Phytochemical Research Articles

A comprehensive review of Lavandula stoechas L (Ustukhuddus) plant: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and In silico Studies.

Lavandula stoechas L., also referred to as French lavender or Spanish lavender, is a well-known medicinal plant with a strong presence in traditional medicine systems. This review provides an overview of the existing research progress on L. stoechas, encompassing its traditional uses, medicinal phytochemistry, pharmacological activity as well as clinical applications, and in silico studies. Literature searches on the traditional, medicinal phytochemistry and biological activities of L. stoechas were conducted using online database which included Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed as well as pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the library of university. Recent scientific studies have explored the phytochemicals of L. stoechas, revealing a diverse collection of bioactive substances including flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolic acids. Pharmacological studies has provided additional clarity on the therapeutic benefits of extracts and isolated components from L. stoechas. Studies confirm its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective effects, and potential for anxiety, insomnia, and dermatological disorders. Computational approaches revealed ligand interactions between L. stoechas constituents and targets, enhancing understanding through in silico analysis. In summary, the combined study underscores L. stoechas's diverse therapeutic potential, validating its traditional uses while providing scientific insights into its chemical composition, their formulations, molecular mechanisms, and pharmacological activities.

Kinetic Extraction of Moringa Oleifera Leaves using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) Method

Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are part of a plant that has a leaves-like shape with various high health and nutritional benefits, and contains vitamins, minerals, proteins and bioactive compounds, and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This research aims to study extraction, determine the presence of tannin content in Moringa leaves and determine the kinetic model of extraction of Moringa leaves extract yield using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method. The Moringa leaves extraction process is carried out using 96% ethanol solvent and using the MAE method which can help maximize the extraction yield. The extraction process was carried out with varying power of 150 watts, material to solvent ratio of 1:15 b/v and extraction times of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 minutes. The research results showed that the highest yield value was obtained at the 10th minute extraction time, namely 10.25%. The extraction kinetic model that is suitable for extracting tannin compounds from Moringa leaves is order 2, where the R2 0.9897 valuen is higher than order 1 and the value is almost close to 1.

ANALISIS SENYAWA FITOKIMIA DAUN Moringa oleifera DARI KAWASAN GEOTERMAL ACEH BESAR SEBAGAI KANDIDAT ANTIINFLAMASI

Indonesia is home to a diversity of herbal plants, particularly in Aceh. Moringa oleifera is traditional medicinal plant utilized by locals in the geothermal area Aceh Besar, recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the bioactive compounds in M. oleifera leaves sourced from Ie Seum have not been documented, making it challenging to explain the roles of the compounds scientifically to anti-inflammatory factors. This research aimed to identify the phytochemical compounds in the ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaves (referred to as EDM) and analyze the physicochemical characteristics of the soil in the geothermal area. This study used a qualitative design to identify EDM compounds with GC-MS and soil physicochemistry. The identification of EDM compounds is conducted through gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The physicochemical properties of the soil are assessed by examining its texture, pH, organic carbon content, total nitrogen, exchangeable cations, and phosphorus. Sample collection on topsoil (0-20 cm) with an area of ​​100cmx100cm on one land where M. oleifera plants grow in Ie Seum area in September 2024. A soil sample of 500g was using several methods, namely the hydrometermethod, pH meter, Walkey and Black, ammonium acetate 1M pH 7, Kjeldahl, KCl 1N, Bray 1, HCl 25%, and DTPA extraction. The soil test result showed classified as silty clay. The results GC-MS indicated the presence 11 metabolites, including linolenic acid, phytol, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, neophytadiene, gamma-tocopherol, vitamin E, squalene, icosane, and beta-pinene. EDM from the Ie Seum contains compounds that are beneficial in anti-inflammatory.

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Coffee Husk with Acetone Using Microwave Assisted Extraction Method and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds

Nowadays, the use of coffee husk is limited to animal feed and fertilizer. Therefore, a study was conducted using Robusta coffee husk waste as a raw material for research. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of several variables and to determine the optimum conditions in the process of extracting bioactive compounds from coffee husk waste. Coffee husk waste will be extracted using the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with acetone solvent, with several variables, namely the ratio of material to solvent, microwave power, and extraction time. Analysis of the identification of phenolic compound content was then also carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The variables of material ratio, extraction time, and microwave power were proven to be interrelated so that they could produce total phenol at optimum conditions. The optimum conditions for extracting bioactive compounds from coffee husk waste were obtained at a material ratio of 0.04 g/ml; time of 9 minutes; and power of 300 watts, with a total phenol yield of 8.65 GAE/g sample.

A Preliminary Lexicon for Juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius) Pulp: Possible Applications for Industry and Clinical Practice

Juçara is an important element for biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest, not only providing a rich source of nutritional and bioactive compounds, but also holding promising potential for sustainability. However, despite its virtues, there remains a dearth of studies fully exploring its potential. In our pioneering study, conducted using a panel of eight trained specialists, we delved into a sensory analysis of dehydrated juçara pulp, employing both descriptive analysis and the temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) technique. The findings revealed striking differences between juçara and açaí, not only in terms of flavor and aroma, but also in their potential to drive more mindful eating habits. By promoting the consumption of juçara, we are supporting the sustainability of the Atlantic Forest, where it is cultivated in an environmentally responsible manner. Thus, we are contributing to the preservation of this unique ecosystem and the well-being of local communities.

GC-MS Assay to Alkaloid Extract of T. foenum-graecum Seeds and Detection Effect of Extract as Antibacterialect Of Extract As Antibacterial

The need for standardized modern analytical procedures becomes urgent due to the rise in drug-resistant for pathogens. These procedures use to isolate new bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. The medicinal plant-derived compounds could provide a new method to fight pathogenic bacteria. This study sheds light on the antimicrobial activity of plant-derived components, their possible mechanisms of action, and their chemical potential. Five different plant extract concentrations were used:12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ ml. The maximum inhibition zone for the alkaloid extracted from seeds of Trigonella foenum against Klebsiella pneumonia was (21.0 ± 0.63) mm at 200 Mg ml1 dose. In comparison, the minimum inhibition zone for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was (6.16 ± 0.40) mm at 25 Mg ml1. According to the results of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, the chemical composition analysis of the Trigonella foenum extract had a high concentration of organic components with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,3-Diarylpropyl Amines and 4-Aryl Tetrahydroquinolines via Ir-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation.

Chiral nitrogen-containing compounds are crucial for the chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries. Nevertheless, the synthesis of certain valuable scaffolds remains underdeveloped due to the vast chemical space available. In this work, we present a diastereoselective methodology for synthesizing 3,3-diarylallyl phthalimides, which, following iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation using Ir-UbaPHOX, yield 3,3-diarylpropyl amines with high enantioselectivity (98-99% ee). The importance of alkene purity to achieve high enantioselectivity is discussed. The synthetic utility of the chiral propylamines obtained is demonstrated through the preparation of medicinally useful bioactive compounds like the drugs tolterodine and tolpropamine and 4-aryl tetrahydroquinolines. This strategy enables the synthesis of these compounds with the highest enantioselectivity reported to date.

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) powder ameliorates pituitary-liver-axis regulation and anti-inflammatory activity in malnourished rats

The endocrine system is critical for adapting to malnutrition, which can disrupt the pituitary-liver axis and induce inflammation, leading to health complications. Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), known for their high protein content and anti-inflammatory properties, present a potential nutritional intervention. This study investigated the effects of lima bean powder on pituitary-liver axis regulation and anti-inflammatory activity in malnourished rats. Rats were divided into four groups: Normal (N), Malnourished (MAL), MAL treated with 25% lima bean flour (MAL + 25% LB), and MAL treated with 50% lima bean flour (MAL + 50% LB) for 6 weeks. Proximate composition was determined to analysed its major nutrients and metabolites in the methanol extract were analysed through LC–MS/MS. Parameters such as weight gain, serum albumin, total protein levels, Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1), and liver inflammation markers were measured. Bioactive compounds such as L(-)-pipecolinic acid, choline, trigonelline, L-phenylalanine, and oleamide were identified, highlighting the nutritional and therapeutic potential of lima beans. Compared to the N group, the MAL group showed significant decreases in body weight gain, serum albumin, and total protein levels. However, both MAL + 25% LB and MAL + 50% LB groups demonstrated significant improvements in these parameters, approximating the levels observed in the N group. Lima bean supplementation appeared to regulate GH at both the cellular and mRNA levels, positively impacting the pituitary-liver axis. Additionally, the study revealed reduced liver inflammation in the MAL + 25% LB and MAL + 50% LB groups, suggesting the anti-inflammatory properties of lima beans. These findings indicate that lima bean flour supplementation can ameliorate disruptions in the pituitary-liver axis and reduce inflammation in malnourished rats.Graphical

6-Gingerol Induced Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Glioma Cells via MnSOD and ERK Phosphorylation Modulation.

6-gingerol, a bioactive compound from ginger, has demonstrated promising anticancer properties across various cancer models by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion. In this study, we explore its mechanisms against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a notably aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumor. We found that 6-gingerol crosses the blood-brain barrier more effectively than curcumin, enhancing its potential as a therapeutic agent for brain tumors. Our experiments show that 6-gingerol reduces cell proliferation and triggers apoptosis in GBM cell lines by disrupting cellular energy homeostasis. This process involves an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, primarily due to the downregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Additionally, 6-gingerol reduces ERK phosphorylation by inhibiting EGFR and RAF, leading to G1 phase cell cycle arrest. These findings indicate that 6-gingerol promotes cell death in GBM cells by modulating MnSOD and ROS levels and arresting the cell cycle through the ERFR-RAF-1/MEK/ ERK signaling pathway, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for GBM and setting the stage for future clinical research.

Physicochemical and centesimal characterization, bioactive compounds, and medicinal potential of Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.: A comprehensive review

Physicochemical and centesimal characterization, bioactive compounds, and medicinal potential of Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.: A comprehensive review

Identification of Viral Diseases and Influences on Yield and Quality of Angelica sinensis

Angelica sinensis is a perennial herbaceous species mainly cultivated in the Gansu, Yunnan, and Qinghai provinces of China, and its dried roots have been widely used for nourishing blood and harmonizing vital energy, largely relying on its bioactive compounds (e.g., alkylphthalides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids). In recent years, viral diseases have been suspected to be present in A. sinensis in field cultivation. In order to reveal the infection status and causes, a survey and the identification of viral diseases and their influence on the yield and quality of A. sinensis were conducted in four different counties of Gansu province. The results showed viral disease rates of ca. 21% to 37% for potato virus Y (PVY) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), as well as ca. 2.8- to 8.9-fold decreases in root yield on a unit-area basis; meanwhile, the contents of the main bioactive compounds (i.e., ferulic acid, ligustilide, and polysaccharides) were significantly lower in the virus-infected plants (VIPs) compared with the virus-free plants (VFPs); there were significant positive relationships of the viral disease rate with planting density and expression levels of the PVY-coat protein (CP) and ToMV-CP genes (p < 0.01). The above-mentioned observations indicate that it is necessary and urgent to take measures (e.g., controlling plant density, rational rotation, and using virus-free seedlings) to prevent the spread of plant viruses.

Effect of the Storage Conditions on the Microbiological Quality and Selected Bioactive Compound Content in Fruit Mousses for Infants and Young Children

Fruit mousses, as low-processed products, are highly susceptible to external conditions, and storage leads to the degradation of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and vitamins, as well as promoting the growth of yeasts and molds. This study investigated the impact of storage conditions on the microbiological quality and degradation of selected bioactive compounds in fruit mousses from various producers (from apples, pears, and multi-components). Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, vitamin C level, antioxidant capacity (AC, measured by the DPPH assay), and concentrations of macro- and microminerals were evaluated in fresh mousses and those stored for 48 h at 23 °C and 4 °C. Changes in total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), yeast and mold counts, and selected microbial groups were also checked. It was found that the analyzed compounds varied depending on the components of the mousses. Multi-component mousses contained the highest levels of TPC, TFC, and vitamin C, and had 2–5 times higher AC values compared to apple and pear mousses. Storage at room temperature resulted in TFC lowering of up to 25% in apple mousses and vitamin C reductions of up to 22% in multi-component mousses. During refrigerated storage, the highest losses were observed in pear mousses, with TPC decreasing by up to 13% and vitamin C by up to 11%. Among the minerals, magnesium and zinc levels decreased most significantly in apple mousses stored at 23 °C (up to 33% and up to 29%, respectively). Microbiological analysis revealed variability in TAMB, yeast, and mold counts, with refrigeration (4 °C) generally limiting microbial growth compared to room temperature (23 °C). Notably, no pathogenic bacteria were detected under any storage conditions, and the mousses retained a high microbiological quality even after room-temperature storage.

Native and cationic cellulose nanofibril films enriched with avocado seed compounds as a green alternative for potential wound care applications

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) show great potential for skin wound care and healing due to their biocompatibility, non-cytotoxicity, and high swelling with good mechanical stability. In the presented study, for the first time native and cationized cellulose nanofibrils were used in combination with avocado seeds extracts obtained with different extraction methods (ASE), as an alternative to a well-known antibiotic, Clindamycin, to produce films with high and long-lasting antimicrobial efficacy. The swelling capacity of prepared films and extracts/antibiotic release kinetics were studied at different pH values to evaluate pH response behavior.All developed films exhibited high bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and G-positive Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in up to 100 % bacterial reduction with the log reduction factor up to 5.64 or 6.50, at 14.2 mg of avocado seed extract or clindamycin integrated in the 1 cm2 of CNF film. The high swelling capacity (up to 65.67 %) and stability of avocado seed extracts-enriched CNF films provide a suitable moisture environment and a sustainable release (up to 40.98 % in 48 h) of bioactive compounds. The prepared antibacterial films' chemical and morphological characteristics and pH-responsive behavior proved the potential applications in the cosmetics, biomedicine, and pharmaceutical industry.

Using In Vitro and In Silico Analysis to Investigate the Chemical Profile and Biological Properties of Polygonum istanbulicum Extracts.

The present study investigates the chemical profile and biological activities of Polygonum istanbulicum M. Keskin, a species endemic to Turkey, aiming to explore its potential applications in pharmacology. We assessed its phenolic and flavonoid content by employing ethyl acetate, methanol, and water as extraction solvents. The methanol extract demonstrated the highest concentrations of these compounds, with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-qTOF) analysis identifying a wide range of bioactive substances, such as derivatives of quercetin and myricetin. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum assays, with the methanol extract showing the most potent activity (DPPH: 892.22 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g; ABTS: 916.21 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 1082.69 mg TE/g; FRAP: 915.05 mg TE/g). Enzyme inhibition assays highlighted the efficacy of P. istanbulicum extracts against key enzymes, with potential implications for managing Alzheimer's disease, hyperpigmentation, and type 2 diabetes. Cytotoxicity tests against various cancer cell lines showed notable activity, particularly with the aqueous extract on the HGC-27 cell line (IC50: 29.21 µg/mL), indicating potential for targeted anti-cancer therapy. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations further supported the binding affinities of quercetin and myricetin derivatives to cancer-related proteins, suggesting significant therapeutic potential. This study underscores the value of P. istanbulicum as a source of bioactive compounds with applications in antioxidant, anti-cancer, and enzyme-inhibitory treatments.

Biochemical and Histological Improvements in Alloxan-Intoxicated Diabetic Rats via Administration of <i>Vitex agnus</i>-cactus Seed Extract

Natural resources constitute an exhaustible source of bioactive compounds well-known for their antidiabetic properties. This study investigated the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of <i>Vitex agnus</i> citratus extract against alloxan-induced metabolic disorders in an animal model. The antioxidant ability of the extract was evaluated using three complementary assays (TAC, DPPH, and FRAP), and its total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined calorimetrically. The in vivo experiment included five groups: group 1 received distilled water (10ml), group 2 received alloxan (150 mg/kg) and distilled water (10ml), group 3 received alloxan (150 mg/kg) and <i>V. agnus</i> cactus aqueous extract (200mg/kg bw), group 4 received alloxan (150 mg/kg) and VAC aqueous extract (300mg/kg bw), and group 5 received alloxan (150 mg/kg) and glibenclamide. The doses were administered once daily via gavage for four weeks. Blood glucose levels, hepatic enzymes, uric acid, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes were analyzed after four weeks of treatment. The antioxidant profile of VAC extract revealed considerable phenolic and flavonoid contents and an impressive antioxidant ability (37.6 ± 0 .73 mg EAA/g, 0.54±0.46 mg/mL, and 0.7±0.03 mg/mL for TAC, DPPH-IC<sub>50</sub>, and FRAP, respectively). Treatment of rats with <i>V. agnus</i> cactus extract significantly improved all changes induced by alloxan injection by controlling hyperglycemia, liver and kidney disorders, and serum electrolyte levels. Therefore, using <i>V. agnus</i> cactus would have pleiotropic effects in preventing metabolic disorders induced by alloxan.

Mechanisms of ferroptotic and non-ferroptotic organ toxicity of chemotherapy: protective and therapeutic effects of ginger, 6-gingerol and zingerone in preclinical studies.

Chemotherapy (CT) is one of the flagship options for the treatment of cancers worldwide. It involves the use of cytotoxic anticancer agents to kill or inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. However, despite its clinical efficacy, CT triggers side effect toxicities in several organs, which may impact cancer patient's quality of life and treatment outcomes. While the side effect toxicity is consistent with non-ferroptotic mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial impairment and other aberrant signalling leading to apoptosis and necroptosis, recent studies show that ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic, iron-dependent cell death pathway, is also involved in the pathophysiology of CT organ toxicity. CT provokes organ ferroptosis via system Xc-/GPX-4/GSH/SLC7A11 axis depletion, ferritinophagy, iron overload, lipid peroxidation and upregulation of ferritin-related proteins. Cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOX) are common CT drugs indicated to induce ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo. Studies have explored natural preventive and therapeutic strategies using ginger rhizome and its major bioactive compounds, 6-gingerol (6G) and zingerone (ZG), to combat mechanisms of CT side effect toxicity. Ginger extract, 6G and ZG mitigate non-ferroptotic oxidative inflammation, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction mechanisms of CT side effect toxicity, but their effects on CT-induced ferroptosis remain unclear. Systematic investigations are, therefore, needed to unfold the roles of ginger, 6G and ZG on ferroptosis involved in CT side effect toxicity, as they are potential natural agents for the prevention of CT toxicity. This review reveals the ferroptotic and non-ferroptotic toxicity mechanisms of CT and the protective mechanisms of ginger, 6G and ZG against CT-induced, ferroptotic and non-ferroptotic organ toxicities.

Filbertone-Induced Nrf2 Activation Ameliorates Neuronal Damage via Increasing BDNF Expression

Neurotrophic factors are endogenous proteins that promote the survival of various neuronal cells. Increasing evidence has suggested a key role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the dopaminergic neurotoxicity associated with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). This study explores the therapeutic potential of filbertone, a bioactive compound found in hazelnuts, in neurodegeneration, focusing on its effects on neurotrophic factors and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. In our study, filbertone markedly elevated the expression of neurotrophic factors, including BDNF, Glial cell line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF), and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, mouse astrocyte C8-D1A cells, and mouse hypothalamus mHypoE-N1 cells. Moreover, filbertone effectively countered neuroinflammation and reversed the decline in neurotrophic factors and Nrf2 activation induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in neurodegeneration models. The neuroprotective effects of filbertone were further validated in models of neurotoxicity induced by palmitic acid (PA) and the neurotoxin MPTP/MPP+, where it was observed to counteract PA and MPTP/MPP+-induced decreases in cell viability and neuroinflammation, primarily through the activation of Nrf2 and the subsequent upregulation of BDNF and heme oxygenase-1 expression. Nrf2 deficiency negated the neuroprotective effects of filbertone in MPTP-treated mice. Consequently, our finding suggests that filbertone is a novel therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, enhancing neuronal resilience through the Nrf2 signaling pathway and upregulation of neurotrophic factors.Graphical s

Anti-Epileptic Indian Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review on their Ethnopharmacological Perspectives of Recent Advancement

The study explores the potential of Indian medicinal plants as botanical treasures for managing epilepsy. Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, poses a significant global health challenge. Traditional medicinal practices in India have a rich history of incorporating various plant-based remedies for neurological ailments, including epilepsy. The data was collected from various scientific databases like Google Scholar, Science Direct, Elsevier, Springer and Pubmed. The collected data includes the following details - Plant part used, dose and type of extract, reference and inducing drug used and the mechanism of actions. The article thoroughly examines the phytochemical constituents found in Indian medicinal plants, elucidating their neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties and their scrutinized bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential. The review integrates findings from preclinical and clinical studies, shedding light on the mechanisms of action and safety profiles of these plant-derived compounds. The conclusion of the manuscript emphasizes the promising role of Indian medicinal plants in epilepsy management. The identified botanical treasures offer a holistic and potentially sustainable approach to complement existing antiepileptic medications. The reviewed evidence underscores the need for further research, clinical trials, and integration of traditional knowledge into mainstream healthcare for the development of effective and accessible treatments for epilepsy. By recognizing the botanical wealth embedded in Indian traditional medicine, this review advocates for a paradigm shift toward harnessing nature's gifts in the pursuit of enhanced epilepsy care.

Antimicrobial Potential of Tinospora Cordfolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) Against Disease-Causing Clinical Bacterial Pathogens

Tinospora cordifolia is an important plant growth herb belonging to the family Menispermaceae. It is a climbing deciduous and succulent shrub considered traditional medicine in Ayurveda. It has various sources of bioactive compounds and medicinal properties that produce great varieties of secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum of biological activities. It is well known for its nutraceutical food that provides health benefits mainly due to the phytochemicals present in the plant such as alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It has a wide application in pharmacological research such as antitumor, antiinflammatory, Cerebro-protective, cardio-protective, immunoregulatory, Vasorelaxation, and anxiolytic. Tinospora cordifolia showed antimicrobial activity against a few pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi but not many clinical bacterial pathogens and hospital-acquired infections. In this study, the author focused on the antimicrobial activity of Tinospora cordifolia against eight clinical pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, MRSA, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii) isolated mainly from patient’s sample. T. cordifolia was extracted from two different solvents, methanol and water. The antimicrobial activity was determined using an agar well diffusion assay. T. cordifolia extract has antibacterial activity against all tested clinical bacterial pathogens and has the highest antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi in all ratios of methanol concentrations (47.5μg/ml). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Tinospora cordifolia methanol extract was found at 100μg/ml. Methanol solvent concentration with the most active antibacterial activity of the extract was of different concentrations as 300μg/ml followed by 450μg/ml and 500μg/ml.

Circulating Extracellular Vesicles as Promising Biomarkers for Precession Diagnostics: A Perspective on Lung Cancer.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers in liquid biopsy, owing to their ubiquitous presence in bodily fluids and their ability to carry disease-related cargo. Recognizing their significance in disease diagnosis and treatment, substantial efforts have been dedicated to developing efficient methods for EV isolation, detection, and analysis. EVs, heterogeneous membrane-encapsulated vesicles secreted by all cells, contain bioactive substances capable of modulating recipient cell biology upon internalization, including proteins, lipids, DNA, and various RNAs. Their prevalence across bodily fluids has positioned them as pivotal mediators in physiological and pathological processes, notably in cancer, where they hold potential as straightforward tumor biomarkers. This review offers a comprehensive examination of advanced nanotechnology-based techniques for detecting lung cancer through EV analysis. It begins by providing a brief overview of exosomes and their role in lung cancer progression. Furthermore, this review explores the evolving landscape of EV isolation and cargo analysis, highlighting the importance of characterizing specific biomolecular signatures within EVs for improved diagnostic accuracy in lung cancer patients. Innovative strategies for enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of EV isolation and detection, including the integration of microfluidic platforms and multiplexed biosensing technologies are summarized. The discussion then extends to key challenges associated with EV-based liquid biopsies, such as the standardization of isolation and detection protocols and the establishment of robust analytical platforms for clinical translation. This review highlights the transformative impact of EV-based liquid biopsy in lung cancer diagnosis, heralding a new era of personalized medicine and improved patient care.