Series Of Pictures Research Articles

Law on Display: The Digital Transformation of Legal Persuasion and Judgment. By Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel. New York: New York University Press, 2009. 333 pp. $45.00 cloth.

Law on Display: The Digital Transformation of Legal Persuasion and Judgment. By Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel. New York: New York University Press, 2009. 333 pp. $45.00 cloth. In Law on Display, Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel take readers into the high-tech world of twenty-first-century law. From the evidence gathered by the cameras in the police cars during the Scott v. Harris car chase to the animations and simulations prepared for litigation in the Vioxx product liability and Michael Skakel criminal trials, the authors show how technology can change what attorneys present, what judges are asked to consider in reaching decisions on admissibility, and what jurors see and hear in the courtroom. Laced with images that illustrate their examples, Law on Display presents a compelling picture of multiple aspects of digital technology that have the potential to influence comprehension and persuasion. For example, in the trial of Michael Skakel, accused of murdering his neighbor Martha Moxley, the prosecution's closing argument replayed a portion of a journalist's interview with the defendant that had previously been admitted into evidence. In the closing, it became part of a multimedia CD-ROM that combined the audio and text from the interview in which Skakel recalled how he had reacted when Moxley's mother asked him if he had seen Moxley (''I had a feeling of panic.'') with the picture of Moxley dead, presenting an implicit argument that Skakel felt panic when he recalled in horror what he had done the night before. In another case, the attorney for the SEC in SEC v. Koenig used a series of pictures and animations to describe a complex fraud scheme. How effective were these methods? One can be sure, although seasoned court observers who viewed the arguments were impressed. Did these presentations merely clarify, or did they introduce bias? As Feigenson and Spiesel warn, while the clarity and compelling nature of digital technology can aid comprehension, technology can also mislead. The question increasingly faced by judges is how to evaluate these potential effects. The challenge for judges is that they too are subject to the naive realism that Feigenson and Spiesel describe, the potentially distorting dangers of the human tendency to believe in the truthfulness of perception. A few years ago, Judge Michael Brown of the Pima County Superior Court in Arizona spoke to a judicial audience at a panel on jury trials. Imagine, he said, that an eighteenth-century physician entered a twentieth-century hospital operating room. Nothing would look remotely familiar to the time-traveler doctor. In contrast, although an eighteenth-century trial attorney might be surprised by the absence of wigs and the presence of women in the jury box, the twentieth-century courtroom and procedures would be comfortably familiar. …

Event-Related Potentials to Emotional Stimuli in Migrainous Children

The present preliminary study was aimed at investigating the electrocortical correlates of attentional allocation toward emotional stimuli in children and adolescents with migraine by means of the event-related potentials. The electroencephalogram was continuously recorded in 7 migrainous children and 8 healthy controls while they were looking at a series of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures. The mean amplitude of the Negative Central component of the event-related potentials was computed as an index of the allocation of attentional resources to the presented stimuli. Relative to controls, children with migraine displayed reduced fronto-central negativity and larger posterior positivity in response to emotional pictures. This effect was already evident, overall, in a time window preceding the Negative Central component. The smaller cortical negativity in response to emotional stimuli suggests reduced attentional engagement toward emotionally relevant stimuli, or might be interpreted in terms of advanced brain maturation in migraine children.

A Low-cost Reader for Automatically Collecting Vital Signs in Hospitals

Nowadays, the use of medical sensors with embedded communication modules provides accurate number reading and automatic recording. However, such readers are usually more expensive than similar devices without an embedded communication module. Further, different vendors define proprietary communication protocols and data formats for their own medical sensors. Due to the twin issues of high cost and diversity of standards, the automatic collection of patients' vital signs is not common in hospitals, meaning that medical staff need to periodically collect all patients' vital signs. This may cause further problems in caring for patients. We propose a low-cost reader using a cheap web camera to automatically read vital sign monitors in hospitals. The reader uses a high-resolution web camera to take a series of pictures of vital sign monitors and recognizes vital signs in electronic form and then forwards that information to hospital information systems. Its major benefit is that different sensors equipped with vital sign monitors, whether they include a computer communications module, can be digital-number recognized. It saves time in recording monitored vital signs of patients widely located in hospitals. In sum medical staff care of patients may be usefully assisted by the proposed reader which automatically collects all patients' vital signs, significantly improving patient care.

Sporotrichosis: Clinical and Histopathological Manifestations

Sporotrichosis is a chronic fungal infection with a global distribution; both sporadically occurring infections and outbreaks of cases are not uncommon. Sporothrix schenckii, as the causative agent, can be isolated from soil, wood, land, and even marine animals. We present the clinical and histopathological presentations of sporotrichosis collected in our department for about 40 years. A series of interesting pictures illustrating asteroid bodies and organism materials, which are rarely seen, are also showed. Asteroid body is characterized by the presence of radiating star-like asteroid or club-shaped eosinophilic material around spores, and 5 types of asteroid body collected in our department are presented.

The impact of emotion on the perception of graded magnitudes of respiratory resistive loads

The respiratory muscles increase muscle force to compensate for increased respiratory load, eliciting the sensation of breathing effort. Emotional state can modulate perception of respiratory loads but the load magnitudes affected is unknown. We hypothesized that pleasant (P), neutral (N) and unpleasant (U) affective pictures would change the perception of resistive loads. 25 healthy adults participated in the experiment. 216 pictures were selected from the International Affective Picture System. Pictures were grouped into P, N and U. Each category was divided into 2 series of 36 pictures. Each picture in the 6 picture series was presented for 10 sec for a total 6 min presentation time for each series. 5 resistive load magnitudes (5–45 cmH2O/L*sec-1) and no-load were applied to inspiration twice in each series. The subjects were cued by a light when the resistive load or no-load would be applied on the next inspiration and they estimated the perceived load magnitude using Borg scale. The results showed that load perception increased for the 5 cmH2O/L*sec-1 with subjects viewing U series when perception with subjects viewing the N and P series. These results suggest that negative emotional state increases the sense of respiratory effort for non-aversive, low magnitude resistive loads but high magnitude loads that cause aversive sensations are not further modulated by emotional state.

Neurophysiological Correlates of Impaired Facial Affect Recognition in Individuals at Risk for Schizophrenia

Impairments in facial affect recognition are well documented in individuals suffering from schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to characterize potential impairments in affect recognition and their electrophysiological correlates in at-risk individuals. Such characterization should add to the question whether the neural processes underlying facial affect recognition deficits might be part of a basic neural dysfunction reflecting a vulnerability factor of schizophrenia. To test facial affect recognition, a digitized series of pictures of facial affect, previously used in related studies, was presented to 37 at-risk individuals and 32 healthy controls. Simultaneously, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to investigate electrophysiological activity during the task. At-risk individuals showed significant impairments in facial affect recognition and reduced amplitudes in the ERP components P100, N170, and N250. Furthermore, prodromal signs in these individuals were associated with a poorer task performance and a diminished N250 amplitude. The findings suggest that impairments in facial affect recognition precede the onset of the initial psychotic episode. The impairments are associated with neurophysiological abnormalities similar to those observed in manifest schizophrenia and therefore may serve as indicators of vulnerability for developing schizophrenia.

Cognitive Task Complexity and L2 Narrative Writing Performance

The present study was an attempt to chart the effects of two task design features, namely pre-task planning time and immediacy on written narrative performance. This is of pronounced importance since the synergistic effects of these two task features have gone largely unheeded in task-based research except for a smattering of studies (e.g., Gilabert, 2007). Accordingly, 123 participants were assigned to one of the 4 groups in the study, i.e., No planning & Here-and-Now, No planning & There-and-Then, Planning & Here-and-Now, and Planning & There-and-Then to write out a narrative task based on a series of pictures. The participants’ output was coded and measured for grammatical accuracy, syntactic complexity, lexical complexity, and fluency. Results showed that only pre-task planning time significantly promoted grammatical accuracy albeit with a small effect size. Pre-task planners complexified their discourse more than no-planners. In addition, displacedness of time and space coupled with pre-task planning led to significantly higher gains in syntactic complexity. However, lexical complexity measures did not yield any significant results across the groups of participants. Finally, both provision of pre-task planning time and immediacy of time and space led to significantly more fluent production.

P02-350 - Functional brain connectivity and deactivation in new onset schizophrenia: A pilot study

Background/introductionThere has been previous evidence of aberrant functional connectivity in the so-called “default-mode” network (DMN) in patients with schizophrenia.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to test whether such aberrant connectivity, if existent, can be modulated by a task involving the challenge of attention, working memory and executive functioning.MethodsA functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment alternating between periods of “rest” and periods of visual stimulation with successive series of pictures extracted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III was carried out in seven patients with new onset schizophrenia according to the DSM-IV criteria and in six healthy control subjects matched for sex, age, and education. The DMN was extracted by using independent component analysis (ICA). The degree of deactivation during periods of stimulation was tested by means of a correlation analysis. To determine the existence of differences in deactivation between patients and controls, we used a non-parametric statistical test.ResultsAn overall increased activation of the DMN in patients with schizophrenia relative to control subjects seems to occur. There was also an almost significant difference in the degree of deactivation between the two groups (controls>patients, p = 0.05).ConclusionsAberrant connectivity of the DMN is indeed a consistent feature in schizophrenia. An altered deactivation of the DMN during a highly demanding task in patients with schizophrenia confirms previous results suggesting an abnormal behaviour of networks in the transition from “rest” to goal-directed activity.

Qualification of a new and precise automatic tool for the assessment of hair diameters in phototrichograms

To automatically assess hair growth during cosmetic trials, incorporating parameters such as anagen-to-telogen rate, growth rate, and especially hair diameter. We designed and qualified a new and automatic phototrichogram system based on a high-resolution DSLR camera system (theoretical resolution of 2.557 μm/pixel) and modular macrolens system with fixed focus, combined with a trainable pattern recognition software for automated analysis. We improved the standard routine for dermatological phototrichogram technique to overcome inaccuracy in thickness measurements due to hair swelling by using an alternative immersion fluid, and increased the effective resolution for hair size and thickness measurement to <4 μm. After having qualified manual measurements as gold standard for the determination of hair diameters, we established a new trainable automatic picture analysis software able to locate and measure individual hairs in length and thickness even in picture series taken from the same skin area at different time points. Comparisons between manual and automatic measurements of the same hairs showed a >90% correlation, and by comparing the automatic results with manual measurements of the same images without individual hair annotation, we could find a correlation of at least 80%. According to the results and findings generated in this qualification study, we have a reliable tool now that enables us to test cosmetic products for hair treatment in a highly automated way with a sufficient degree of precision and accuracy to detect even small changes in hair diameter during cosmetic trials.

Attention and search conspicuity of motorcycles as a function of their visual context

Background Over the years, PTWs’ number of accidents have increased dramatically and have accounted for a high percentage of the total traffic fatalities. The majority of those accidents occur in daylight, clear weather, and at light to moderate traffic conditions. The current study included two experiments. The first experiment evaluated the influence of PTW attention conspicuity on the ability of un-alerted viewers to detect it, whereas the second experiment evaluated the PTWs search conspicuity to alerted viewers. The independent variables in both experiments included driving scenarios (urban and inter-urban), PTW rider's outfit (black, white, and reflective) and PTW distance from the viewer. Method 66 students participated in experiment 1. Every participant was presented with a series of pictures and was asked to report all the vehicle types present in each picture. Experiment 2 included 64 participants and incorporated the same pictures as experiment 1. However, in this experiment the participants were instructed to search the pictures for a PTW and to report its presence or absence as soon as they reach a decision. Results In experiment 1 the detection of a PTW depended on the interaction between its distance from the viewer, the driving scenario and PTW rider's outfit. For an un-alerted viewer when the PTW was distant the different outfit conditions affected its’ attention conspicuity. In urban roads, where the background surrounding the PTW was more complex and multi-colored, the reflective and white outfits increased its attention conspicuity compared to the black outfit condition. In contrast, in inter-urban roads, where the background was solely a bright sky, the black outfit provided an advantage for the PTW detectability. In experiment 2, the average PTW detection rate of the alerted viewers was very high and the average reaction time to identify the presence of a PTW was the shortest in the inter-urban environment. Similar to the results of experiment 1, in urban environments the reflective and white clothing provided an advantage to the detection of the PTW, while in the inter-urban environment the black outfit presented an advantage. Comparing the results of the two experiments revealed that at the farthest distance, the increased awareness in the search conspicuity detection rates were three times higher than in the attention conspicuity. Conclusions The conspicuity of a PTW can be increased by using an appropriate rider's outfit that distinguishes him/her from the background scenery. Thus, PTW riders can actively increase their conspicuity by taking into account the driving route (crowded urban/inter urban), eventually increasing the probability of being detected by the other road users. In addition, increasing the alertness and expectancy of drivers to the presence of PTWs can increase their search conspicuity.

The Realism Continuum, Representation and Perception

The realism continuum is a visual model that presents any image as a series of pictures, iteratively reduced in representation from its referrent. A continuum has been used before to gauge the effectiveness of educational instruction (Wileman 1993; Dwyer 1972; Knowlton 1966; Gropper 1963) or to explain the communicative potential of different comics stylings (McCloud 1993). Reference is made in new design theory to less detailed images being easier to scan for pertinent information and generally reducing demand on working memory (Malamed, 2009). None of these theorists explains how it is we can see the less-real-than-real in the first instance, even though we’ve evolved looking only at the real. This paper presentation shows why, psychologically we can see and understand distilled and abstracted pictures and also why our visual systems (the eyes and brain) actually prefer these to photorealistic pictures. The presentation focuses on two major tasks of the visual system and how these tasks are facilitated by pictures chosen from deliberate points along the realism continuum. Images of greater realism help to solve the homogeneity problem: distinguishing objects in the same class. That is, telling the difference between Tom, Dick & Harry. Images of reduced or distilled detail facilitate object hypotheses: distinguishing between classes of objects. That is, telling the difference between a person and any other kind of object or thing.

Flexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience.

Field studies and laboratory experiments have documented that a key component of resilience is emotional flexibility--the ability to respond flexibly to changing emotional circumstances. In the present study we tested the hypotheses that resilient people exhibit emotional flexibility: (a) in response to frequently changing emotional stimuli and (b) across multiple modalities of emotional responding. As participants viewed a series of emotional pictures, we assessed their self-reported affect, facial muscle activity, and startle reflexes. Higher trait resilience predicted more divergent affective and facial responses (corrugator and zygomatic) to positive versus negative pictures. Thus, compared with their low-resilient counterparts, resilient people appear to be able to more flexibly match their emotional responses to the frequently changing emotional stimuli. Moreover, whereas high-trait-resilient participants exhibited divergent startle responses to positive versus negative pictures regardless of the valence of the preceding trial, low-trait-resilient participants did not exhibit divergent startle responses when the preceding picture was negative. High-trait-resilient individuals, therefore, appear to be better able than are their low-resilient counterparts to either switch or maintain their emotional responses depending on whether the emotional context changes. The present findings broaden our understanding of the mechanisms underlying resilience by demonstrating that resilient people are able to flexibly change their affective and physiological responses to match the demands of frequently changing environmental circumstances.

Monetary rewards influence strategic memory retrieval: an event-related potential study

Event Abstract Back to Event Monetary rewards influence strategic memory retrieval: an event-related potential study Teresa M. Halsband1*, Nicola K. Ferdinand1 and Axel Mecklinger1 1 Saarland University, Germany Monetary rewards and anticipation of rewards during study were found to support memory formation whereas their role on memory retrieval processes is unclear so far. Retrieval orientation is a flexible cognitive state adopted to strategically initiate processes according to particular retrieval demands in response to a retrieval cue. It is therefore one possible aspect of retrieval that can be modulated by rewards. This study investigates whether retrieval orientations during memory testing are modulated by rewards that were linked to performance in an incidental study task. In a size judgment task, participants saw mixed series of pictures and words. Each stimulus was preceded by a high or low reward cue that indicated the monetary reward for a correct and fast response in this task. 24 hours later, the participants performed an unexpected recognition memory exclusion task with words as test items. They were asked to respond with one key to the previously presented words (targets) and with a second key to previously presented pictures (non-targets) as well as to new words. The target/non-target designation was switched in another retrieval block and reward conditions were nested within target condition. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to new items were used as markers for retrieval orientations. In addition to the well-known material-specific effect of retrieval orientation, a fronto-centrally distributed, reward-specific retrieval orientation effect was found. This suggests that irrespective of the type of targeted memory representations, the retrieval of items that were linked to a high monetary reward during study was optimized and characterized by a greater prioritization of target information. Funding: Supported by German Research Foundation (DFG, IRTG 1457). Keywords: EEG, memory and learning Conference: XI International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON XI), Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 25 Sep - 29 Sep, 2011. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Sessions: Neural Bases of Memory and Learning Citation: Halsband TM, Ferdinand NK and Mecklinger A (2011). Monetary rewards influence strategic memory retrieval: an event-related potential study. Conference Abstract: XI International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON XI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2011.207.00213 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 21 Nov 2011; Published Online: 28 Nov 2011. * Correspondence: Dr. Teresa M Halsband, Saarland University, Saarland, Germany, t.halsband@mx.uni-saarland.de Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Teresa M Halsband Nicola K Ferdinand Axel Mecklinger Google Teresa M Halsband Nicola K Ferdinand Axel Mecklinger Google Scholar Teresa M Halsband Nicola K Ferdinand Axel Mecklinger PubMed Teresa M Halsband Nicola K Ferdinand Axel Mecklinger Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Treatment and follow-up using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction in East African sleeping sickness: a case report

We report a case of East African trypanosomiasis in a 26-year-old traveler returning from Tanzania, including a series of pictures of the progression of the inoculation chancre. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-specific DNA was detected in the blood until 8 days after treatment. We hypothesize that the previously observed suramin toxicity may be an immunological response to parasite debris, produced as they are killed by the treatment.

Du Japon à l’Europe, changement de statut de l’estampe ukiyo-e

Well reproduced Japanese prints, releasing subject matter from deep links with purely academical grounds, can be perceived as one dimension of ‘ popular imagery’ since they offered a series of pictures which were easily accessible from all points of view, even that of aesthetic pleasure, to a wide range of social classes during the Edo period. The creation of these ‘ Floating World Images’ emerged from attempts to seize the moment and its worldly reality in its true fugacity. They were seldom collected in Japan before the end of the 19th century. When they arrived on the European art market in the second half of the 19th century, they were immediately conferred a completely different status ; admired with covetous eyes or seen as long-term collections, they convey extremely diverse aesthetic points of view. Their compilation and exhibition are the expression of a desire to write a new chapter of art history.

『정보관리학회지』 연구의 동향분석

본 연구는 우리나라 대표적인 정보학분야 학회지인 『정보관리학회지』에 25년 동안에 발표된 학술논문을 대상으로 동향분석을 시도하여 각 시기별 우리나라 정보학분야의 학문적 구조와 그 변화를 파악하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 25년을 1984-1994, 1995-2002, 2003-2009로 나눈 다음, 각 기간별 『정보관리학회지』에 실린 학술논문의 주제를 분석한 후 각 논문의 주제분포, 주제영역별 논문의 증감, 주제영역별 연도 분포를 살펴보았다. 또한 논문의 표제어를 이용하여 기간별 정보학의 지적 구조를 생성하였고 세 개의 지적 구조를 비교하여 정보학 연구의 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과 『정보관리학회지』 연구의 주요 대주제 영역은 ‘정보서비스’, ‘정보조직’ 그리고 ‘정보시스템’이며 소주제 영역은 도서관서비스, 이용자연구, 자동문헌처리, 도서관통합시스템, 시소러스/온톨로지, 디지털도서관인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 표제어의 지적 구조를 분석한 결과, 정보학의 핵심영역은 여전히 정보검색이지만 각종 도서관이나 시스템에 활용된 정보기술 기법이나 서비스 평가에 대한 연구가 점점 늘어나고 이에 대한 주제영역이 확장되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Aversive picture processing: Effects of a concurrent task on sustained defensive system engagement

Viewing a series of aversive pictures prompts emotional reactivity reflecting sustained defensive engagement. The present study examined the effects of a concurrent visual task on autonomic, somatic, electrocortical, and facial components of this defensive state. Results indicated that emotional activation was largely preserved despite continuous visual distraction, although evidence of attenuation was observed in startle reflex and electrocortical measures. Concurrent task-specific reactivity was also apparent, suggesting that motivational circuits can be simultaneously activated by stimuli with intrinsic survival significance and instructed task significance and that these processes interact differently across the separate components of defensive engagement.

The validation of parallel test forms: ‘Mountain’ and ‘beach’ picture series for assessment of language skills

Pictures are widely used to elicit expressive language skills, and pictures must be established as parallel before changes in ability can be demonstrated by assessment using pictures prompts. Why parallel prompts are required and what it is necessary to do to ensure that prompts are in fact parallel is not widely known. To date, evidence of equivalence has been documented for only a handful of picture instruments. The present study aims to demonstrate that two picture series, one describing hiking on a mountain, the other a picnic at a beach, designed to elicit narrative writing from children, are statistically parallel. To verify their being parallel, a random group design and a covariate were used. MANCOVA and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the two alternate picture forms were parallel in terms of means, variances, and factor structures with regard to multiple writing components. This study makes a unique contribution to picture-based assessment, first by publishing this parallel picture set and making it available as a tool for assessing children’s productive skills using longitudinal designs, and second by demonstrating a process by which any other test forms, pictorial or otherwise, can be validated as parallel.

Determination of venous blood flow velocity using digital videomicroscopy (A short methodical communication)

There is a limited number of methods to measure blood flow velocity in small veins. A cheap and simple new videomicroscopic method developed in our laboratories is described in the paper. A stretch of the saphenous vein of the rat was exposed by careful micropreparation on the thigh of anesthetized animals. Bolus amount (approx. 5 μl) of saline was infused into a small side branch through a microcannula to dilute flowing blood. Videomicroscopic picture of the vein was then taken of the exposed upstream stretch of the vein. Serial pictures were digitized and analyzed using macro functions of the Image J software. Sensitive areas of serial pictures were selected and fitted. Consecutive pictures were subtracted from each other to better characterize their alteration in-between frames. Greyscale intensity values measured at different points of the inner diameter were averaged for each point of the vessel axis. Cross-correlations along the axis were then computed for consecutive frames with delays of 40, 80, 120 and 160 msec. Pixel offsets producing cross-correlation maxima were determined and used to compute mean flow velocity. Combination of digital subtraction and cross-correlation computations yielded easily identifiable maximums. Mean flow velocities could be determined with limited uncertainty. The described technique gives a cheap, simple and reproducible mean to determine mean blood flow velocities in small veins in anesthetized animals, where other current techniques (ultrasonography, laser-Doppler, fluorescently labelled red cell movement) are either expensive or can be applied with difficulty only.

The impact of anxiety on the neural processing of respiratory sensations

Previous studies demonstrated that anxiety considerably impacts the reported perceptions of respiratory sensations. A novel feature of the current study is exploring the impact of anxiety on the neural processing of respiratory sensations elicited by short inspiratory occlusions during different affective contexts. Using high-density EEG, respiratory-related evoked potentials (RREP) were recorded in 23 low and 23 matched higher anxious individuals when viewing unpleasant or neutral picture series. Low anxious individuals showed the expected pattern of reduced magnitudes of later RREP components P2 and P3 during the unpleasant compared to the neutral affective context (p<0.05 and p<0.01). In contrast, higher anxious individuals showed greater magnitudes of P2 and P3 during the unpleasant compared to the neutral affective context (p's<0.05). Moreover, higher anxiety levels were correlated with greater magnitudes for P2 (r=0.44, p<0.01) and P3 (r=0.54, p<0.001) during the unpleasant relative to the neutral affective context. Earlier components of the RREP (Nf, P1, N1) were not affected by anxiety. This study demonstrates that anxiety affects the later, higher-order neural processing of respiratory sensations, but not its earlier, first-order sensory processing. These findings might represent a neural mechanism that underlies the increased perception of respiratory sensations in anxious individuals.