Picture Completion Subtests Research Articles

Trauma-induced weight loss and cognitive deficits among former prisoners of war.

Former prisoners of war (POWs) from the Korean Conflict and WWII reporting confinement weight losses of greater than 35% (n = 60) and less than or equal to 35% (n = 113) and non-POW combat veterans (n = 50) were compared on WAIS-R and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) Logical Memory indices. High weight-loss POWs performed more poorly than combat veterans on Performance IQ, Arithmetic, Similarities, and Picture Completion subtests, Witkin-Goodenough Attention-Concentration Factor, and WMS Immediate and Delayed Recall and more poorly than low weight-loss POWs on Arithmetic, Attention-Concentration Factor, and the WMS immediate memory measure. Low weight-loss POWs and combat veterans differed only on WMS immediate memory. Findings support the Thygesen, Hermann, and Willanger (1970) hypothesis that severity of POW confinement stress reflected by trauma-induced weight loss is predictive of long-term compromise in cognitive performance.

Change and stability in adult intellectual functioning assessed by Wechsler item responses.

Change in adult intellectual performance was assessed with longitudinal data from the Intergenerational Studies at the Institute of Human Development. Wechsler Intelligence data from two age cohorts spanning ages 18 to 61 were analyzed at the subtest and item level. Hotelling T2 analyses on sets of equivalent items from Wechsler subtests were studied to determine if change in response occurred between pairwise combinations of occasions of test administrations. We used Bowker's test to analyze data at the item level to determine the direction of change in performance. Consistent improvement in performance occurred between the ages of 18-40 and 18-54. Between the ages of 40 and 61, results showed mostly improved performance on the Information, Comprehension, and Vocabulary subtests, mixed change on the Picture Completion subtest, and decline on the Digit Symbol and Block Design subtests. The pattern of mixed change on the Picture Completion subtest indicated improvement on the easy items and decline on the difficult items. Decline in performance on the Block Design test occurred only for the most difficult items.

An atypical neurocognitive profile in alcoholic fathers and their sons.

Prepubescent boys and their recovering alcoholic fathers exhibited an Atypical Neurocognitive Profile consisting of (1) a reduction in amplitude of the late positive complex (LPC) of the event-related potential (ERP) during a complex visual discrimination task, and (2) reduced visuoperceptual performance evidenced by significantly lower scores on the Object Assembly, Block Design and Picture Completion subtests of the WISC-R and the Embedded Figures Test. Low LPC amplitudes were significantly correlated with poorer visuoperceptual performance. This Atypical Neurocognitive Profile may represent a marker for alcoholism.

A Comparison of the WISC-R and WAIS-R Performance Scales in Deaf Adolescents

Scores from the WISC-R and WAIS-R Performance Scales were compared using a sample of 32 deaf adolescents. Performance scores were obtained during routine evaluations (mean interval between tests = 41.6 months). Results show that the two scales produce virtually identical scores. WISC-R and WAIS-R subtest scores and PIQs are correlated (all rs > .470, p < .008). Observed correlations are not significantly different from maximum possible correlations, with the exceptions of the Picture Completion subtest and Performance IQs. Differences between means are nonsignificant, but WISC-R Picture Completion and Block Design variances are significantly larger than their respective WAIS-R variances (p < .008). On the strength of these findings, psychologists are cautioned regarding the equivalence of the Picture Completion subtest in the two scales, although practitioners may directly compare other WISC-R and WAIS-R Performance Scale scores in deaf adolescents.

Application of a WAIS-R Short Form with Neurological Patients: Validity and Correlational Findings

Investigated was the validity of the combination of the Information, Arithmetic, Picture Completion, and Block Design Subtests as an estimate of WAIS-R Full Scale IQ for 70 brain-damaged patients. The correlation between short-form and Full Scale IQwas highly significant, p < .001. A pairwise t test between the mean IQs for the two forms was significant, p < .005, and indicated that the short form yielded higher IQs than the standard form. However, the average difference between the two IQs was small (1.74 points) and lacked clinical significance since the measures agreed in terms of Wechsler's (1981) classification system 83% of the time. The short-form and Full Scale IQs were intercorrelated with scores from selected neuropsychological tests. A lack of meaningful differences emerged between the resulting correlations for the two IQs. The two ability measures behave in essentially the same manner when used as part of a neuropsychological battery. Expectations about a patient's appropriate level of functioning on neuropsychological measures will be similar whether based on the abbreviated or Full Scale IQ.

Religious Symbols and the WISC-R Performance of Roman Catholic Parochial School Students

ABSTRACT Forty-two subjects were randomly selected and assigned to one of two examiners and to one of three test conditions. Subjects in the first group were tested as a moderately proportioned gold cross was worn, and the subjects in the second group were tested as a similarly proportioned gold Star of David was worn. No religious symbols were worn as the third group was tested. A series of one-way ANOVAs and Scheffe posttests revealed that performance on the Arithmetic, Digit Span, Picture Completion, and Block Design subtests varied as a function of the presence and type of symbol that was worn

Infant assessments as predictors of 3-year IQ

Using 72 lower class children, concurrent validity of the WPPSI was studied employing Form L-M of the Stanford-Binet as the criterion. Correlations between SB and WPPSI were moderately high (.86 for FS, .81 for VS, .73 for PS), but the WPPSI appeared a somewhat more difficult test for the sample employed. Mean SB IQ (94.61) was higher than the mean FS (90.71), VS (89.38) and PS (93.68) IQs; it exceeded WPPSI IQ in 72% of all cases. On the WPPSI, PS IQ was significantly greater than either VS or FS IQs. Amont the WPPSI subtests, Vocabulary was significantly lower than all other subtests and Comprehension lower than Picture Completion, Mazes, and Block Design. The only significant sexual difference favored females on Similarities. For subjects whose FS IQ was below the group median IQ, relationships among each of the WPPSI scales and subtests were lower than for those subjects who scored above the median. This was particularly true for the Vocabulary, Animal House, and Picture Completion subtests.

The WAIS and Rorschach test in diagnosing borderline personality.

This study assesses the degree to which indicators from the Rorschach and the WAIS discriminate between the two groups of psychiatric inpatients diagnosed as having either borderline or psychotic personality organization by means of Kernberg's structural interview. A combination of WAIS scores focusing on the Picture Completion subtest, and Rorschach form level proved to be discriminators. These were interpreted as primarily reflecting reality testing. A linear combination of WAIS scale scores was identified that discriminated at least as well as the clinical WAIS-Rorschach comparisons.

Validity of the Revised Beta Examination and a short-form Beta for hospitalized alcoholics.

Although the Revised Beta Examination, a nonverbal measure of general intelligence, is one of the few group tests extensively validated for psychiatric patients in state hospitals, it has not been determined whether the instrument is useful for discriminating among alcoholic inpatients in state facilities. The Beta was administered to 494 detoxified alcoholics (471 men, 23 women), aged 20 to 60 yr. ( M = 3.99, SD = 10.1) and hospitalized in a state rehabilitation agency. They were grouped by prior occupational status and educational attainment. Means of the Beta Weighted Scores differed significantly among the groups on both criteria whereas the mean IQs differed only for the educational classification. Also reported was the development of a two-subtest short-form Beta based on the Digit Symbol and Picture Completion subtests. The short-form scores differentiated the groups about as well as the Weighted Scores.

Psychological peculiarities in children with recurrent primary headache.

Thirty-five children with idiopathic headache (average age 10.2 years) were subjected to various examinations and a series of tests (WISC, Bender, Rorschach, Duss, "tree" and "family" tests) on the nature and characteristics of headache with a view to establishing possible psychological peculiarities. The sample was correlated with a random control group of 20 subjects (average age 10.4 years) undergoing all of the above tests except the Rorschach test. This showed a significant decrease in the "digit span" WISC subtest and in the Bender test with respect to normal population, and a drop in "digit span" and in picture completion subtests and in headache length in months. Feelings of being excluded from the family group, insecurity and repressed hostility towards the important figures, were significantly stronger in the headache patients group.

Stimulus size and performance on two subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale by younger and older adults.

Younger and older adults performed the picture completion and picture arrangement subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale under three conditions of stimuli size; standard, larger than standard, and smaller than standard. Although the commonly observed age differences on these two performance tests of intelligence were obtained, the size of the stimuli did not influence the test scores of either younger or older adults. It would appear that visual acuity does not contribute in a significant way to the classic pattern of age-related deficits in perceptual-integrative intelligence.

Racial Variation in Perceptual Differentiation

Two studies were conducted to examine racial variations in the perceptual dimension of cognitive style. In Study 1, 36 students, equally divided by race and sex, were given the Witkin Group Embedded Figures Test. Neither race nor sex differences were evident. In Study 2, 23 Afro-American and 17 Euro-American students were recruited. In addition to the Embedded Figures Test, the subjects were given a modified Kohs Block Design Test and the WAIS Picture Completion subtest. Comparison of group means shows a significant racial group difference on embedded figures but the difference between the means on the Block Design seemed to occur by chance. When the incongruity between the two studies was analyzed, some possible developmental factors emerged. This possibility and its genesis are discussed.

Effects of Reduced Visual Acuity on Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

In administering the complete Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the psychologist may not be able to determine whether a low score is due to reduced vision or to reduced ability to perform a task. This study, however, revealed that simulation of 20/200 visual acuity results in significantly reduced performance on the scale's Digit Symbol Subtest, Picture Completion Subtest, and Picture Arrangement Subtest.

The Effects of Imposed Response Latency on the Performance of Arab Undergraduates on two wais Subtests

Summary Forty-one Arab undergraduate students were randomly selected and assigned to two treatment groups. The subjects in the experimental group were told to refrain from immediately answering questions on the WAIS Picture Completion and Similarities subtests. The control group was examined according to the normal standardized procedure. A significant difference in the direction of the latency treatment was noted: the experimental group had higher scores on both subtests. Moreover, additional F tests indicated no sex differences.

Bodily concerns as predicted by the Wechsler Object Assembly and Picture Completion Subtests: Methodological considerations.

Bodily concerns as predicted by the Wechsler Object Assembly and Picture Completion Subtests: Methodological considerations.

Bodily concerns as predicted by the Wechsler Object Assembly and Picture Completion Subtests: Methodological considerations.

Bodily concerns as predicted by the Wechsler Object Assembly and Picture Completion Subtests: Methodological considerations.

Effect of reinforcement of response on internal consistency of selected WISC-R substests.

An experimental study of 120 educable mentally retarded subjects was undertaken to examine the differential effects of three types of reinforcers (verbal praise, token, and verbal neutral) and two levels of schedule of reinforcement (continuous and fixed ratio) on the Arithmetic, Picture Completion, and Block Design subtests from the WISC-R. Although the pattern of coefficients was similar for the two schedule conditions, there was a trend for the fixed ratio schedule to result in a greater number of attempted items and higher coefficients of internal consistency. The superiority of any type of reinforcer treatment was not demonstrated.

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: Difficulty order of subtest questions

Theoretically and pragmatically the subtest questions of the Wechsler Pre-school and Primary Scale of Intelligence are assumed to be ordered from least to most difficult. The purpose of this study was to test whether or not the order was appropriate for a sample other than that used for standardization. Data consisted of test records of 89 females and 62 males tested at a private school over four years. Mean Full Scale IQ of the sample was 118. Calculation of proportion of the sample passing each item and Guttman Reproducibility Coefficients for each subtest suggested changes in the order of questions of the Vocabulary, Picture Completion, Similarities, and Comprehension Subtests. However, though questions were misordered for the present sample as a result of presenting them in the order prescribed in the test manual, the misordering was not great enough to seriously affect subtest scores or the interpretation of intratest scatter.

Relationship of the Wechsler pre-school and primary scale of intelligence and the Stanford-Binet (L-M) in lower class children

Using 72 lower class children, concurrent validity of the WPPSI was studied employing Form L-M of the Stanford-Binet as the criterion. Correlations between SB and WPPSI were moderately high (.86 for FS, .81 for VS, .73 for PS), but the WPPSI appeared a somewhat more difficult test for the sample employed. Mean SB IQ (94.61) was higher than the mean FS (90.71), VS (89.38) and PS (93.68) IQs; it exceeded WPPSI IQ in 72% of all cases. On the WPPSI, PS IQ was significantly greater than either VS or FS IQs. Amont the WPPSI subtests, Vocabulary was significantly lower than all other subtests and Comprehension lower than Picture Completion, Mazes, and Block Design. The only significant sexual difference favored females on Similarities. For subjects whose FS IQ was below the group median IQ, relationships among each of the WPPSI scales and subtests were lower than for those subjects who scored above the median. This was particularly true for the Vocabulary, Animal House, and Picture Completion subtests.

A comparison of wisc sub-test scores of pre-adolescent successful and unsuccessful readers

Abstract Using a sample of 177 successful readers and 116 backward readers of average age about 12 1/2 years, a comparison was made between their scores on eleven of the sub-tests of the WISC. The method used was analysis of covariance, adjusting for scores on the Verbal Intelligence Scale, Performance Intelligence Scale and Full Intelligence Scale respectively. When adjustment was made for difference in Verbal IQ or Full Scale IQ, the retarded reading group scored significantly lower than the succeeding group on Information, Vocabulary, Arithmetic, Digit Span and Coding sub-tests, while the retarded group scored significantly higher on the Picture Completion sub-test. When adjustment was made for difference in Performance IQ, the retarded reading group scored significantly lower than the succeeding group on all Verbal sub-tests. While the Information, Vocabulary and Arithmetic sub-tests correlated significantly with both Full Scale IQ and Verbal Scale IQ for each of the two groups, neither Digit Span nor...