Phytochemical Screening Test Research Articles

Encapsulation of Jeruju Leaves Ethanol Extract (Acanthus ilicifolius L.) and It's Antiinflammatory Activities Against Carrageenan-Induced Mice

Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) leaves ethanol extract contains flavonoids that function as an antiinflammatory source. So it is necessary to research to increase the utilization of ethanol extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves (A. ilicifolius L.) in encapsulations to increase the stability of antiinflammatory chemical compounds. Concentrated dyestuff extracts are often unstable, so they need to be converted into solid form, and one technique that can be done is encapsulation. Encapsulation aims to protect sensitive components of the material and reduce the degradation of active compounds in the material. The research method begins with preparing samples to be extracted with ethanol solvent, extract phytochemical screening tests, validation determination tests for the analysis method of ethanol extract levels of jeruju leaves, encapsulated formulations, encapsulated physics and chemical properties test and anti-inflammatory tests. In this research, the secondary metabolite compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Jeruju Leaves were flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, and saponins. The determination of the validation of the analysis method of ethanol extract levels of jeruju leaves was obtained by measurement using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and obtained extract levels of 1367,831 mg/g. This research used maltodextrin coating material for encapsulation formulation because it has low viscosity in many ratios, high solubility, has no taste. The freeze-dryer method was used in this study because it produces better drying quality than other drying methods. The physical property test was carried out by analysis using FTIR and SEM while the chemical properties of encapsulation obtained the highest yield proportion of 58.81%, and the highest solubility proportion of 98.76%. Anti-inflammatory testing is carried out using male mice as test animals. Anti-inflammatory testing in mice based on the Rat hind paw oedema method. The average percent inhibition of each dose administered is calculated based on the data results. The high average percent inhibition obtained for Diclofenac Na is 80%. In the research Encapsule 1:12, the 120 mg/KgBW dose had a significant percentage of inhibition of 75.55%, with Na Diclofenac dose of 10 mg/KgBW being 80%.

An Investigation of the Allelopathic Properties of Various Weed Species in the Eastern Denpasar Region of Bali


 
 
 
 Weeds are plants that live wild on cultivated land, which can reduce the productivity of cultivated plants. Phytochemical content in weeds has various benefits besides food, such as vegetable pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industry, and cosmetics. For this reason, this research aims to analyze the content of secondary metabolite compounds and measure the levels of allelopathic phytochemical compounds in several weed plants. Various substances have been identified in the form of allelopathy, namely flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, ferulic acid, coumarins, terpenoids, steroids, cyanohydrins, quinones, cinnamic acid, and their derivatives. Compounds identified as allelochemical compounds are flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, ferulic acid, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids, cinnamic acids, and their derivatives. Exploratory methods to identify plant types, experimental methods with phytochemical screening tests to characterize types of secondary metabolite compounds, and allelopathic toxicity tests Based on the results and discussion that have been presented, it can be concluded that the weeds Echinochloa crus-galli, Panikum repen, Euphorbia hirta, Ageratum conyzoides, and Imperata cindrica contain flavonoid, tannin, and phenol compounds. The weeds with the highest scores in the phytochemical test are Echinochloa crusgalli and Ageratum conyzoides.
 
 
 

Extraction from Different Natural Sources and their Pharmacognostical Studies

Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The analysis of Phytoconstituents was performed physicochemical parameters (foreign matter, moisture content, loss on drying, total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, sulphated-ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive and pH values), Preliminary Phytochemical Screening (Test for carbohydrates, Test for amino acids, Test for steroid, Test for fat, Test for oils, Test for alkaloids, Test for tannins, Test for phenolic compounds, Test for Saponin glycosides, Test for flavonoids, Test for volatile oils and Test for heavy metals ), Tests for Aflatoxin and Thin-Layer chromatography. The results were discussed that all Phytoconstituents extracted from Fennel, Amla and Tulsi were nom-toxic and safe. All Phytoconstituents were free from heavy metals and Aflatoxin. The major goals of extraction are to increase yields of bioactive substances, reduce extraction time, be more environmentally friendly, and attain economic viability without sacrificing biological activity.

Extraction and characterisation of Cerbera odollam seed oil as a potential plant-based corrosion inhibitor

Certain types of commercial corrosion inhibitors consist of a specific, tannic acid-derived compounds. Tannin compounds are antioxidants and widely found in many species of plants. In this works, oil from the seeds of the poisonous fruit, sea mango (Cerbera odollam), was seen as a potential candidate for a natural corrosion inhibitor. The oil was extracted via solvent extraction using a Soxhlet extractor for 6 hours at varying temperatures between 100 to 200 °C. The solvents used were hexane and methanol. Structural characterisation of active corrosion inhibition compounds in the oil samples was analysed using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was done to determine the seed oil’s thermal stability and decomposition temperature. The highest extraction yield was found using hexane as the solvent at 150 °C. TGA results indicated that the oil was stable at temperatures below 200 °C. The presence of carboxylic acids, as evidenced by the FTIR and GC-MS analysis, indicated possible corrosioninhibitive properties of the extracts. Phytochemical screening tests revealed that tannin, saponin, phenol, and steroid were present in the sea mango seed oil while flavonoid was undetected

Effect of methanol solvent concentration on the extraction of bioactive compounds using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) from Spirulina platensis

Spirulina platensis is a blue-green algae that contains bioactive compounds as a source of antioxidants. Methanol is a polar solvent; it has similarities to the content of the bioactive compound Spirulina platensis, which is polar. This study aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of methanol solvent (50%, 70%, 96%) using UAE on the content of bioactive antioxidant compounds from Spirulina platensis. The parameters observed were yield, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, and GC-MS. The results showed that the difference in the concentration of methanol solvent using UAE significantly affected the antioxidant activity of the Spirulina platensis extract. The highest antioxidant activity was found in Spirulina platensis extract with 50% methanol solvent concentration using UAE with an average inhibition value of 91.81%. The yield value from the Spirulina platensis extract with a 50% methanol concentration was 9.3%. The qualitative phytochemical screening test carried out on Spirulina platensis extract with 50% methanol solvent using UAE showed positive results for flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, tannins and phenols. GC-MS analysis on Spirulina platensis with 50% methanol as a solvent using UAE resulted in 5 types of the most dominant compounds, pentadecanoic acid, 9-Ooctadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanal, and 1- nonadecene.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity Test of Sumbawa white honey against Bacillus megaterium

Bacillus megaterium is a bacteria that causes human infections, causing keratitis, skin infections, brain abscesses and tissue infections. Treatment often uses chemical antibiotics. However, long-term antibiotics can cause new health problems such as resistance. Therefore, antibacterial ingredients are needed that can not only inhibit the growth of bacteria but also do not have a negative impact on health such as honey. Honey is thick, it can cure various diseases such as gastrointestinal, stomach, skin diseases, acute respiratory infections and coughs. This research aims to determine the ability of Sumbawa white honey as an antibacterial against B. megaterium. The method used in this research is paper disc diffusion. There were five treatments used in this study, between 100%, 75% and 25% honey concentrations, DMSO negative control and chloramphenicol positive control with five replications each. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that the 100% concentration had an inhibitory zone diameter of 2.59 mm, then the 75% concentration was 1.46 while the 25% concentration was 0 mm. When compared with positive control, white honey was lower antibacterial. If it is in the white honey category, the inhibition zone category is included in the lower category.

Phytochemical Constituents of Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) Fruit Pulp from Tekeze Valley, Tigrai, Ethiopia.

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L) is a large tree species growing in semiarid and arid lowlands of Ethiopia and other places. The plant is valued by natives for its contributions as a cash crop and livelihood tree. Previous studies using samples from different countries have documented their phytochemical profiles and nutritional and health benefits. This study explored the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of fruit pulp extracts of baobab collected from Tekeze Valley, Tigrai, Ethiopia. To this end, qualitative phytochemical screening tests, quantitative phytochemical analyses, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were carried out using aqueous extract. Analyses of antioxidant activities were also conducted with aqueous- and methanol-extracts using of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activity assays. The qualitative screening tests showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Quantitative analyses of these phytochemicals at 25, 50, and 100 g/mL aqueous extract resulted in 0.0252 to 0.1000% yields. Yields of flavonoids, phenols, and saponins were higher at 50 g/mL extract, while that of tannins and terpenoids were higher at 100 g/mL. GC-MS analysis resulted in 15 predominant compounds including (1,2bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene (13.17%), 2-methyl-7-phenylindole (11.75%), 2-ethylacridine (10.11%), and benz[b]-1,4-oxazepine-4(5H)-thione,2,3-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl (10.11%). Aqueous and methanol extracts showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activities. In all the assays and concentrations, the antioxidant activities of both extracts were lower than that of the ascorbic acid standard. At equal extract concentrations (e.g., 100 and 250 μg/mL), methanol extract had higher antioxidant activities than aqueous extract. The findings can encourage future initiatives towards large-scale research for compiling a complete phytochemical profile of the fruit pulp of the Ethiopian baobab.

The inhibition of α-Glucosidase enzyme activity from Standardised Ethanol Extract of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik Leaves

People have long utilised the leaves of the red gedi, Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik is an anti-diabetic medication. The study’s objectives were to classify chemical constituent groups, assess extract quality, and evaluate the activity of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors. The extraction method employed kinetic maceration with a 70% ethanol solvent, identification was accomplished through phytochemical screening, a quality determination was based on both specific and non-specific parameters, and α-glucosidase inhibition was used in an in vitro antidiabetic activity test. Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids were found in the phytochemical screening test results. The results of the quality parameter test obtained viscous extract, blackish green color, 70.58% water soluble extract, 49.46% ethanol soluble extract, 7.82% loss on drying, 4.19% water content, total ash content 6.97%, acid insoluble ash content 0.60%, water-soluble ash content 5.64%, residual solvent 0.76%, heavy metal content Pb 1.35 mg/kg, Cd 0.06 mg/kg, plate number total ≤10 colonies/g, yeast plate number 20.1995 colonies/g and total flavonoid content 1.20%. The α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity test from the extract and acarbose (positive controls) obtained IC50 values of 81.84 μg/mL and 42.6 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the α-glucosidase enzyme may be inhibited by the ethanolic extract of A. manihot (L.) Medik leaves.

EFFECT OF RED GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) LEAVES EXTRACT ON PARACETAMOL ANALGESIC ACTIVITY IN MALE WHITE MUSCULES (Mus musculus)

Many people have the opinion that the use of herbal medicines that are used together with chemical drugs is considered safe and does not cause side effects that are harmful to health. In general, all diseases can cause pain. The state of pain is a sensory and emotional event that is uncomfortable to feel due to tissue damage. Plants from nature that are often used for analgesic therapy are guava plants, tropical plants from the Myrtaceae family. This study aimed to determine the activity of red guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.) and its combination against paracetamol tablet analgesics in white male mice (Mus musculus). This research method is an in vivo experimental method which consists of making red guava leaf simplicia, red guava leaf extraction, phytochemical screening, and analgesic activity test. The results of this study were red guava leaf extract with a dose of 200 mg/kgBW was able to provide a pain barrier of 49.59% and red guava leaf extract combined with paracetamol at a dose of 65 mg/kgBW gave a pain barrier of 76.42%.

SUNSERUM WAJAH SARI RIMPANG TEMU GIRING (Curcuma heyneana) TERFERMENTASI Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Long-term sun exposure can cause a variety of skin disorders, including sunburn and skin cancer. Sunscreen products containing antioxidants can help to prevent unwanted effects and protect the skin from free radicals. The rhizome of sleigh meeting (Curcuma heyneana) has chemicals 1,4- napthalenedione, 2-hydroxy-3-(-2-methyl-prophenyl), or other names Norlapachol, which has the potential as a suya screen and has strong antioxidant action. The study's goal is to see if the juice of fermented rhizome of Lactobacillus bulgaricus can be created as a sun serum face preparation, and then compare the value of antioxidant activity and sunscreen. Making fresh juice, fermented juice, phytochemical screening, preparation making, preparation evaluation, and SPF test are all part of the procedure. creating fresh juice, fermented juice, phytochemical screening, creating preparations, evaluating preparations, in-vitro SPF testing using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and antioxidant testing with the DPPH (2,2-Dyphenyl-1- Pycrylhydrazyl) method are all part of the approach. SPF F1 test value: 27.40 (ultra protected); F2: 27.84 (ultra protected); antioxidant activity test results: the IC50 value of fresh juice is 15.92 ppm (very strong); fermented juice is 11.02 ppm (very strong); and all preparation evaluations met the requirements according to the test standards. According to the findings, fresh and fermented ginger rhizome juice can be prepared as a sunscreen and antioxidant-rich facial sun serum preparation.

Formulasi dan uji aktivitas sediaan lotion tabir surya ekstrak etanol 96% bekatul beras merah (Oryza nivara)

Brown Rice Bran (Oryza nivara) contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, or terpenoids that can function as an antioxidant activity that can protect the skin from the adverse effects of UV rays of the sun. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. The viscous extract obtained was then subjected to phytochemical screening and SPF test and made into three different concentrations, 5%, 10%, and 15%, which would then be formulated into a sunscreen lotion dosage form. The resulting preparations evaluated the physical quality of lotion preparations in the form of organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, dispersibility tests, and SPF tests of preparations. The results of the SPF test extract with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% showed that the protection produced was in the ultra-category with SPF values respectively 31.1, 40.1, and 45.1. The results of the physical evaluation of the preparation of sunscreen lotion with brown rice bran extract showed that the lotion produced was not homogeneous, and the results of the pH test and dispersion test still met the requirements. Testing the SPF value of lotion preparations showed that the protection produced by each formula was in the maximum to ultra-category with SPF values of 11.7, 14.1, and 16.4, respectively.

Antioxidant Activity Test (DPPH) and Cytotoxicity of Jengkol Peel Ethanol Extract (Pithecellobium jiringa) on Shrimp Larvae (Artemia salina Leach)

This study aims to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract of jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa). Jengkol peel ethanol extract (Pithecellobium jiringa) was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol as a solvent. In the phytochemical screening test it was found that chemical compounds contained in jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa) including alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was tested using the 35 ppm DPPH method. The test results on the ethanol extract showed moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 209.45 µg/mL. The cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract was tested by the BSLT method using shrimp larvae (Artemia salina L.). The results showed that the ethanol extract of jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa) has cytotoxic activity with LC50 value minimum of 17.875 mg/L and LC50 a maximum of 360.714 mg/L with an average of 180.136 mg/L.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN BINI SIMPUR (DILENIA SP.), KEDEBIK (MELASTOMA SP.) DAN MENGKIRAI (TREMA ORIENTALIS) TERHADAP BAKTERI AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA

Bini simpur, kedebik, and mengkirai are plants that grow a lot on Bangka Island. This plant has benefits as herbal medicine. The novelty of this research is that the Bini Simpur, Kedebik and Kirai plants can be used to treat fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. This research method is to use disc diffusion. The results of the phytochemical screening test proved that the leaves of Bini Simpur, Kedebik and Kirai contain flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Kedebic plants can inhibit bacteria by 12.7 mm; bini simpur 11.55 mm; and approx 10.8 mm. Conclusion Bini Simpur, Kedebik, and Kirai leaf extracts have antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Plant Extracts in Comparison with Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Against Staphylococcus aureus

The current drug resistance in human pathogens is a result of the abuse of antibacterial drugs commonly used to treat diseases. Early human civilizations used Moringa oleifera extracts to treat illnesses and infections caused by food-borne bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In order to calculate the antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus aureus, methanolic extracts from its three parts were prepared. A photochemical analysis of the methanolic leaves, seeds, and roots extracts was performed when the extracts were ready for testing. We used well-diffusion methods to add the three extracts, and the ciprofloxacin antibiotic was used as the standard. From the stock solution, serial dilutions were made in order to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In the phytochemical screening test, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, and flavonoids were most abundant in leaves extract, followed by seeds then roots extracts. Moringa oleifera seeds have the highest inhibition zone, which is about 10mm, followed by Moringa oleifera roots at 9mm, and Moringa oleifera leaves at 7mm. In comparison to the other two extracts, the MIC of methanolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves was 250 mm, the highest concentration, with a MIC of 125 mm for roots and 62.50 mm for seeds. Methanolic extracts of Moringa seeds demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the present study. For further studies, it is suggested a deeper investigation to study the antibacterial agent dosages of these plant parts, which may be used by the pharmaceutical industry.

Phytochemical Screening and DPPH Assay of Talas Padang (Colocasia gigantea) Ethanol Leaf Extract

The leaf stalk of Talas padang (Colocasia gigantea) is used as a vegetable in parts of Southeast Asia. It leaves has been reported as one of potential natural sources to treat diabetes mellitus, hypertension, immune disease, and cancer. This study aims to determine phytochemical screening and 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test of C. gigantea leaf simplicial and extract. The study was carried out extraction by maceration method using ethanol (96%) followed by phytochemical screening and DPPH test. Both of simplicial and extract contained of alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/terpenoids. extract showed weak antioxidant activity as indicated by the assay DPPH value of 143.29 ppm.

Effect of differences in solvent ethanol extract of dayak onion bulbs and incubation time of Propionibacterium acnes on the antibacterial activity test

Background: Acne (acne vulgaris) is still a major health problem. Treatment with antibiotics raises problems in the form of resistance, irritation, and immune hypersensitivity. Alternatives derived from natural ingredients are needed to avoid these problems, namely Dayak onions. Objective: To find out the activity of the ethanol extract of onion bulbs in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes based on the variation of the incubation time duration of the bacteria as well as the solvent. Method: Phytochemical screening tests looked for alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins, and saponins. Testing of the extract’s ability to inhibit bacteria was carried out with variations in the incubation times (24 and 48 hours) and solvents, namely Na-CMC and DMSO. The bacteria growth inhibition test employed the well-diffusion method, and the resulting data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Dayak onion extract contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Na-CMC solvent obtained the highest inhibition ability of Dayak onion extract at a concentration of 40% with an inhibition value of 10.12±1.840mm (24 hours), and 11.575±1.694 mm (48 hours) while DMSO solvent showed the highest inhibition at a concentration of 20% with inhibition values of 15.48±1.198 mm (24 hours) and 15.91±1.625 mm (48 hours). Interpretation of the results of the Wilcoxon test based on ranking showed a positive difference at 48 hours of incubation. Conclusion: The optimal incubation time of P. acnes was 48 hours with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the best solvent.

Proximate, nutritional, phytochemical and stability analysis of stingless bee pollen from Sarawak, Malaysia

Bee pollen, as one of the products of bees, is often claimed as nature’s most complete food. The present work aimed to evaluate and compare the physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and phytochemical content of stingless bee pollen Heterotrigona itama from eight different geographical origins in Sarawak, Malaysia. Storage studies of the stingless bee pollen samples at four different temperatures were also conducted. The pH and water activity of the pollen samples were in the range of 3.45 to 3.69 and 0.39 to 0.51, respectively. Pollen samples contained 51.96% carbohydrates, 16.31% protein, 4.85% lipid, and 2.24% minerals on average. In addition, the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of pollen extracts ranged from 27.99 to 63.17 mg GAE/g and 66.73 to 94.03% radical scavenging activity, respectively. The phytochemical screening test revealed that saponin, terpenoid, and flavonoids were present in all the pollen extracts under investigation. Processed bee pollen is relatively stable at a storage temperature of or below 40 °C. In addition, no obvious degradation in terms of protein content, TPC or antioxidant scavenging activity was observed, even at an incubation temperature of 50 °C. The results of the present study indicated that processed stingless bee pollen of Sarawak origin is a natural product that could last a long time at an ambient temperature of 25 °Cin addition to its good source of nutritional and bioactive compounds.

Antibacterial activities of the extracts of sponge Agelas cervicornis agains bacteria Staphylococcus aureus

Infection is a health problem that can cause death in the world. An antibiotics is a treatment used to treat infectious diseases. If antibiotics are used continuously, they can cause resistance. One of the bacteria that causes skin infections and has been reported to be resistant to several antibacterials is Staphylococcus aureus. So we need an alternative to exploring antibacterial compounds derived from the ocean. Sponge extract from the genus Agelas has been reported to contain secondary metabolites that are antibacterial. This research aims to determine the antibacterial potential of sponge extract and the secondary metabolite of sponge extract, Agelas cervicornis. The extraction process uses maceration with methanol as a solvent. The tests carried out in this study included a phytochemical screening test and an antibacterial activity test carried out using the disc diffusion method to determine the inhibition zone produced against the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the sponge extract of Agelas cervicornis contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the sponge extract of Agelas cervicornis showed that all concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, and 1.5 mg/ml had weak inhibitory properties.

PHYTOCHEMICALS SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CHINESE BETEL LEAVES (Peperomia pellucida L.) AND ITS FRACTIONS

Peperomia pellucida (Chinese betel) is considered as a plant with antioxidant activity for inhibiting oxidation reactions. This study aims to determine the yield of secondary metabolites, total flavonoid levels, and antioxidant activity. Dried leaves of Chinese betel were macerated using 70% ethanol as solvent. The extract was partitioned until the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were obtained. A phytochemical screening test was followed by determining total flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Phytochemical screening results containing an ethanolic extract of Chinese betel leaves (ECBL) showed positive results on alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate (EAF) and n-hexane (HF) fractions showed positive results only for flavonoid presence. The total flavonoid contents of ECBL, EAF, and HF were 3.30%, 2.54%, and 2.03%, respectively. The IC50 values of ECBL, EAF, and HF were 7.51 ppm, 8.02 ppm, and 8.04 ppm, respectively. The highest flavonoid content was found in ECBL. Antioxidant activity test of Peperomia pellucida ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction showed potent antioxidant activity. Keywords: Antioxidant, Peperomia pellucida , DPPH

KOMPONEN SENYAWA BIOAKTIF EKSTRAK BINTANG LAUT Protoreaster nodosus Dan Linckia laevigata DENGAN METODE MASERASI

Background : One type of species from the class Asteroidea phylum Echinodermata, namely sea stars. Approximately 6000 species from the Phylum Echinodermata and all live in the sea. The use of starfish by the community is still very limited, where it is only used as a food source, even though starfish can also be used as a source of bioactive compounds that are more economically valuable so that they can be used for development in the food and health sectors. This study aims to determine the content of bioactive compounds from the extracts of sea stars Protoreaster nodosus and Linckia laevigata. Methods: Samples were obtained from Waisarisa waters on Seram Island, analysis was carried out at the Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Pattimura. The parameters tested in this study were phytochemical tests which included flavanoid tests, saponin tests, steroid tests, tannin tests and phenolic tests. The extraction technique was carried out by maceration with ethanol solvent. Results: The results of the phytochemical test of the starfish extract Protoreaster nodosus which had positive results in the phytochemical test were tannins, phenolics and saponins. While the test results on the Linckia laevigata starfish extract which had positive results found bioactive flavonoids and saponins. Conclusion: The results of the phytochemical screening test of Protoreaster nodosus star extract have 3 bioactive components namely flavonoids, tannins, phenolics and saponins.