of land at the same time. This system enables the farmers to gain several benefits such as optimized land use, productivity improvement in the energy and water sector, economic benefits, etc. India receives ample supply of energy from the sun, but it is not yet utilized efficiently. In an agrivoltaic system, the output of crops will be affected by shade which is provided by panels as they allow very little solar radiation passage for fixation of CO2 by crop. Solar radiation, PAR, and Light Saturation Point are vital indices to enhance plant biomass. Generally shade-loving or tolerant crops are preferable under agrivoltaics. However, shade-intolerant crops can also be grown in interspaces where crops can capture a sufficient amount (> 50%) of sun-light. The shade provided by APV creates a microclimate suitable for practicing cultivation in arid regions, livestock (rangevoltaics) and aquaponics etc. Some of the crops like cherry, bell pepper, lettuce, grapes, berries, and other cool season crop plants etc. showed better response under APV and reported enhanced growth, yield, and quality compared to conventional farming. The electricity generated by PV would improve the farmer’s socio-economic status, and land productivity and helps to curtail environmental pollution.

Interactive Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Water Quality on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate L.) under Drip Irrigation

Deficit irrigation is emerging as a promising management practice to reduce water use with marginal loss in crop yield. Further, limited studies are available on the combined effect of water deficit and water quality on the water use efficiency of leafy vegetables like red cabbage in the semi-arid climate of Kirkuk. Therefore, this study was initiated to unveil the combined effect of varying deficit irrigation levels (0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.2 of full irrigation) and two types of water quality (fresh and saline water) on water use efficiency of red cabbage under drip irrigation with two types of emitters. The results indicated that there is a steady increase in fruit yield with an increase in the level of irrigation with saline water over the entire range of applied water. The highest water efficiency was achieved under the combined effect of fresh water and GR and Turbo emitter when the level of applied water at full irrigation was reduced by a factor of 0.5 (20.31 kg/m3)(21.96kg/m3) respectively Furthermore, crop response factor analysis revealed that the red cabbage can tolerate deficit irrigation and produce satisfactory under both fresh and saline water were GR emitter with fresh and saline water given best value (0.627) (0.703) compeer with Turbo emitter with fresh and saline water given (0.292)(0.566)respectively. Additionally, further research is proposed to study the water productivity of red cabbage with saline water and take into account the yield of the same piece of land when the experiment is repeated for several years.

Gender Equity in Land Distribution and Food Poverty: Evidence Using Cameroonian Data

ABSTRACT This article examines the food poverty impacts of gender equity in the distribution of land for productive activities using the most recent Cameroon household consumption survey data conducted in 2014. It employs the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition to investigate the existence of a gender-land inequality gap and the factual and counterfactual regression analyses and Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke class of poverty measures to tease out the food poverty impacts of gender equity options in land distribution. The article’s major contribution to literature is in disintegrating the food poverty impacts of two salient policy packages—the policy package which gives each woman without land at least one hectare of land to exploit for productive activities relative to that which gives women the same rights to own land as their male counterparts. The results indicated that policy efforts to ensure a female head without land has at least a piece of land for productive purposes (referred to as equity-within) are more potent in alleviating food poverty compared to those that promote gender equality in the distribution (referred to as equity-between) of land for productive purposes. These results have implications for policy measures to enhance women’s roles as agricultural producers, especially with respect to ownership of land for productive use.

잔여지 보상에 관한 법적과제

As a public project, the project operator installs railways, roads, high-voltage lines and steel towers, rivers, old houses, parks, sports facilities, etc., and the remaining land is left in a long linear form, or becomes irregular and the value of the remaining land falls, or the remaining land is returned to its original state. If it is significantly impossible to use it for its intended purpose, compensation for acquisition or depreciation of the remaining land may be claimed. In addition, if new passages, ditches, fences, etc. in the remaining land are needed or other construction is required in the remaining land, compensation for the construction costs of the remaining land can be claimed.
 However, not only are the residual land compensation requirements under the Land Compensation Act strictly applied, but the expropriated person is unable to properly prove whether the remaining land is a piece of land, whether the value of the remaining land has decreased, and that it cannot be used for its original purpose, so purchase and expropriate the remaining land. Not only was the claim not accepted for decision, but there were cases where the request was dismissed without going through a decision even though the requirements for a claim for purchase and expropriation of the remaining land were met.
 In particular, when a project operator compensates for residual land, the Land Expropriation Act lacks specific provisions on fair compensation, or the standards for compensation for residual land must be specifically determined in the Land Compensation Act and the Enforcement Decree of the same Act in accordance with the legal reservation principle, but it is operated under the guidelines of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. What is happening is reality.
 Therefore, after identifying the concept and requirements of residual land compensation, we seek implications by reviewing legislative examples of residual land compensation in Korea, Germany, France, Japan, and the United States. Residual land compensation and fair compensation, introduction of a system for hearing opinions of expropriated persons as a preliminary rights relief procedure for those subject to residual land compensation, expansion of claims for purchase and expropriation of residual land and claims for loss compensation through rationalization of residual land compensation requirements, and profit recovery system for the increase in value of residual land. Presents legal challenges regarding introduction. In other words, in order to provide fair compensation for the loss of remaining land in accordance with Article 23 of the Constitution, various measures such as transaction comparison case law, cost approach law, and income comparison law should be legislatively prepared in the Land Compensation Act to reflect fair market value. In addition, the concept of a group of land and residual land should be specifically specified in the Land Compensation Act, and compensation requirements should be relaxed so that the expropriated person can claim compensation for residual land, as is the case in legislation such as Germany, France, and the United States, and the value should be guaranteed as much as possible. In addition, the Land Compensation Act requires the project operator to notify the expropriator of the details and list of compensation for losses on the remaining land when purchasing and expropriating land for public projects, as is the case in the United States, and as a preliminary relief procedure for the Land Expropriation Committee’s decision on the remaining land compensation. A residual land compensation deliberation committee must be established to hear opinions.

The Effect of Diverse Intercropping System on Growth Indices, Yield and Profitability of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.): Variety Azad Mahak

Intercropping enhances crop yield and quality by growing different crop species together on the same piece of land in distinct row combinations. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to study the suitable combination of mustard based intercropping with different crops at students’ instructional farm, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) during Rabi season 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatment combinations viz., T1 Sole Mustard, T2 Mustard: Chickpea (1:1), T3 Mustard: Chickpea (2:1), T4 Mustard: Lentil (1:1), T5 Mustard: Lentil (2:1), T6 Mustard: Linseed (1:1), T7 Mustard: Linseed (2:1), T8 Mustard: Field Pea (1:1) and T9 Mustard: Field Pea (2:1) with replicated thrice. The result revealed that growth attributes in the intercropping system were most notably observed in sole Mustard, with the Mustard + Lentil (1:1) system following closely. The Mustard + Lentil (1:1) intercropping system yielded a significantly higher mustard equivalent yield (2.77 t ha-1). Notably, the greatest net returns were obtained from sole Mustard cultivation (INR 151,045.50 ha-1), though the Mustard + Lentil (1:1) system also produced substantial returns (INR 144,001.00 ha-1). Furthermore, the benefit-cost ratio was highest for sole Mustard (5.05), with the Mustard + Lentil (1:1) system (4.82). In conclusion, these results support the superior productivity and profitability of sole Mustard cultivation, closely followed by the Mustard + Lentil (1:1) intercropping system.

Empowering People With Disabilities: Designing An Innovative And Sustainable Hydroponics System

Science has rendered its blessings to human kind in numerous ways. The sector of agriculture demands workers with great physical strength, rendering it difficult for the disabled to contribute productively. The solution lies in a hydroponic garden. A large variety of plants, such as tomatoes, lady’s finger, brinjal, chillies, several types of leafy vegetables, pineapples, etc. can be grown hydroponically. Combining sustainable technology and modern farming techniques opens up new big business opportunities. All it requires is a small piece of land and a few sensors to control and monitor the growth of plants, which could be done with very little physical effort. This will generate a supportive environment for PwDs, creating employment opportunities and enabling them to participate in mainstream economy of their nation. Smart farming, hydroponic gardening, with no soil and a controlled environment is rapidly becoming a favourite and has a promising market. The Indian hydroponic market is expected to grow at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 13.53 per cent between 2020-2027, with the corresponding growth in the global market estimated at just half at ~6.8 percent. In addition, lab tests have shown that hydroponic produce is nutritionally either as good or even better than organic in many cases. The methodology involves using a microcontroller namely Arduino and simulating circuits using online software called Tinkercad. Arduino helps to keep track of physical parameters like temperature, electrical conductivity of water and distance of water surface from a reference point for a hydroponics system. All the physical parameters can be reflected on a computer screen and easily controlled and handled, even by people with disabilities. Use of technology in this manner can be applied for empowering workers with disabilities in field of agriculture.

Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Increasing N-total and P- Available Soil for Eggplant (Solanum melongena l.) Growth on Ultisol Soil

Ultisol land is a physically and chemically poor piece of land because it needs special handling that must be done with extreme caution. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is one biological fertilizer technique to get around this issue. One of the tiny soil creatures that can coexist with the roots of land plants is the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In order to support plant development and make it simpler for plants to absorb nutrients and maintain soil moisture, AMF can symbiose with plant roots and form hifa around young roots. The purpose of this study is: (1) to determine the effect of the application of the AMF on increasing N-total and P-available on ultisol soil, (2) to determine the effect of the best AMF application on the growth of eggplant in Ultisol. This research was conducted on experimental land II and the Laboratory of AMI branch of Sultra. The study was conducted in November 2022- January 2023. This study used a group of randomized groups. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi consists of 5 levels, namely M0 = without treatment (control), M1 = 5 g , M2 = 10 g , M3 = 15 g , and M4 = 20 g polybag-1. The results of the study show that the AMF affected the total increase in N and P-available ultisol soil, the results of the initial analysis of 0.03% increased to 0.13% and P available from 9.00 ppm increased to 17.50 ppm. AMF with a dose of 20 g polybag-1 provides better eggplant plant growth.

Silvopasture offers climate change mitigation and profit potential for farmers in the eastern United States

Silvopasture—integrating trees, forage, and grazing livestock on the same piece of land—is increasingly popular, given its potential to store carbon (C) and improve farmers’ livelihoods. We examined the C and economic implications of adding different silvopastoral systems to existing pastures in historically forested areas of the eastern United States (U.S.). We assessed nine distinct systems, varying by species and product (timber, nuts, and fodder for livestock), for two market scenarios: one based on current demand and one that assumes increased demand for products from silvopasture systems. For each system, we assessed C storage (biomass) and economics (internal rates of return (IRR) with and without C payments). We find that silvopasture in the eastern U.S. could expand by 5.6–25.3 million hectares under base case and full adoption scenarios (equaling a 6% increase in the global footprint of silvopasture), and could capture up to 4.9 or 25.6 Tg CO2e yr.−1, respectively. Expansion of silvopasture in these scenarios would come largely from demand for fodder as a supplemental feed, as well as specialty timber products. Per ha mitigation potential varied widely (0.5–6.5 tCO2e ha−1 yr.−1), due to species differences in C accumulation rates. Economics differed too, with some systems offering short break-even timelines (e.g., 7–9 years for fodder systems), and others costing more up front but having greater long-term returns (e.g., Chestnut). Furthermore, while some systems are profitable without any price on C (e.g., fodder-based silvopasture offers 6–14% 10-year IRRs without a price on C), higher payments for C would likely be necessary to unleash broad investment in timber and nut-based silvopasture. Our analysis included planting, maintenance, and harvest costs and tree product revenue. Future work is needed to fully incorporate additional considerations, like loss of grazing use during establishment, shade-induced effects on forage production, and livestock productivity. Furthermore, specific economic, ecological, site- and operation-level considerations are critical to evaluate the appropriateness of silvopasture systems for a given setting. This analysis suggests that across the eastern U.S., silvopasture could offer both climate change mitigation and enhanced profitability for farmers, with notable differences in the system-specific magnitude of opportunity.

Şehir Bazlı İmar Planlarının Oyun Teorisi Yaklaşımı İle Meydana Getirilmesi, 1000’lik Plan Örneği

Zoning plans are the formation of rules that will regulate all kinds of needs of a group of people living on a certain piece of land. While the plans are being formed, they are in a flow from the development plans to the latest implementation plans in the hierarchy from the top to the bottom scale. Subsequently, a zoning application is made in the area determined depending on the population density. In this application, various zoning parameters are formed in accordance with a certain rule. It meets the needs of people by creating a subject, trade, official institution or many social reinforcement areas. It is created for this purpose in plans of 1000 called applications. It is created by making use of approaches such as game theory. Game theory is the task of determining the best strategy within the framework of the rules in an application that is considered a certain game. In planning, it will be possible to determine the formation of the best housing, commercial or social facilities and the determination of development areas with area-based correlation within the planning rules, with game theory. As a game theory element, it was tried to explain how to create the best open application development plan with the integral function of population, population growth amount, area-based surface area amounts according to plan definitions. The study area was about how to examine the parts of an application or revised zoning plan with game theory based on the city-based Elazığ.

Hukum Perkawinan Campuran dan Hak Atas Tanah di Indonesia

Mixed marriage in Law No. 1 of 1974 (UUP) is a marriage between two people who in Indonesia are subject to different laws, because of differences in nationality and one of the parties is a foreign citizen and one of the parties is an Indonesian citizen (Article 57 UUP). Based on this statement, according to the UUP, mixed marriage regulations prohibit brides and grooms from different religions. The prohibition is mentioned indirectly in Article 2 paragraph (1) of the UUP, "marriage is valid if it is carried out according to the laws of each religion". If a husband and wife buy a piece of land after their marriage, it will automatically become the property of both of them (husband and wife), based on the provisions of Article 35 paragraph (1) of the UUP. However, if at the time or before the marriage takes place, they make a marriage agreement with separate assets, their ownership becomes each of the husband/wife (Article 29 yo 35 UUP). In mixed marriages referred to in Article 57 UUP, namely a marriage between two people who in Indonesia are subject to different laws, because of differences in nationality and one party is a foreign citizen and one party is an Indonesian citizen, it does not change their citizenship status, still for Indonesian citizens in this case their rights are limited and they are not even given the opportunity to become subjects of HM, HGU and HGB, if at the time or before their marriage they do not make a marriage agreement with separate assets. According to the law, a marriage agreement can only be made at or before the marriage, in other words a marriage agreement cannot be made after the marriage.

Crop Sowing Pattern in India Using Analytical Approach

Agriculture plays a big role in Indian society and economy. Due to role in ensuring food security, agriculture is very important for India. India is one of the largest producer of food in the world and agriculture production is increasing over the years. Arrangement of crop on a piece of land is called crop pattern. Crop sowing pattern is a challenging task for farmer and policy makers because sowing pattern totally depends on natural factors like rainfall, temperature, soil etc. The Minimum Support Price (MSP) of many crops has also been fixed by the Government of India and it keeps changing year after year. Apart from natural factors, this is also an important factor which affects the crop sowing pattern. This paper aims to see the sowing pattern of major crops grown in India using analytical approach.

Social Entrepreneurship Strategies and Resilience of One-Acre Fund Household Livelihoods in Kenya

Entrepreneurial activities, especially social entrepreneurship, are acclaimed to foster resilience. A social entrepreneurship One Acre fund program was introduced in western Kenya to help improve maize production on one acre pieces of land occupied by many households. However, One Acre Fund households in Kakamega county still suffer deficiency in income growth, job creation, meeting health and education obligations of their families, food security, and payment of other family bills despite engaging all the social entrepreneurship strategies, Literature identifies five social entrepreneurship strategies that help in fostering resilience of household livelihoods. These are: system reform, physical capital development, individual empowerment, collective action, and earned income strategies. All five strategies are seldom studied together in relation to resilience of household livelihoods but their impacts are unknown. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyze demographic factors while inferential statistics-moderated multiple regression was used to analyze how social entrepreneurship strategies and social innovation are related to resilience of household livelihoods. The findings revealed that social entrepreneurship strategies statistically significantly contributed to resilience of One-Acre Fund household livelihoods with (β=.652, t(311)=15.103, p=.000) that accounted for 42.3% change in resilience of One-Acre Fund household livelihoods(R2=0.423,F(1,309=228.101, p=.000), The study recommends that as a coping mechanism to food insecurity, farmers should adopt one acre fund model. This study advises the policy makers to consider the production of maize by use of one-acre fund skills as a social entrepreneurship to minimize the inefficiency levels and increase production by minimizing the cost of inputs and cost of capital The study highlights the applicability of social entrepreneurship in a new context and further facilitates the creation of knowledge and growth of literature in social entrepreneurship.