Phytosanitary Surveillance Research Articles

Occurrence of atypical Pseudomonas viridiflava strains on different host plants in southern Italy

AbstractSince 1997, severe bacterial disease symptoms were observed during surveys carried out in farms with field‐grown Molfettese Catalogna chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sylvestre, Catalogna group), sugarloaf chicory (C. intybus var. porphyreum), curly type lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) cvs Langero and Aleppo, and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) located in the Apulia and Basilicata regions of southern Italy. Convex colonies with yellowish mucoid material on hypersucrose medium (5% sucrose nutrient agar), producing fluorescent pigments on King's medium B, were isolated from all symptomatic plants. Based on conventional biochemical and nutritional tests, Biolog assays, and analysis of partial 16S rDNA and rpoB sequences, these atypical fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates were identified as Pseudomonas viridiflava. The pathogenicity of the isolates was ascertained by artificial inoculation on their respective original hosts. The analysis of rpoB gene sequences and RAPD‐PCR profiles showed a high genetic variability among the P. viridiflava isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial diseases on horticultural crops caused by atypical strains of P. viridiflava in Italy and the first report of the bacterium on safflower. In addition, P. viridiflava is reported for the first time as a causal agent of leaf spot on potato (Solanum tuberosum). The economic importance of chicory and curly type lettuce in southern Italy and recent spread of atypical and highly virulent P. viridiflava strains require more extensive and careful phytosanitary surveillance, as well as an adjustment of sustainable crop protection management to cope with this new challenge.

Мировой рынок химических средств защиты растений: потенциальные потери урожая, тренды и перспективы производства пестицидов для экономики России

To ensure its food security and economic growth, Russia needs to monitor the global pesticide market because constant monitoring predicts supply stability and provides annual high yields. The article describes the current issues associated with agricultural pesticide, analyzes the development directions on the global pesticide market, and predicts its impact on the Russian economy. To analyze the global market of chemical plant protection products, the authors applied an integrated approach based on analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison, and forecasting. The research relied on the domestic laws and standards issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance. Other sources included statistics obtained from foreign agencies (Phillips McDougal; Kynetec; NBS, China; Chemexcil, India) and Russian institutions (Rosstat, BusinesStat, Zerno.ru, etc.). The review included articles published in scientific and analytical databases, i.e., eLIBRARY.RU, AgroXXI, and AgroPages in 2018–2024. The analysis concentrated on India, China, and the Russian Federation. It covered absolute and relative harvest losses, as well as the market share of importing countries and key suppliers on Russian pesticide market. The demand for chemical pesticides continues to grow, despite restrictions or prohibitions of some hazardous pesticides. Some active ingredients were partially unavailable while finished formulations were subjected to import quotas. In 2024, Russia will be using as many chemical plant protection products as in 2023 since the domestic warehouses store large reserves. The weather conditions are likely to ensure optimal plant growth. Russian farmers will harvest about 142 million tons of grain, including 92–95 million tons of wheat. If repeated annually, this research may reduce the risk of harvest losses and allow the state to adopt prompt regulation measures to obtain high-quality products, thus increasing the domestic consumption and export potential.

An intelligent research environment on cotton diseases and pests based on a cotton phytosanitary surveillance ontology ontoSYSPARCOTCI.

User-centred systems need to incorporate solutions to make them easier to use. Based on a domain ontology, our system has an extensive knowledge base that is populated by a semantic web platform that we have built. This knowledge base needs to be queried on demand by users due to the limitations of the search engine integrated into the semantic web platform. However, this task is not trivial for a human being due to the complexity of the schemas making up the knowledge base and the inability to perform SPARQL queries to obtain answers. In this paper, we propose an approach based on skills questions that we have defined with domain experts and that have helped validate our domain ontology. This approach allows users to ask their questions in natural language to obtain an answer. To achieve our goal, we used natural language processing tools, in particular Spacy's pre-trained French pipeline. The TF-IDF weighting method was used to calculate the similarity score between two sentences.

Contribution of Federal Centre for Animal Health to Rosselkhoznadzor’s international mandate delivery

The paper covers the history of the Federal Centre for Animal Health, which started 65 years ago by the foundation of the All-Union Foot and Mouth Disease Research Institute. The main research area – FMD prevention and control – was and still remains the leading one for the Centre. The current history of the Federal Centre for Animal Health development is inextricably associated with the public administration reform in agriculture in 2000s, when the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) spun off the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation as an independent executive authority with broad powers in the area of the veterinary and phytosanitary control and surveillance. The grounds for the re-subordination of the Federal Centre for Animal Health to the Rosselkhoznadzor, historically novel executive authority in Russia, included high international prestige of the Centre and nationally and internationally acknowledged qualification of its employees in the field of contagious animal diseases.

Evaluation of the Effect of the ENSO Cycle on the Distribution Potential of the Genus Anastrepha of Horticultural Importance in the Neotropics and Panama.

Climate variability has made us change our perspective on the study of insect pests and pest insects, focusing on preserving or maintaining efficient production systems in the world economy. The four species of the genus Anastrepha were selected for this study due to their colonization and expansion characteristics. Models of the potential distribution of these species are scarce in most neotropical countries, and there is a current and pressing demand to carry out this type of analysis in the face of the common scenarios of climate variability. We analyzed 370 presence records with statistical metrics and 16 bioclimatic variables. The MaxEnt method was used to evaluate the effect of the ENSO cycle on the potential distribution of the species Anastrepha grandis (Macquart), Anastrepha serpetina (Wiedemann), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), and Anastrepha striata (Schiner) as imported horticultural pests in the neotropics and Panama. A total of 3472 candidate models were obtained for each species, and the environmental variables with the greatest contribution to the final models were LST range and LST min for A. grandis, PRECIP range and PRECIP min for A. serpentina, LST range and LST min for A. obliqua, and LST min and LST max for A. striata. The percentage expansion of the range of A. grandis in all environmental scenarios was 26.46 and the contraction of the range was 30.80; the percentage expansion of the range of A. serpentina in all environmental scenarios was 3.15 and the contraction of the range was 28.49; the percentage expansion of the range of A. obliqua in all environmental scenarios was 5.71 and the contraction of the range was 3.40; and the percentage expansion of the range of A. striata in all environmental scenarios was 41.08 and the contraction of the range was 7.30, and we selected the best model, resulting in a wide distribution (suitable areas) of these species in the neotropics that was influenced by the variability of climatic events (El Niño, Neutral, and La Niña). Information is provided on the phytosanitary surveillance systems of the countries in areas where these species could be established, which is useful for defining policies and making decisions on integrated management plans according to sustainable agriculture.

Begomovirus diversity in tomato crops in Costa Rica

AbstractBegomoviruses (Geminiviridae family) are characterized by their high recombination rate and a wide range of hosts, making their control difficult. In Costa Rica, various species of bipartite begomoviruses have been reported, which are Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV), Tomato yellow mottle virus (ToYMoV), Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSiV) and the monopartite begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Since the TYLCV first report in Costa Rica, neither additional knowledge has been produced on how this begomovirus has spread in the country's territory nor on the distribution of the other bipartite species. A total of 429 tomato samples collected during the years 2015–2016 were used to study these aspects. Each sample was georeferenced and analysed with various techniques such as nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing for the begomoviruses previously reported in Costa Rica. It was found that the presence/absence of the different species can vary, depending on the province. TYLCV is present in the six provinces analysed in this work, with a proportion from 3.7 to 86.6 per cent. Alajuela, Cartago, and Heredia are the provinces most affected by tomato‐infecting begomoviruses. Fourteen different haplotypes of TYLCV were detected, but all were identified as TYLCV‐IL. The distribution of TYLCV was related to the presence of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED, especially in the country's main tomato production areas. This information allows the phytosanitary surveillance services to develop strategies for the integrated management of the disease and to contribute data to the genetic improvement programmes of the crop.

On the issue of licensing pharmaceutical activities carried out in the field of circulation of medicinal products for veterinary use

The article analyzes data on the provision of public services for licensing pharmaceutical activities in the field of circulation of medicines for veterinary use.Studied regulatory legal documents on the procedure for licensing. The register of licensees and making appropriate changes to it is maintained by the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance. In accordance with the established procedure, the Service provides interested persons with information from the Register and other information in this field of activity. Through the Unified Portal of Public Services of the Federal State Information System, applications for the provision of licenses are sent. In electronic form, a request is also made to the licensing authority to amend the Register and terminate the licenses. The use of EPGU for this purpose was introduced from March 1, 2022.The data of the North-Western Interregional Department of Rosselkhoznadzor in the assigned field of activity for granting licenses, suspension of their validity, renewal and termination of licenses are analyzed.

IMPLEMENTATION OF A RISK-ORIENTED APPROACH IN THE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL SERVICE FOR VETERINARY AND PHYTOSANITARY SURVEILLANCE FOR THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION IN THE TRANSPORTATION OF MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS BY RAILWAY TRANSPORT

Federal Service controls export consignments for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance specialists in the assigned territory and the area of responsibility. Developing the export potential of the Novosibirsk region’s agro-industrial complex is one of the promising areas of business support programs. Enterprises engaged in export deliveries are liable to customers and regulatory authorities because they are subject to enhanced control. Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance acts as a guarantor of the quality of supplied products. The risk-based approach implies the definition of criteria and a set of evaluation methods in implementing the powers of control and oversight activities. Implementing this pre-assessment system allows specialists to identify the most critical enterprises and implement a plan of approach, which enables them to keep specialists manageable. Rosselkhoznadzor specialists carry out control and supervision activities, export deliveries, registration of business entities in the FSIS “Mercury” system, and other actions on the principles of a risk-based approach.

Food safety monitoring in the course of state veterinary control (supervision)

The article analyzes the state veterinary laboratory monitoring in the implementation of federal state veterinary control (supervision). Studied the regulatory framework for food safety. The data on the number of samples taken and the results of laboratory studies of samples of food products, feed and feed additives for veterinary safety for the period 2020-2022 for the subjects of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region were analyzed. Sampling is carried out by specialists of the NorthWestern Interregional Directorate of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance as part of safety monitoring for research at the testing centers of Rosselkhoznadzor. The task of conducting laboratory studies (tests) of the safety of goods subject to veterinary control (supervision) is to establish compliance or non-compliance of goods subject to veterinary control (supervision) with the unified veterinary (veterinary and sanitary) requirements of the Eurasian Union.To ensure the quality and safety of food products, it is necessary to control their compliance with the mandatory requirements of the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union; improve the organization of quality control and food safety, including the creation of a modern technical and methodological base; improve mechanisms to encourage producers to produce food products that meet the principles of healthy nutrition, including agricultural products, raw materials and food that meet established veterinary and other requirements; to strengthen the administrative responsibility of food producers and officials for violation of the mandatory requirements for food products established in the acts constituting the law of the Eurasian Economic Union and in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

АНАЛИЗ ЭПИЗООТИЧЕСКОЙ СИТУАЦИИ ПО ЯЩУРУ В РОССИИ С 1991 ПО 2023 ГОДЫ

The spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the world has led to the development of a system of regionalisation and the assignment of a status to each country depending on safety and vaccination. FMDfree without vaccination countries export their products around the world. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for the status. To see the true picture of the FMD epizootic situation, the authors analysed the archival materials of Rosselkhoznadzor (the Federal Service for veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance) for the period from 1991 to 2023. The research aimed to conduct a retrospective analysis of the FMD epizootic situation in the Russian Federation and determine the prospects for obtaining the status of a “FMD-free without vaccination” country. The study established 96 unsafe points in eleven Russian regions for the analysed period. FMD was most often found in regions that have a land border with China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Trans-Baikal Territory is the most FMD affected region, where foot and mouth disease has been recorded eight times over the past thirty years. Primorsky Territory has recorded five FMD outbreaks; four records of FMD were found in Amur Region. A sporadic FMD occurred in Moscow, Vladimir, Orenburg, Khabarovsk and Krasnodar regions, and in the republics of Bashkortostan, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria. The most common FMD serotype is serotype O, which accounts for about 70 % of all outbreaks since 2010. Serotype A was only found in five regions in 2013–2014. The Asia 1 serotype was found once in Vladimir region. Despite the focused effort to obtain the status of “FMD-free without vaccination”, Russia is at high risk of introducing pathogens from border areas. Vaccine refusal may negatively affect the epizootic situation, which has been stable for the past two years. Given the length of the land border, the high risk for FMD in Kazakhstan and the unstable political and economic situation, keeping the country free from FMD is a priority for the Russian Federation.

The use of modern digital technologies in the implementation of control and supervisory activities in the veterinary medicine

According to Article 14 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ (ed. of July 14, 2022) "On Information, Information technologies and information protection", state information systems are created in order to implement the powers of state bodies and ensure the exchange of information between these bodies, as well as for other purposes established by the Federal Law. The objectives of the creation of the federal state system in the field of veterinary medicine are fixed in Article of the Law of the Russian Federation of 05.1993 No. 4979-1 (ed. of 02.07.2021) "On Veterinary Medicine". At the same time, one of the main functions of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance is control and supervision activities. In our opinion, the Regulation on Federal State Veterinary Control (Supervision) approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 30.06.2021 No. 1097 (ed. dated 31.08.2022) insufficiently reflects the aspects of the application of federal state system in the field of veterinary medicine. At the same time, after analyzing regulatory legal acts, we can say with confidence that the further development of this system is envisaged, and corresponds to the goals of implementing the main functions of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance.

Legal support of veterinary safety in the face of modern risks and threats

The article shows the main risks and threats of a biological, veterinary nature that affect the national security of the Russian Federation in general, and food security in particular. The author examines the content of regulatory legal documents in the field of ensuring food, biological, environmental, veterinary safety. The activities of the World Organization for Animal Health, the International Epizootic Bureau, the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance are reflected. Particular attention is paid to the federal state systems in the field of veterinary safety: “Mercury” (veterinary certification), “Argus” (assessment of the country’s epizootic well-being), “Vesta” (centralized control over the work of laboratories), “Cerberus” (registries of enterprises with a compartment level, enterprises certified for the export of products to the countries of the Customs Union and not included in the CU, etc.), “Cyrano” (suppression of the facts of circulation of potentially unsafe products that do not meet veterinary and sanitary requirements), etc.

Main activities of the Federal service for veterinary and phytosanitary surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor). Overview

The Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance is a federal executive body. The functions of the Rosselkhoznadzor are defined by Decree of the Government of Russia of 30.06.2004 No. 327. The main areas of work are outlined in the Plan of Activities of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance for 2021 and the Departmental Target Program «Organization of veterinary and Phytosanitary surveillance». It should be noted that the Program is being implemented in 2019-2025. The parameters of financial support for the implementation of the departmental target program are decreasing. The full implementation of control and supervisory functions in the field of veterinary and phytosanitary surveillance is based on a risk-oriented approach. After conducting a comparative analysis of the Passports of the departmental target program "Organization of Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance" approved on 1.06.2020 and 26.02.2021, National Reports on the progress and results of the implementation in 2020 and 2019 of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2012 No. 717 "On the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets" (subprogram "Organization of Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance"), it can be concluded that the scope of licensing and control and supervisory functions in the field of veterinary and phytosanitary supervision are based on a risk-based approach, this is the main goal of the Programs. At the same time, one can note a decrease in financial support for the implementation of departmental target programs and a slight adjustment of target indicators.

Incidence of brucellosis in the Republic of Dagestan in 2019

BACKGROUND: Currently, brucellosis continues to pose a serious problem for public health and agriculture in Russia. In 2019, the number of Russian cases of bovine brucellosis increased by 14%, and the number of first-time identified poor points for small cattle brucellosis increased by 52%. Epizootics of the disease are registered mainly in North Caucasus and Southern Federal districts, and the maximum number of newly detected brucellosis in humans is recorded in the Republic of Dagestan (RD).
 AIMS: This study aimed to present the characteristics of brucellosis incidence in the RD in 2019 and optimization of preventive measures.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study used state information on the incidence of brucellosis, mechanisms, ways, factors of pathogen transmission, and epidemic control activities of the infection in 2019 in the RD, provided by the S.M. Magomedov Republican Center of Infectious Diseases, Prevention and Fight Against AIDS and the Office of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance of the RD. Statistical and epidemiological research methods were applied.
 RESULTS: In 2019, 163 new cases of brucellosis were registered in the RD, which was 52 (+47%) cases more than those in the same period in 2018, and the number of new cases of chronic brucellosis significantly increased (p 0.05). Individuals aged 41 years were more likely to get sick, patients were predominantly men (n = 135, 82.8%), rural residents accounted for 84.2%, and 56.1% were owners of personal livestock. Brucellosis was registered in 40 territories of the RD. The incidence rate was six times higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In humans, the source of infection was sheep and goats in 58.8% and cattle in 41.2% of cases. The main factor in the persistently high incidence of brucellosis in the RD was unsatisfactory examination and specific prevention among cattle, goats, and sheep.
 CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the epizootological and epidemiological situation of brucellosis in the RD should be considered unstable at present. With respect to the future of the brucellosis situation in the RD, the incidence of brucellosis in animals and humans will depend on the completeness of the implementation of plans for disease prevention.

Assessment of the Situation on Anthrax Based on Ranking Territories by the Degree of Risk

The aim of the study was to develop a unified approach to a comprehensive risk assessment of the anthrax situation deterioration based on the ranking of territories by epidemiologically significant factors.Materials and methods. For a comprehensive risk assessment of the situation complication, the statistical principles of ranking of the estimated indicators were used. These indicators comprise the presence and activity of soil foci of anthrax, the prevailing soil types and their main characteristics, as well as social risk factors associated with the peculiarities of animal husbandry and the possibility of infection of the population. The proposed assessment method has been tested on a national scale, and its content and results are described in this paper by the example of the Volga Federal District. The materials of the study were federal and regional cadastres of stationary hazardous as regards anthrax areas, an atlas and maps of soils, data of statistical accounting and reporting of Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance, Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography and Rospotrebnadzor.Results and discussion. It has been established that in all constituent entities of the district there are potential risks of the situation deterioration that are associated with the presence of soil foci. In terms of the sum of ranks, the greatest potential disadvantage is noted in a number of republics and regions of the Volga Region. At the same time, the real danger is mainly due to social factors, which include the characteristics of animal husbandry, as well as the degree of susceptibility of the population. The maximum risks are currently identified in the territories of the republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, as well as in the Saratov Region. The study is aimed at improving the efficiency of anthrax epidemiological surveillance in the Russian Federation, and the proposed methodology can be used at all levels of surveillance.

Влияние дезинфицирующих средств на выявление РНК вируса SARS-CoV 2 в смывах с различных поверхностей

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly around the world, and some countries have introduced controls on imported products, including testing for viral nucleic acids. In this work, the influence of disinfectants for treatment of various SARS-CoV-2-contaminated surfaces on the detection of viral RNA fragments in swabs from these surfaces was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. The effect of disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium salt, hydrogen peroxide, 1-propanol, sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid and ultraviolet radiation was investigated. Our results show that without the exposure to disinfectants, viral RNA can be detected on the surface of all examined materials for at least three days. UV irradiation or irrigation with a disinfectant containing 0.2% active chlorine had the greatest effect on the decontamination of non-porous surfaces as measured by RT-PCR of swabs from these surfaces. Irrigation of porous surfaces (cardboard) with disinfectants had practically no effect on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Key words: SARS-CoV-2, viral RNA, RT-PCR, disinfectants, UV irradiation, surface swabs Funding - This work was supported by the Federal Service of Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor).

Trichinosis in the Ural Federal District of Russia: Epizootiological Aspects of the Issue

Summary. Introduction: The urgency of the problem of trichinosis in the Ural Federal District is determined by diversity of animal species, both intermediate and final hosts of Trichinella, and adverse effects of anthropogenic factors on the epizootic situation. The purpose of the study was to generalize and analyze long-term monitoring data on the species structure of Trichinella hosts, the level of infestation, and the intensity of invasion in wild and domestic mammals in various invasion reservoirs. We analyzed information about complex ecological interactions in the foci, environmental and geographical features and their role in the pathogen circulation. Our findings can serve as the basis for epizootiological monitoring in constituent entities of the Ural Federal District and elaboration of preventive measures. Materials and methods: We reviewed literary sources on the topic published since the late 1960s, analyzed information bulletins of the Federal Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance and the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) reporting trichinellosis rates and preventive actions as well as publications of the same body on epizootiological characteristics of trichinosis, and information issued by regional offices of veterinary medicine and the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor). The analytical method and the comparative historical research method were applied. Results: We established the relevance of the problem of trichinosis in the Ural Federal District. The natural reservoir of Trichinella in the area is provided by a detachment of carnivorous mammals (Carnivora) of the bear (Ursidae), canine (Canidae), mustel (Mustelidae), and feline (Felidae) families. Natural reservoirs with varying degrees of extensiveness and intensity of invasion in wild animals determine danger of transition of invasion into the synanthropic environment with the formation of local foci. The presence of foci at risk of infection depends on the frequency of contact with the invasive onset. In view of local synanthropic and natural diffuse foci found in different parts of the Ural Federal District, adverse anthropogenic impacts, and complicated socio-economic problems, the need for epidemiological monitoring (both epidemiological and epizootiological observations) of biocenotic components of the territories acquires special importance and requires constant attention of responsible governmental services to the epizootic and epidemiological situation.

Оценка земельных участков сельскохозяйственного назначения с применением риск-ориентированного подхода на основе геоинформационных технологий

The risk-based approach in the control and supervisory activities in the field of land use remains relevant despite significant experience in this area. Since the issues related to the interaction of the branches of supervisory and control bodies from the federal to the municipal level have not yet been resolved. There are no uniform criteria for assigning objects to a particular risk group, considering regional conditions. To analyze the performance of the Rosselkhoznadzor (the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance) in the field of agricultural land assessment for the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, geoinformation technologies were used, which made it possible to give an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the risk-based approach system. Four hundred seventy eight land plots were identified, most of them belongs to land plots that are not classified as medium or moderate risk (68.6 %), about 28 % of all plots are considered as moderate risk, and 3.1 % of land plots are classified as medium risk. Using publicly available sources of information, a land plots database was created with the definition of the risk category. A geoinformation model of the density of land plots (heat map) is constructed using the QGIS software. The thematic maps created made it possible to identify the features of land plots with medium and moderate risk categories. The main feature of the risk-based approach is the absence of land plots subject to routine inspection in the forest zone, foothill subalpine and high-altitude subalpine and alpine meadows, Karachay-Cherkessia Republic, where there are two natural biosphere reserves and many protected natural areas of regional significance. A small number of inspected land plots were also identified within the boundries of specially protected ecological and resort region of the Russian Federation, Caucasian Mineral Waters, which is geographically located in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic.

State control (supervision) over the quality and safety of agricultural products (on the example of the Sverdlovsk region)

The Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor), located in the structure of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, implements control and supervisory activities by a specially authorized state authority in the field of quality and safety of agricultural products, raw materials and food, checks legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the implementation of their activities, compliance with its requirements, established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the state executive authority in this area. Structural divisions of the Rosselkhoznadzor, for example, the Rosselkhoznadzor Administration for the Sverdlovsk Region, exist in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Specialists of this structure carry out functional control and supervisory measures to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products produced in the Sverdlovsk Region and imported from other regions of the Russian Federation and abroad. Legal regulation of relations in this area is carried out by federal laws, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts that differentially regulate certain areas in the field of quality and safety of agricultural raw materials of plant and animal origin.

Bases to establish an early warning of Monalonion Velezangeli (Hemiptera: Miridae) in coffee in Huila.

En el departamento del Huila, desde el año 1998, la chamusquina del café Monalonion velezangeli ha ocasionado daños en el cultivo. Con el fin de anticipar la vigilancia fitosanitaria y proceder de manera oportuna con el control de este insecto, se establecieron las bases para proponer una alerta temprana. El procedimiento para asociar las variables de clima con la presencia de brotes afectados por el insecto fue: 1) identificar la altitud a partir de la cual se presenta la plaga, evaluando lotes de café a lo largo de dos transectos altitudinales; 2) comparar las variables de clima asociadas a la presencia de chamusquina entre predios del Huila, con y sin infestaciones, y 3) ajustar el criterio para determinar la variable de clima asociada con la presencia de la plaga. De acuerdo con los resultados de esta investigación, la chamusquina es una plaga que ataca árboles de café sembrados en altitudes superiores a 1.550 m, donde ocurren disminuciones hasta un promedio de 75% en la humedad relativa nocturna y posteriormente aumentan progresivamente. Así, la disminución en la humedad relativa nocturna sería el evento de alerta temprana, momento a partir del cual deberán tomarse acciones de monitoreo y control del insecto en los municipios y altitudes vulnerables del Huila.