Series Of Pictures Research Articles

Moderate hypoglycaemia after learning does not affect memory consolidation and brain activation during recognition in non‐diabetic adults

Some aspects of memory performance are impaired during acute hypoglycaemia. The hippocampus is critical to formation of long-term memory, and may be particularly sensitive to hypoglycaemia. This study examined whether moderate hypoglycaemia occurring after learning would disrupt the consolidation process, and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify accompanying changes in brain activation. Sixteen non-diabetic subjects each underwent two glucose clamp studies. During euglycaemia (4.5 mmol/L), subjects tried to memorize a series of words and a series of pictures of faces. Then, either hypoglycaemia (2.5 mmol/L) was induced for one hour, or euglycaemia was maintained. During subsequent uncontrolled euglycaemia, subjects' recognition of the word and face stimuli was tested, with simultaneous fMRI to measure brain activation during recognition. Face identification scores were 67.2% after euglycaemia and 66.9% after hypoglycaemia (p = 0.895). Word identification scores were 78.0 and 77.1% respectively (p = 0.701). Analysis of the fMRI identified two foci where activation was altered after hypoglycaemia compared with euglycaemia, but these were not in regions associated with memory, and were probably statistical artefacts. One hour of hypoglycaemia at 2.5 mmol/L induced 20-40 min after learning did not disrupt memory consolidation. fMRI did not show evidence of altered brain activation after hypoglycaemia. Consolidation may be relatively resistant to hypoglycaemia, or may have been complete before hypoglycaemia was induced. The study was powered to detect a large effect, and provides some reassurance that moderate hypoglycaemia does not cause major disruption of previously learned memories in people with insulin-treated diabetes.

Anwendung einer Röntgenvorrichtung zur postoperativen Kontrolle der distalen Radiusfraktur nach winkelstabiler Plattenosteosynthese

A possible complication in regard to osteosynthetic treatment of a lower radius fracture with a locking plate is perforation of the articular surface by screws or a malpositioned ulnar fragment. In order to create good conditions for a homogeneous, reproducible X-ray picture for post-operative imaging control, an appliance for the production of standardised X-ray views has been devised. The X-ray device was constructed at an angle of 20 degrees to the camera. The arm was positioned on the appliance in the side beam path, in shoulder adduction as well as in the dp-beam in 90 degrees abduction of the shoulder. Through standardisation of the X-ray technique the appliance it is able to supply comparable and reproducible X-ray images. In practice, the representation of both the joint gap and the bolt in the resulting image could be improved. Better and comparable picture series can be created by standardisation of the imaging technique using this X-ray device.

The Reassembly of the Body from Parts: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Death, Resurrection, and Cannibalism

Terror of the dismemberment, disintegration, and decay of the body after death has been represented in ritual, myth, legend, art, and religious belief throughout the ages. So too has the wished-for triumph over these inevitable processes. Commonly, bodily experience after death is represented mentally in cannibalistic ideas of eating and being eaten, which are then countered by the wishful undoing of cannibalistic destruction through its reversal: swallowing as regurgitation, dismemberment as rememberment, disintegration as reassembly. Luca Signorelli's fresco The Resurrection of the Flesh is part of his celebrated group of decorations (1499-1504) of the Cappella Nuova in the cathedral at Orvieto. The doctrinal, iconographic, social, and political contexts of this admired and influential work are explored in order to illustrate how and why this painting represents our greatest fears, along with our triumph over them, as well as our most destructive urges and their reparative counterparts. The photographer Sally Mann has explored these same themes. In What Remains (2003), a series of pictures with accompanying text, Mann documents her exhumation and reassembly of the body of her beloved pet greyhound. Two clinical examples illustrate some ways these concerns (cannibalism and reassembly) may make their appearance in psychoanalytic work.

The influence of partner-specific memory associations on language production: Evidence from picture naming

In typical interactions, speakers frequently produce utterances that appear to reflect beliefs about the common ground shared with particular addressees. Horton and Gerrig (2005a) proposed that one important basis for audience design is the manner in which conversational partners serve as cues for the automatic retrieval of associated information from memory. This paper reports the results of two experiments demonstrating the influence of partner-specific memory associations on language production. Following an initial task designed to establish associations between specific words (Experiment 1) or object categories (Experiment 2) and each of two partners, participants named a series of pictures in the context of the same two individuals. Naming latencies were shortest for responses associated with the current partner, and were not significantly correlated with explicit recall of partner-item associations. Such partner-driven memory retrieval may constrain the information accessible to speakers as they produce utterances for particular addressees.

Enhanced selective memory consolidation following post-learning pleasant and aversive arousal

It is well established that emotions modulate memory, typically enhancing consolidation through post-learning arousal. However, many aspects of this phenomenon have yet to be delineated. For example, it remains unclear whether or not the type of arousal is relevant (pleasant vs. aversive), whether arousal enhances memory selectively for some stimuli but not others (emotional vs. neutral), which specific aspects of the stimulus representation (gist vs. detail) are affected, and whether these mechanisms are sexually dimorphic. In order to explore these issues, 178 undergraduate participants viewed a series of negative, positive and neutral pictures. They were then subjected to a post-learning arousal manipulation in the form of a pleasantly arousing-, aversively arousing-, or neutral video. Free recall tests one week later indicated that both pleasant and aversive post-learning arousal enhanced memory consolidation for positive and negative but not neutral stimuli, independent of the participants’ sex. Further analysis for gist and detail aspects suggests that post-learning arousal enhances memory for the gist of the stimuli. The study has implications for the understanding of healthy and pathological cognitive-affective processes in humans.

The “mode” of lymphocyte extravasation through HEV of Peyer's patches and its role in normal homing and inflammation

The mode of lymphocyte transendothelial migration in the postcapillary high endothelial venules (HEVs) of Peyer's patches during normal homing and acute inflammation in the guinea pig was studied. It is common opinion that the lymphocyte transendothelial passage from the blood stream into the extravasal lymphoid tissue calls for a multistep process of endothelial and lymphocyte molecules favoring tethering, rolling, activation, arrest and its firm adhesion to the endothelial luminal surface. Ultrastructural serial pictures and the three-dimensional reconstruction of HEVs with lymphocytes during different moments of their transmigration through the endothelial wall enabled us to demonstrate in vivo the morphological modality of their extravasation in lymphoid tissue. The latter is accomplished by means of an intraendothelial canalicular formation (6.8–7.2 μm long and 2.1–2.2 μm in diameter), whose creation depends on the particular behavior of adjacent endothelial cells, without compromising the interendothelial contacts. This new canalicular pathway of lymphocyte extravasation, particularly selective for the B cell, does not permit confirmation of the dogmas of the transcellular and paracellular (open interendothelial junctions) modes that have prevailed in recent decades. The lack of knowledge regarding the molecular bases that would induce constitution of this intraendothelial canalicular formation is a critical point for stimulating future interdisciplinary research aimed at developing strategies for modulating normal lymphocyte homing and in inflammation.

Developmental trends in semantic acquisition: Evidence from over-extensions in child language

Children aged 2 through 6 years and adults were shown a series of pictures including `normal' referents (e.g., cat or car), and unfamiliar combination tokens (e.g., a clock with a telephone handset), which they were asked to identify. There were age-dependent differences in terms of naming (i.e., the number of words and morphemes and linguistic constructions) and criteria for category membership. The older participants used more morphemes and sophisticated linguistic strategies (e.g., descriptive phrases) than the younger participants, and the younger children showed a greater tendency to rely on holistic shape as a category determiner. These disparities suggested that the participants not only employed different strategies by age, but that they also had different criteria for categorization.

Road-safety education: spatial decentering and subjective or objective picture processing

The current study examined children's ability to analyse pictures of a risky situation, both in relation to the characteristics of the pictures and in relation to the centering/decentering process of cognitive development. Sixty children aged 6, 9 or 11 years were given an objective or subjective version of a story about a risky situation involving road crossing and were asked to reconstruct it by putting six pictures in chronological order. The type of picture series, objective or subjective, had a different effect on the children's understanding and performance, according to the age. The older children were better at ordering the pictures, but on the subjective version only. The picture-version effect on planning time decreased with age; only the younger children took more time to start touching the pictures. On one hand, it is concluded that for the youngest children, objective representations are essential to analysing pictures showing a risk, whereas the oldest children will profit more from a subjective view. On the other hand, subjective representations, which give a more realistic view, provide an excellent tool for testing children's abilities. Subjective representations can be used to detect potentially risky behaviour in virtual situations (static pictures, or multimedia tools), since it permits one to predict at-risk behaviour in the street and to assess the effectiveness of remedial measures.

The influence of corrosion on bond properties between concrete and reinforcement in concrete structures

The rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete is one of the most extensive pathologies affecting the performance of concrete structures. Chloride-induced rebar corrosion damage results mainly from the use of de-icing salts in cold climates and/or exposure to marine environments. Carbonation damage is a further important degradation mechanism. The internal consequences of corrosion are the modification of the steel behavior and degradation of the steel–concrete bond. This work is devoted to the influence of the controlled corrosion on the adherence between steel and concrete. A new geometry of specimen has been designed to: (i) avoid the lateral confining stresses that appear during the classical pullout tests and (ii) permit to impose a known confinement for the study of its influence on the behavior of the interface. Five specimens with different levels of corrosion have been tested in this contribution. Reinforcing bars embedded in concrete were submitted to accelerated corrosion using an external current source. The magnitude of corrosion was measured using both Faraday’s law and the weight loss method. The level of corrosion varied from 0% to 0.76%. The geometry of the specimens allowed us to take series of digital pictures during the tests, which were analyzed using a digital image correlation, the procedure named CORRELILMT. The results of pullout tests proposed in this contribution indicate that: (i) levels of corrosion that are less than 0.4% of weight loss improves the bond stress and (ii) levels of corrosion resulting in more than 0.4% of weight loss lead to a reduction of the bond stress value.

A Disturbance in the Force—Mitochondrial Mutations in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

In the motion picture series Star Wars , midichlorians are fictional intracellular organisms whose energy, the Force, could be harnessed by the Jedi knights, bestowing upon them extraordinary abilities. The creator of the series, George Lucas, has stated that the name and function for the

3D Heart: A new visual training method for Electrocardiographic Analysis

This new training method is based on developing a sound understanding of the sequence in which electrical excitation spreads through both the normal and the infarcted myocardium. The student is made aware of the cardiac electrical performance through a series of 3-dimensional pictures during the excitation process. The electrocardiogram 3D Heart 3-dimensional program contains a variety of different activation simulations. Currently, this program enables the user to view the activation simulation for all of the following pathology examples: normal activation large, medium, and small anterior myocardial infarction (MI) large, medium, and small posterolateral MI large, medium, and small inferior MI Simulations relating to other cardiac abnormalities, such as bundle branch block and left ventricular hypertrophy fasicular block, are being developed as part of a National Institute of Health (NIH) Phase 1 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program.

A two-dimensional statistical method for analysis of patient strategies in biofeedback mode

Analysis of experimental trajectories in temperature-myographic BFB-training is considered. Analysis of point density on the phase plane (first of all, the states of extreme density points with respect to some basic thresholds) makes it possible to determine the main tendencies in the development of the training process. It also provides an opportunity to obtain a qualitative conclusion about the efficacy of BFB-training. There are three different ways for analysis of experimental points. The first way consists in constructing a general (or integral) picture, which can be obtained by reconstructing the point density for all experimental points measured during a single session. The integral picture shows the number of density peaks and their position on the plane, the sojourn time of the system at one or another part of the phase plane, etc. The second way is the analysis of time series of density values during a single session of training. The first density value corresponds to the basic state of the patient. Analysis of the density dynamics makes it possible to determine the character and tendencies of the strategies used by the patient during the session. The third way is the analysis of time series of integral pictures, which can be obtained upon finishing all training sessions. It provides an opportunity to draw a final conclusion about the efficacy of training in general. The analysis made it possible to divide the group of experimental trajectories into several subdomains. The first subgroup contained the trajectories corresponding to BFB-training based on both monitoring parameters (temperature and myogram). The second and third subgroups contained the trajectories corresponding to BFB-training based on one or another monitored parameter. The last group contained the trajectories used without success.

봉독약침을 시행한 우측상악동의 악성 흑색종 환자에 대한 증례보고

Objectives : It is the aim of this study to derive lurker studies evaluating the effectiveness of bee-venom phamacopuncture on malignant melanoma patients. We present a patient of malignant melanoma at right maxilla who survives over one year with stable disease (SD) by the treatment of Bee Venom Phamacopuncture (BVP). Methods : We followed the treatment and examination. We prescribed to the patient what to be taken 1.5cc BVP once a day. Picture series, Head series were followed-up and Neck computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET CT) were performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy. Results : The patient survives over one year and continued stable disease over 6 months. Picture series, Head series X-ray, neck CT and PET CT were shown no interval change. Conclusion : This case may give us the possibility that BVP offers potential benefits for patients with malignant melanoma.

Spider fear and covariation bias in children and adolescents

Covariation bias can be defined as phobic people's tendency to overestimate the association between fear-relevant stimuli and negative outcomes. The current article presents two studies that examined this type of cognitive bias in children and adolescents aged 8–16 years. Study 1 was concerned with a thought experiment during which youths ( N=150) were asked to imagine that they participated in an experiment during which they had to view a series of pictures showing spiders, guns, and flowers, that were occasionally followed by a negative outcome (i.e., a mild electric shock). Participants were asked to estimate the relation between each type of picture and the negative outcome. The results indicated that youths with higher levels of spider fear displayed a specific tendency to relate spider pictures to a negative outcome. In Study 2, youths ( N=220) actually participated in a computer game during which they were confronted with pictures of spiders, guns, and flowers, each of which was equally often followed by a negative (i.e., losing candy), positive (i.e., winning candy), or neutral outcome. After the game, participants had to estimate the relation between each type of picture and various outcomes. It was found that youths with higher levels of spider fear estimated more negative and less positive outcomes in relation to spider pictures. Taken together, these findings provide support for a fear-related covariation bias in youths. Further developmental analyses indicated that this type of cognitive bias seems to be more consistently present among adolescents than among children.

Cultural differences in the correction of social inferences: Does the dispositional rebound occur in an interdependent culture?

Although social observers have been found to rely heavily on dispositions in their causal analysis, it has been proposed that culture strongly affects this tendency. Recent research has shown that suppressing dispositional inferences during social judgment can lead to a dispositional rebound, that is relying more on dispositional information in subsequent judgments. In the present research, we investigated whether culture also affects this rebound tendency. First, Thai and Belgian participants took part in a typical attitude attribution paradigm. Next, dispositional rebound was assessed by having participants describe a series of pictures. The dispositional rebound occurred for both Belgian and Thai participants when confronted with a forced target, but disappeared for Thai participants when the situational constraints of the target were made salient. The findings are discussed in light of the current cultural models of attribution theory.

Lawyers Not in Love

This essay offers a social history and examination of The Defenders as a popular, critically acclaimed television text that negotiated anxieties regarding crime, law, justice, liberalism, and masculinity in the 1960s and 1990s. Both The Defenders television series (1961—1965) and the Showtime motion picture series (1997—1998) by the same name rearticulated enduring tensions between law's formalism and just desires for compassion and mercy, depicting defense attorneys as men who work both inside and outside of “law” to ensure justice and confront the lack of humanism in “the rule of law.” Such discourses are understood and appreciated in different ways in different times, particularly as the cultural politics of nostalgia are engaged. The Defenders offers clear illustrations of the ways in which popular narratives not only depict juridical roles but also perform them, specifying when and where “law” begins and ends.

Amygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion

The amygdala has been implicated in emotional processes, although the precise nature of the emotional deficits following amygdala lesions remains to be fully elucidated. Cognitive disturbances in the perception, recognition or memory of emotional stimuli have been suggested by some, whereas others have proposed changes in emotional arousal. To address this issue, measures of emotional arousal and valence (positivity and negativity) to a graded series of emotional pictures were obtained from patients with lesions of the amygdala and from a clinical contrast group with lesions that spared this structure. Relative to the contrast group, patients with damage to the amygdala evidenced a complete lack of an arousal gradient across negative stimuli, although they displayed a typical arousal gradient to positive stimuli. These results were not attributable to the inability of amygdala patients to process the hostile or hospitable nature of the stimuli, as the amygdala group accurately recognized and categorized both positive and negative features of the stimuli. The relative lack of emotional arousal to negative stimuli may account for many of the clinical features of amygdala lesions.

Dharmakīrti and Priest on an Inconsistent Theory of Change — A Comment to Mortensen

Dharmakīrti and Priest on an Inconsistent Theory of Change—A Comment to Mortensen Koji Tanaka Introduction In his article "Dharmakīrti and Priest on Change,"1 Chris Mortensen presents accounts of change (and motion) given by the Buddhist philosopher Dharmakīrti (along with his commentator Dharmottara) and the contemporary Western philosopher Graham Priest. He notices that the two accounts have striking similarities yet take opposing views on the issue of inconsistency. According to Mortensen, Dharmakīrti rejects and Priest accepts an inconsistent theory of change. Mortensen expresses sympathy for Dharmakīrti's position, though he argues that Dharmakīrti's position needs some qualifications. In this essay, I reexamine the accounts of change given by Dharmakīrti and Priest. In order to make explicit the philosophical nature of the essay, I will follow Mortensen's reading of Dharmakīrti and Priest as much as possible. Priest's arguments, as presented by Mortensen, are those in Priest's In Contradiction.2 With respect to Dharmakīrti, Mortensen for the most part follows Stcherbatsky's reconstruction of an argument given in Dharmakīrti's early work Nyāyabindu.3 Now, Stcherbatsky's reconstruction (of Dharmakīrti's philosophy in general) has been recognized as problematic in recent years.4 Yet to raise textual questions of this kind is to argue against Stcherbatsky and not Mortensen. Hence, I am not critical of Mortensen's reading of Dharmakīrti. Rather, the main aim of this essay is to examine Mortensen's own reconstruction of Stcherbatsky's reading of Dharmakīrti. I will argue that Mortensen's Dharmakīrti has no resources to argue against Priest once we understand the full extent of Priest's argument, contrary to what Mortensen claims. Priest on Change Graham Priest, in his In Contradiction, argues for an inconsistent account of change. He does this by arguing against the orthodox, consistent account of change. Priest calls such an account the cinematic view of change. This account states that an object occupies a different spatial location at each temporal point and that change is thought of as a series of pictures patched together where each picture represents the object at different spatiotemporal points. According to Mortensen, Priest offers two arguments against this consistent account of change.5 First, according to the cinematic [End Page 244] view of change, an object is represented as being in a state of rest at each spatiotemporal point. Hence, there is no time at which the object is changing. Therefore, change becomes impossible in the cinematic view. Priest's second argument is concerned with a "Laplacean universe" in which any instantaneous state in the future is determined by the state at any prior instant. Now, one cannot rule out a priori a Laplacean universe, and thus it is a possibility. However, the cinematic account of change makes a Laplacean universe a priori false. For the cinematic account makes it impossible that an instantaneous state determines any subsequent instantaneous state since each state is represented as a state of rest. Mortensen provides only two of Priest's arguments. In fact, Priest offers another argument that seems to be his main argument for his inconsistent account of change.6 In another place, Mortensen acknowledges this third argument and shows strong sympathy for it.7 Priest's third argument appeals to Zeno's arrow paradox. The cinematic account of change has it that an arrow doesn't advance at any given spa-tiotemporal instance. There is nothing that contributes to the movement of the arrow at any given instance. Yet, the arrow reaches its destiny in the end. "How can going somewhere be composed of an aggregate of going nowheres?"8 It is in response to the third argument against the cinematic account of change that Priest develops his inconsistent theory. He argues that change is possible because there are spatiotemporal points in which an object is changing. In such an instance, the object is said to be in a state of flux. Priest argues that a state of flux is contradictory by appealing to what he calls "Leibniz' Continuity Principle" (LCP). This principle essentially states that whatever the state holds up to a limit also holds at...

Brain responses to emotional stimuli in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive motor neuron disease, affects movement and communication abilities and emotional processing. Subjective ratings of emotional stimuli depicting social interactions and facial expressions differed significantly between ALS patients and healthy controls in a previous study with a reduction of negative emotional valence (pleasantness) and lower subjective arousal (excitement) in ALS patients. In the present study, sixty similar emotional slides were presented to 13 ALS patients, 15 matched healthy controls and six tetraplegic patients. Subjective reports of valence and arousal as well as brain responses to the affective pictures using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were measured. The picture series was presented twice with a 6-months interval to investigate effects of disease progression. ALS patients presented an increased brain response in the right supramarginal area and a reduced brain response in extrastriate visual areas at both measurements compared with healthy controls. Within the ALS patients' group a reduction of brain responses in the anterior insula at the follow-up was correlated with the subjective arousal. The reduced response in the anterior insula is tentatively interpreted as indicating reduced arousal during the course of the disease at the neural and behavioural level. The reduction of activity in extrastriate visual areas might be similarly interpreted. The increased brain response in the right supramarginal area of ALS patients might represent an altered sensitivity to social-emotional cues.

Effect of sleep on memory for task-irrelevant stimuli

Evidence suggests a facilitative effect of sleep on the retention of relevant material. However, little is known about its impact on task-irrelevant material that was acquired incidentally. This study examined recall for task-irrelevant stimuli after 7 h of nocturnal sleep versus nocturnal and diurnal wakefulness. Subjects were instructed to memorize a series of pictures, each of which could appear in one of the four screen corners. Unexpectedly, the subsequent test prompted for the irrelevant picture locations. Recall was better after sleep than after nocturnal wakefulness, but no difference was obtained when sleep was compared to daytime wakefulness.