Picryl Hydrazyl Research Articles

Effect of incorporating extracts from natural pigments in alginate/starch films

Currently, growing interest exists in the development of packaging materials of natural origin for food applications. This study, conducted the extraction of pigments from natural sources (anthocyanin and betanin) from the exocarp of the black eggplant (Solanum melongena) and the mesocarp of beet (Beta vulgaris), which were incorporated in a film-forming solution based on sodium alginate and starch, as an indicator of films with natural pigment extract (FNE). In consequence, the objective of this work was to assess the effect caused by incorporating extracts of natural origin on the mechanical, optical, and structural properties of sodium alginate/yucca starch films. The films were elaborated with different concentrations of each pigment extracted (2% and 5%) and compared with a control film (CF). The films were exposed to a series of synthetic amines and the changes were observed in the UV-vis absorption spectra. In addition, the effect was evaluated when adding extracts from natural pigments into a polymer matrix, evaluating the mechanical, structural, and optical properties. The results showed that incorporation of natural extracts (NE) influenced on the mechanical properties, but did not influence on film thickness and water vapor permeability (WVP). X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated increased film crystallinity when incorporating the natural extracts. The microstructure Fourier transform infrared analyses of the films showed that the extracts were compatible with the polymer matrix. Films with eggplant extract (FEE) had higher antioxidant activity against the 1,1–Diphenyl–2–picryl–hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and were more sensitive to the exposure of gaseous amines in comparison with films with beet extract (FBE). Hence, the results obtained show that the films developed with natural compounds are a visual method that could report and monitor the state of the foods.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Bacterial Activities of Sinapis alba L. (Leaves, Flowers and Fruits) Grown in Syria

This research aims to determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts of the Sinapis alba L. parts and to calculate the free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity of them. The highest phenolic content was 28.302 mg/g dry plant, the highest flavonoid content was 2.072 mg/g dry plant in the methanolic flower extract. In interaction with diphenyl picryl hydrazyl, the inhibitory concentrations of half of free radicals ranged from 2.836 mg/mL in the methanolic fruit extract to 17.853 mg/mL in the chloroform flower extract. Methanolic extracts showed a zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, the diameters of the inhibition zone were 17.2 mm in leaf and fruit extracts, and 15 mm in flower extract at a concentration of 700 mg/mL. The study showed that the methanolic extracts of Sinapis alba L. have good phenolic and flavonoid contents, good free radical scavenging activity and have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Some New Schiff base Derived from Cytosine

Cytosine is used to synthesize several derivatives of Schiff base when reacted with some aldehydes which are refluxed by using ethanol as a solvent and non solvent with adomestic microwave (Compounds A1 – A4). These products of the Schiff base are treated first with chloroacetyl chloride to synthesize four-membered heterocycles (Compounds B1 – B4). After that, they treated with hydroxyl acetic acid to synthesize five-membered heterocyclic (Compounds C1 – C4). In the third step, the products are used to react with amaleic acid anhydride to produce seven-membered heterocyclic (Compound D1 – D4). The antioxidant activity of the compounds (A1 – A4) and two of the compounds (B1, B3), (C1, C3) and (D1, D3) in different concentrations of (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/ml) are tested with 1,2 – Di Phenyl – 2 – Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) for scavenging a radical activity. Finally, these compounds are diagnosed by several technical devices such as IR, proton1HN.M. R and13C N.M.R. spectroscopy.

A Study of the Therapeutic Potential of Lentinus squarrosulus (Agaricomycetes) from Gabon.

Lentinus squarrosulus is a mushroom widely used in Gabon for its culinary and medicinal properties. The bioactive potential of mushrooms might be attributable to the presence of several pharmaceutically important mycocompounds that need to be ascertained scientifically. A study of the therapeutic potential of L. squarrosulus, the species of lignicolous fungus exploited in Gabon, was carried out on the basis of a chemical screening performed on three extracts in order to highlight different important chemical groups. This chemical screening was followed by a study of the fungus's antioxidant activity and prediction of its additional pharmacological activities. Chemical screening revealed that three extracts (aqueous, hydroethanolic, and ethanolic) of L. squarrosulus were almost free of tannins and were poor in total flavonoids and moderately rich in reducing sugars. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were rich in total polyphenols, whereas aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were rich in alkaloids. The aqueous extract was rich in saponosides and the hydroethanolic extract was rich in coumarins. The dosage of phenolic compounds confirmed the fungus's richness in total polyphenols, especially for aqueous and ethanolic extracts, its poverty in flavonoids and absence of tannins in ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts. Regarding antioxidant activities, the results obtained for diphenyl picryl hydrazyl trapping tests showed that the different extracts tested had antioxidant activity ranging from low to moderate (0.12 ≤ antioxidant activity index [IAA] ≤ 0.6); the greatest activity was obtained with ethanolic extract (IAA = 0.6). Hence, we conclude that L. squarrosulus extracts can be used as easily accessible sources of natural antioxidants for potential preventative therapies.

Phytochemical and antioxidant evaluation of cassia sieberiana D.C. stem bark extracts

Cassia sieberiana D.C. belongs to the Fabaceae family and it is used ethnomedically in the management of cancer, diabetes and other diseases. There is a growing concern about the scourge of diseases caused by excessive free radicals in the body and lack of standardization of medicinal herbal products. Therefore, this research is aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and free radical scavenging activities of the plant extracts with the view to identify the chemical constituents and antioxidant properties of the extracts. The powdered stem bark was evaluated for its pharmacognostic profiles and then extracted successively with the aid of Soxhlet extractor using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The extracts obtained were concentrated using rotary evaporator and the percentage yields of the extracts were determined. The extracts were screened for their phytochemical constituents using standard protocols. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiles of the resulting extracts were determined using suitable solvent systems and the retention factor (Rf) values of separated spots of compounds were calculated. The total phenolic content of the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid was used as standard. The antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activity of the extracts were measured using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1- picryl hydrazyl) and ascorbic acid was used as standard. The results were expressed in terms of percentage inhibition. The percentage yields of the extracts were: 0.52 %, 6.58 % and 10.52 % respectively for n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoid/steroids. Also, the total phenolic contents were found to 7.64 mg and 2.97 mg gallic acid equivalents for ethyl acetate and methanolic extract respectively. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts revealed higher activity in the ethyl acetate extract. The results indicated that the extracts contain phenolic compounds which may be responsible for the antioxidant activity.

Role of Deglycosylation for Antioxidant Potential of Selected Plant Extracts

Deglycosylation has previously been suggested to modulate the biological activities of various phytochemicals. The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of deglycosylation on antioxidant potential of crude methanolic extracts (CMEs) of four medicinal plants: Adhatoda vasica, Skimmia laureola, Olea ferruginea, and Cymbopogon citratus. The CMEs were prepared in 80% methanol and their antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH (diphenyl picryl hydrazyl) photometric assay. The resultant IC50 values were 82 μg/mL for O. ferruginea, 127 μg/mL for S. laureola, 169 μg/mL for C. citrates, 170 μg/mL for A. vasica, and 3.1 μg/mL for ascorbic acid, which was used as a standard. Glycosidase enzyme was extracted from Medicago sativa (alfalfa) seeds and assayed chromogenically using X-gal as its substrate. The glycosidase enzyme successfully deglycosylated CMEs of all the four plants. These degylosylated extracts were also analyzed for their antioxidant activities. New IC50 values were 52 μg/mL for O. ferruginea, 71 μg/mL for S. laureola, 103 μg/mL for A. vasica, and 111 μg/mL for C. citratus. These observations show a significant increase in the antioxidant potential of all four CMEs as a result of their deglycosylation. All results were analyzed statistically and significant difference (p = 0) was established between CMEs and deglycosylated CMEs of all the four selected plants tested separately.

Characterization and effect of Moringa Oleifera Lam. antioxidant additive on the storage stability of Jatropha biodiesel

The deterioration of biodiesel during its storage is promoted through oxidation, thus reducing its market value. The storage stability of Jatropha biodiesel produced through the transesterification process can be improved by Moringa Oleifera Lam. (MO) antioxidant addition. The powdered antioxidant was characterized through morphological study using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The elemental analysis of the MO powder was examined using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and CHNS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur) analysis. The presence of antioxidant components like hydroxyl and phenol compounds has been confirmed through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Thermal Analysis of the MO powder was carried out by employing Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The characterization of the MO antioxidant was carried out by studying the scavenging effect of free radicals and the presence of phenolic content responsible for it. The scavenging effect was analyzed by means of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl) assay and the total phenolic content in the antioxidant was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The DPPH inhibition (%) was found to be 29.49, 43.72 and 54.59 at 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm respectively for the ethanol extracts of MO leaves. TPC for MO extract was found to be 112.3 GAE mg/g. The induction time measured using the Rancimat method was 2.29 h and 15.25 h for Jatropha biodiesel and its MO additive at 1500 ppm respectively. Results show that the addition of MO antioxidant has increased the storage stability of Jatropha biodiesel thus increasing its economic value. Importance of the studyThe significance of the study arises from the degradation of biodiesel in spite of oxidation due to environmental storage conditions. Novelty of the present study includes the improvement of the oxidation stability of biodiesel by means of Moringa Oleifera Lam. leaves. This natural antioxidant is widely available in tropical countries and it provides an increased economic value. The main objective of the study is to inhibit the oxidation of biodiesel by means of antioxidant addition and improve the storage stability.

Investigation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of Biotechnologically Produced Carotenoids from Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U. 001

Karotenoidler güçlü antioksidan özelliklerinden dolayı dikkat çekmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U. 001'den ekstrakte edilen karotenoidlerin antioksidan ve antiproliferatif etkileri araştırıldı. Bunun için, R. sphaeroides O.U. 001 önce 5 L'lik bir biyoreaktörde çoğaltıldı. Daha sonra, çözücü olarak aseton kullanılarak R. sphaeroides O.U.001'den karotenoidler ekstrakte edildi. Karotenoid ekstraktının, vinkristin ve paklitaksele dirençli hücrelerin (MCF-7/Vinc, MCF-7/Pac) proliferasyonuna etkileri MTT sitotoksisite testi ile araştırıldı. Karotenoid ekstraktı ve kanser ilaçları arasındaki etkileşimin hücreler üzerindeki etkisi dama tahtası plaka tekniği ile değerlendirildi. Karotenoid ekstraktın antioksidan aktivitesi ise 2, 2 - difenil, 1-pikril hidrazil (DPPH) radikal süpürücü aktivite tayin yöntemi ile belirlendi. Ekstraksiyon sonucunda, önemli miktarda karotenoid verimi elde edildi (80.69 mg karotenoid/g kuru hücre ağırlığı). Karotenoid ekstraktının hücre proliferasyonu üzerinde inhibitör etkisinin olmadığı ve antikanser ilaçlarla etkileşiminin antagonistik olduğu bulundu. Bunlara ek olarak, elde edilen karotenoid ekstraktının DPPH antioksidan etkisi, (IC 50 değeri) 25 µg/mL olarak hesaplandı. Sonuç olarak, biyoteknolojik yolla üretilen bakteriyel karotenoidlerin, kanser hücrelerinde sitotoksik etki göstermeden önemli antioksidan aktiviteye sahip oldukları gösterilmiştir.

Comparative Studies on Phytochemical Screening and in Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Extracts of Anacardium Occidentale Leaves and Nuts

Phytochemicals are plant-derived chemicals, which are beneficial to human health and disease. They are naturally occurring in the medicinal plants, vegetables, leaves and roots that have defense mechanism and protect from various diseases as well inhibit, or delay the oxidation of other molecules by inhibiting the initiation or propagation of oxidizing chain reaction. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is one of the most important nut-bearing trees. Therefore comparative studies on the phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities on aqueous extracts of leaves and nuts of Anacardium occidentale were investigated to assess their antioxidant properties in different antioxidant property determination assays. Aqueous extracts of the Anacardium occidentale leaves and nuts revealed the presence of resin, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, alkaloids and terpenoids. In addition, the aqueous leaf extract of the plant contained tannins, saponins, phlobatanins and steroids. The IC50 (µg/ml) values of the leaves’ extract were 36.77 ± 1.11, 1.71 ± 0.10, 1.01 ± 0.07, 0.11 ± 0.002 and 0.99 ±0.22 for total antioxidant capacity (AAE), ferric reducing antioxidant activity (AAE), diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and metal chelating activity respectively. On the other hand, the IC50 (µg/ml) values of the nuts’ extract were 34.85 ± 0.27, 1.37 ± 0.02, 4.65 ± 0.19, 8.65 ± 0.09 and 3.54 ±0.05 for total antioxidant capacity (AAE), ferric reducing antioxidant activity (AAE), diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and metal chelating activity respectively. Consequently, even though both extracts exhibited remarkable in vitro antioxidant properties, the leaf extract seemed to have better performance with respect to the parameters investigated.

Comparative Studies On The Phytochemical Screening And In Vitro Antioxidant Activities Of Aqueous Extracts Of Garcinia Kola Stem And Root Barks

Phytochemicals are natural chemicals of plant origin that have implicated in anti-disease mechanism. Antioxidant are insulator of the process of the oxidation even at relatively small concentration and this have diverse physiological role in the body. They are naturally occurring in the medicinal plants, vegetables, leaves and roots that have defense mechanism and protect from various diseases as well inhibit, or delay the oxidation of other molecules by inhibiting the initiation or propagation of oxidizing chain reaction. Garcinia kola is a tropical flowering plant grown mainly in West and Central Africa. Garcinia kola is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, comparative studies on the phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity on aqueous extracts of stem and root of Garcinia kola were investigated to assess their antioxidant properties in different antioxidant property determination assays. Aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola stem and root bark revealed the presence of tannins, resin, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates and alkaloids. In addition, the aqueous root bark extract of the plant contained phlobatanins and sterols while its stem bark aqueous extract contained terpenoids. The IC50 (μg/ml) values of the stem bark extract were 108.35 ± 7.70, 122.81 ± 3.98, 0.20 ± 0.01, 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.43 ±0.01 for total antioxidant capacity (AAE), ferric reducing antioxidant activity (AAE), diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and metal chelating activity respectively. On the other hand, the IC50 (μg/ml) values of the root bark extract were 31.54 ± 2.72, 30.50 ± 0.96, 2.26 ± 0.13, 4.36 ± 0.52 and 0.75 ± 0.04 for total antioxidant capacity (AAE), ferric reducing antioxidant activity (AAE), diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and metal chelating activity respectively. Consequently, both the stem bark and root bark extracts generally exhibited remarkable in vitro antioxidant properties with respect to the parameters investigated.

Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Coffee Plant Organs Compared to Green and Roasted Coffee Beans.

The current study investigates the phytochemical composition of coffee plant organs and their corresponding antioxidant capacities compared to green and roasted coffee beans. HPLC analysis indicated that the investigated compounds were present in all organs except mangiferin, which was absent in roots, stems and seeds, and caffeine, which was absent in stems and roots. Total phytochemicals were highest in the green beans (GB) at 9.70 mg g−1 dry weight (DW), while roasting caused a 66% decline in the roasted beans (RB). This decline resulted more from 5–CQA and sucrose decomposition by 68% and 97%, respectively, while caffeine and trigonelline were not significantly thermally affected. Roasting increased the total phenolic content (TPC) by 20.8% which was associated with an increase of 68.8%, 47.5% and 13.4% in the antioxidant capacity (TEAC) determined by 2,2–diphenyl–1–picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2–azino bis (3–ethyl benzothiazoline–6–sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS) and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. Amongst the leaves, the youngest (L1) contained the highest content at 8.23 mg g−1 DW, which gradually reduced with leaf age to 5.57 mg g−1 DW in the oldest (L6). Leaves also contained the highest TPC (over 60 mg g−1 GAE) and exhibited high TEAC, the latter being highest in L1 at 328.0, 345.7 and 1097.4, and least in L6 at 304.6, 294.5 and 755.1 µmol Trolox g−1 sample for the respective assays. Phytochemical accumulation, TPC and TEAC were least in woody stem (WS) at 1.42 mg g−1 DW; 8.7 mg g−1 GAE; 21.9, 24.9 and 110.0 µmol Trolox g−1 sample; while herbaceous stem (HS) contained up to 4.37 mg g−1 DW; 27.8 mg g−1 GAE; 110.9, 124.8 and 469.7 µmol Trolox g−1 sample, respectively. Roots contained up to 1.85 mg g−1 DW, 15.8 mg−1 GAE and TEAC of 36.8, 41.5 and 156.7 µmol Trolox g−1 sample. Amongst the organs, therefore, coffee leaves possessed higher values than roasted beans on the basis of phytochemicals, TPC and TEAC. Leaves also contain carotenoids and chlorophylls pigments with potent health benefits. With appropriate processing methods, a beverage prepared from leaves (coffee leaf tea) could be a rich source of phytochemicals and antioxidants with therapeutic and pharmacological values for human health.

Comparative analysis of phenolic content and antioxidant power between parasitic Phoradendron californicum (toji) and their hosts from Sonoran Desert

Parasitic plants, such as toji acquire nutrients through xylem of the host plants. To investigate the influence of parasitic-host interactions on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity from arid sites of Sonora, Mexico is the objective of this research. Organic and aqueous extracts from trees (stems) such as Prosopis glandulosa (Mesquite), Olneya tesota (Palo fierro), Parkinsonia aculeata (Palo verde), Acacia farnesiana (Vinorama), Quercus sp. (Encino o Oak), and Phoradendron californicum (toji) were collected in an arid zone. Each plant was analyzed for phytochemical screening, phenolic composition using Folin-Ciocalteu, AlCl3, DNP methods and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. In vitro the antioxidant properties were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2- picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and superoxide radical scavenging (O2). Pearson correlation was used for quantifying the relationship between phenolic content and antioxidant activity in toji compared to their non-parasitic hosts. The highest content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity was found in the parasitic toji (Phoradendron californicum) compared to their hosts. Some correlations (r > 0.5, P < 0.01) between Mesquite or Vinorama (hosts) and toji secondary compounds (flavonoids and tannins) and between Oak and toji phenols and tannins could indicate that toji (parasite) might get some chemical compounds transferred from the host xylem.

Bio- Fortification of Angelica gigas Nakai Nano-Powder Using Bio-Polymer by Hot Melt Extrusion to Enhance the Bioaccessibility and Functionality of Nutraceutical Compounds.

Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a popular traditional herbal medicine which has been used to alleviate various human diseases in Korea since ancient times. However, the low bioaccessibility of the nutraceutical compounds of AGN results in a poor water solubility, thereby limiting bioavailability. In this regard, a ternary AGN–biopolymer–plasticizer composite (AGNC) was developed to enhance the bioaccessibility of nutraceutical compounds from extrudate AGN formulations manufactured by hot melt extrusion (HME). The AGNC was prepared with extrudate AGN (EAGN) using different hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) biopolymers (5% w/w) viz.: hypromellose phthalate (HP), hypromellose (AN), and hypromellose (CN) along with acetic acid (AA) (0.1 M, 20% w/v) as a plasticizer. The non-extrudate fresh AGN (FAGN) powder was used as a control. The physicochemical properties of the extrudate formulations and control were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DSC analysis showed a lower enthalpy (ΔH) (12.22 J/g) and lower glass transition temperature (Tg) (41 °C) in HP-AA-EAGN compared to the control. FTIR confirmed the physical crosslinking between AGN and biopolymer in the extrudate composite and demonstrated that some functional groups formed viz., -OH and -CH2. The obtained result also shows that the particle size was reduced by 341 nm, and solubility was increased by 65.5% in HP-AA-EAGN compared to the control (1499 nm, 29.4%, respectively). The bioaccessibility of the total phenolic content and the total flavonoids—including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA)—were significantly higher in HP-AA-EAGN compared to the control. The 2,2-diphenyl-1 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) indicated that the HP-AA-EAGN formulation preserves a greater antioxidant profile than the other formulations. Finally, it is summarized that the addition of acidified HP biopolymer increased the bioaccessibility, functionality, and improved the physicochemical properties of nutraceutical compounds in the extrudate AGN formulation.

Phytochemical, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities of Anthurium Hookerii leaves Extracts

Many plants of the family of Araceae possess significant benefit as medicinal plants. Anthurium hookerii is herbaceous genus of the family of Araceae. A. hookerii leaves were extracted with five dissimilarity solvents (methanolic, water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and dichloromethane). The extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical, total phenolic contents, and antibacterial potential. The presences of tannins and saponins were found in all crude extracts. The steroid was only found in dichloromethane extract, whereas flavonoid was obtained in methanol and water extracts. Besides; methanol, ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane extracts showed triterpenoid contents. Alkaloid presences in ethyl acetate, methanolic, dichloromethane, and water extracts. The total phenol content was examined by Follin-Ciocalteu assay, which varied from 9.52-76.56 mg/g GAE. The highest total phenolic was found in methanol extract. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging ability that showed the scavenging activity with range 7.24-66.11%, which the methanoilic extract have the excellent antioxidant potential (IC50 232.90 µg/ml). Antibacterial activity of leaves extracts of A. hookerii was screened based on disc diffusion method. Water extract showed the wide spectrum antibacterial potential. Klebsiella sp., Bacillus subtilis, Pripioni agnes, and Strepticoccus mutans with maximum diameter of inhibition zone 10.30, 14.20, 9.60, and 15.10 mm, respectively.

ВЗАЄМОДІЯ КОМПЛЕКСНИХ СПОЛУК 1,3,7- ТРИМЕТИЛКСАНТИНІЮ ЗІ АНІОНАМИ ПОЛІОКСОМЕТАЛАТІВ МОЛІБДЕНУ ТА ВОЛЬФРАМУ З ШТУЧНИМИ РАДИКАЛАМИ

In the course of research on interaction of artificial radicals of triphenyl-verdazyl (TPV) and diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) with complex compounds of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine with anions of polyoxometalates of molybdenum and tungsten, an anti-radical action of the coordination compounds mentioned above was proved. During the interaction of these compounds with the TPV-radical, deactivation of the latter occurs. This is evidenced, firstly, by a decrease followed by vanishing of characteristic absorption maximum in the visible area of spectroscopy for the radical form – 720 nm and, secondly, by disappearance on і,Е-curves of maxima of TPV-radical transition into the anionic form. Unequal decrease in absorption maxima of the cationic and anionic forms of TPV can give evidence of complicated nature of the interaction of the TPV-radical with the complex (Hcaf)3[PМе12O40]×6H2O (where Ме = Мо, W). According to the spectroscopy data, compounds (Hcaf)3[PМо12O40]×6H2O showed greater anti-radical action compared to (Hcaf)3[PW 12O40]×6H2O. That is, the antiradical effect of the complex compounds (Hcaf)3[PМо12O40]×6H2O, (Hcaf)3[PW 12O40]×6H2O was proved.

Investigation of the antifungal effects of algal extracts on apple-infecting fungi.

It is known that cell extracts of various algae have antifungal activity against microorganisms in vitro. Antifungal activities of Ulva lactuca, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella minutissima, and Chlorella protothecoides were investigated against: Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, and Penicillium expansum fungi to present their fungicide potentials. Aspergillus niger, Alternaria sp., and Penicillium expansum are typical soft-rotting fungi and cause important loss of apple fruit in the storage. In vitro antifungal activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion assay against pathogenic apple rot fungi. As a result, almost all of the extracts obtained from algae species were revealed to have antifungal activity against selected fungal pathogens. Free radical-scavenging activity of the extracts was determined with 1,1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging method. Extract of C. protothecoides was determined to have a stronger antioxidant activity than other algae extracts. This study reveals that the potential of algae should be investigated for the production of natural fungicide for pharmaceutical and food industries.

Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial potential of Pulicaria incisa (lam.) DC as a folk medicinal plant

The species belonging to the genus Pulicaria are well known for their traditional uses in folklore medicine, active chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the active constituents, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial potential of Pulicaria incisa (lam.) DC extracts. Ethyl acetate and diethyl ether extracts of the dried aerial parts of P. incisa were prepared. The active secondary constituents (alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids and tannins) were quantitatively determined. The active constituents in the ethyl acetate extract were higher than those of diethyl ether extract. The ethyl acetate extract expressed higher antioxidant activity in terms of diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging assay in comparison with ascorbic acid as a reference standard. The antimicrobial activity analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate extract expressed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Erwinia carotovora and Candida albicans while that of diethyl ether expressed activity against Bacillus subtillis, Erwinia carotovora and Candida albicans. In conclusion the anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity of the studied extracts of P. incisa may be attributed to its richness with the medicinally active metabolites.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Aldehyde Derivatives of Sulfonyl Chloride Quinoxaline

In pyrazine mesomeric interaction between the protonated &amp; neutral nitrogen atoms probably destabilizes the cation.N, N’-diprotonation is very easier for pyrazine Synthesis of 2, 3-diphenylquinoxaline by phenylene-diamine in 16 ml of rectified spirit was added &amp; combine solution was warm in water bath for 30 min. added water until slight colorless persist &amp; allow to cool recrystallize the product in ethanol. Synthesis of 2, 3-diphenylquinoxaline 7-sulfonylchloride (R) using chlorosulfonic acid under ice-cold condition, then Synthesis of 2-hydroxyphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate(R1) throughresorcinol with 3ml pyridine &amp; sulphonyl chloride derivative, Synthesis of 2-formylphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate(R7)obtained by reaction of salicylaldehyde with pyridine &amp; sulphonyl chloride derivative then Synthesis of 3-formylphenyl-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-7-sulphonate(R9) obtained by heating on water bath mixture of3-hydroxybenzaldehyde with pyridine &amp; sulphonyl chloride, Synthesized quinoxaline derivatives were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by well diffusion method against gram positive (S.aureus, 2079) and gram negative bacteria (E. coli, 2685). The results of quinoxaline derivatives in terms of zone of inhibition recorded. MIC of quinoxaline derivative was determined by tube micro dilution technique against S. aureus and E. coli. The turbidity was measured by UV at about 420 nm. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and 1, 1 diphenyl 2, picryl hydrazyl Method (DPPH) calculated and Most of the derivatives have shown comparable antioxidant activity in relation to standard Ascorbic acid and DPPH. Keywords: QSAR, Sulfonyl Chloride Quinoxaline, Ant-microbial, Antioxidant

Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Accumulation of the Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Profile of Broomcorn Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Flour.

Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is an important nutritious ancient minor-cereal food crop. However, this crop is little explored in the food processing arena to improve its functionality. In this context, different processing methods were applied to enhance the secondary compounds of broomcorn millet. Four different individual methods such as roasting, steaming, puffing, and extrusion were applied at 110 °C to enhance the functional attributes of millet flour. It was observed that the significantly highest content of total phenolic (TP) (670 mg/100 g of ferulic acid equivalent) and total flavonoid (TF) (391 mg/100 g of rutin equivalent ) was attained in the roasted whole millet followed by steaming (315 mg/100 g, 282 mg/100 g), puffing (645 mg/100 g, 304 mg/100 g), extrusion (455 mg/100 g, 219 mg/100 g), and control (295 mg/100 g, 183 mg/100 g). The chromatographic analysis showed a greater content of single phenolic acids such as syringic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and catechin in roasted millet compared to control, and the content of each acid was higher in whole millet than dehulled. Results also indicated that the content of ferulic acid was relatively higher among the quantified single phenolic acid from broomcorn millet. Likewise, in comparison with dehulled millet, the roasted whole millet showed higher total antioxidant capacity, measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), the phosphomolybdenum method (PPMD), and the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (HRSC) method. Lastly, it is concluded that the roasting method should be taken into consideration in the processing of broomcorn millet to enhance the content of nutraceutical compounds and improve its functionality.

Determination of antioxidant potential of biochemically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera gel extract

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by using plant extracts is presently under development. The study has been focused on the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of Aloe vera gel as well as to determine their antioxidant potential. UV-Vis spectrophotometeric analysis showed surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) band at 440 nm, which is specific for AgNPs. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed that the synthesized AgNPs were spherical in shape with an average particle size of 66.6 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis of the aqueous extract before and after the synthesis of AgNPs revealed the presence of different functional groups related to phenolic and polyphenolic compounds such as tannins and flavonoids, and other metabolites like proteins, which may be responsible for the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs. The antioxidant potential of the synthesized AGAgNPs was determined by using 2, 2 Diphenyl-1- Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power assay. Antioxidant assessment showed enhanced dose dependent antioxidant potential of the synthesized AgNPs as compared to the crude extract, which can gain attention of the pharmaceutical industry for preparation of antioxidants of natural origin as the synthetic ones are suspected to be carcinogenic. Present study also supports the advantages of green method for the nanoparticles synthesis.