Phytochemical Screening Test Research Articles

EXTRACTION, Extraction, Isolation, Identification and Estimation of Diosgenin by TLC Profiling and UHPLC-LC-SRM Analysis in Three Costus Species

Medicinal plants are utilized for treating many ailments, since ancient times due to their tremendous therapeutic properties. The plant derivatives are used as a raw material for the synthesis of drugs either as a natural or artificial synthetic drug. Costaceae family members are known to possess many medicinal properties few of them are mainly consumed to reduce the blood glucose level and treat many disorders. The sapogenin contained in the rhizome of three Costus species was extracted, identified, and characterized. Young rhizomes were harvested surface sterilized, hydrolyzed; extracted through a soxhlet apparatus and concentrated fractions were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening test for saponin, Thin Layer Chromatography, and the UHPLC-MS SRM analysis. The result showed that the maximum yield of the Diosgenin was obtained from the chloroform extract of Costus speciosus. The pharmaceutical analysis in all the three Costus species carried out with isolated saponin was compared with standard Diosgenin. The characterization of isolated diosgenin was done by UHPLC MS and SRM, based on the retention time of all three samples and the comparison with standard Diosgenin. Isolated Diosgenin was quantified through thin layer chromatography with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3) as mobile phase at Rf value of 0.48. The amount of Isolated Diosgenin was estimated by comparing the peak area at a retention time Rt value of 8.5 in all the samples and compared with standard Diosgenin high amount of Diosgenin was found in Costus speciosus rhizome followed by Costus igneus and Costus pictus. The preliminary phytochemical screening and analytical methods involved during the present study were found satisfactory. Thus, the protocol can be used for the extraction of Diosgenin and further used in the synthesis of Drugs. Keywords: Costus pictus, Costus speciosus, Costus igneus, rhizome, TLC, UHPLC-MS, SRM

In-vitro Antioxidant, and In-vivo Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Allamanda blanchetii Leaf Extract in Rats.

This study assessed the In-vitro Antioxidant and In-vivo Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Allamanda blanchetii Leaf Extract in Rats. Diverse pharmacological applications of plants from the Apocynaceae family are reported in the literature. Allamanda blanchetii; an ornamental species belonging to the Apocynaceae family, is characterized by diverse biological activities, i.e. antioxidant, cyto-toxic, thrombolytic, membrane-stabilizing, antimicrobial, and anti-proliferative effects. This species represents a perennial flora that thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. Ultrasonication-assisted method used for plant extraction. The ex-tracts were subjected to phytochemical screening tests, followed by total phenolic content analysis, using gallic acid as a standard. The antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH scavenging and FRAP assays. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, tail flick, and Hot plate method were used for the determination of analgesic activity. Anti-inflammatory activity by following carrageenan-induced paw edema Results: ABLE treatments show analgesic effectiveness against the acid-induced pain source, tail flick, and hot plate methods at different doses of ABLE 400,200,100 mg/kg results showed respectively- 55.32, 38.67, and 22.85 (% inhibition), 89.47%, 62.57 %, 49.57%, and 100%, 92.40%, 65.33% response after 180 min of drug administration. ABLE 400 and 200 mg/kg exhibit effective results (1.43± 0.005 and 1.50± 0.008) against carra-geenan-induced intoxication. The fundamental components of antioxidants that can aid in the reduction of free radicals include phenol, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Applying DPPH and FRAP, ABLE exhibits remarkable antioxidant activity. When it comes to both centrally and periph-erally acting analgesics, ABLE exhibits highly effective activity. Methanolic ABLE had a noticeable impact on paw edema caused by carrageenan. Antioxidants, alkaloids, and gly-cosides were present in methanolic ABLE, which allowed it to efficiently combat inflam-matory mediators and the cause of pain. Ultrasonic assistance is beneficial in isolating active metabolites in plants, with phenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant activity. ABLE, a plant with 55% squalene, ef-fectively combats inflammatory mediators and pain. Further investigation is needed to iden-tify biomarkers in the plant.

Phytochemical analysis of stem and leaves extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers

Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers is a large deciduous, creeping shrub belonging to the family Menispermaceae. The phytochemical analysis of the plants is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs for curing of various diseases. The present study involves the qualitative phytochemical analysis of the selected medicinal plants. The aim of this study is carried out to analyze the phytochemical compounds in stem and leaves extracts of selected plant by using phytochemical screening tests. The leaf and stem extracts of the plant is expressed the presence of several phytochemicals viz., flavonoids, amino acids, diterpines, protein, saponins and carbohydrates. The result of phytochemical screening tests revealed that diterpines and carbohydrates are positive in all extracts. But flavonoids and saponins only present in methanol and ethanol extracts. The studies justify that T. cordifolia use in traditional medicines. The investigation further proposed that the phytochemicals present in stems and leaves of the plant, which can be used as natural antioxidants in medicinal drugs.

Uji Potensi Antituberkulosis Ekstrak N-Heksan dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantiifolia) secara in Vitro

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is widely suffered and causes death. Currently, antituberculosis treatment using synthetic chemicals has been widely resistant. The purpose of this study was to test the potential of lime extract to inhibit the growth of tuberculosis bacteria. This research method uses a quantitative approach and is experimental. The results of the study showed that the results of the phytochemical screening test showed the same group of chemical compounds in fresh leaves, simplex and ethanol extract of lime leaves, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and glycosides. While the n-hexane extract only contains steroids and glycosides. Then the effectiveness of antituberculosis can be seen from the ethanol extract being stronger than the n-hexane extract, namely in the 1st week there was inhibition while the n-hexane extract from the 1st week to the 4th week had bacterial growth.

Perbandingan Aktivitas Antibakteri Dekokta dan Infusa Daun Iler (Plectranthus Amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus dan Escherichia Coli

Infectious diseases are one of the most common types of diseases suffered by people in developing countries including Indonesia. Bacteria are one of the main causes of infectious diseases and to treat bacterial infections can be done by administering antibacterial drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of decoction and infusion from iler leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This research method uses quantitative and experimental nature by making infusion and decoction from iler leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This research was conducted from June to August 2024. The results of the study through phytochemical screening tests showed the same group of chemical compounds in the simplicia, decoction and infusion of iler leaves containing secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. Then the antibacterial activity of iler leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria with various concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30% in decoction and infusion gave the strongest results at a concentration of 30%, namely in decoction with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 12 mm, and infusion of 15.3 mm. While the antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli in decoction with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 10.8 mm and in infusion with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 11.9 mm. So, the test results show that infusion has higher antibacterial activity than decoction. And in the inhibition test on both bacteria, it inhibits Staphylococcus aureus bacteria faster than Escherichia coli.

Preliminary Study to Assess the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from the Leaves of Morelia Senegalensis (A Rich)

frican populations rely heavily on traditional medicine, which uses plants to treat human and animal diseases. However, scientific validation of this empirical knowledge concerning the efficacy, toxicity and dosage of the proposed treatments is urgently needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Morelia senegalensis leaf extracts on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrawyl (DPPH) radical and the (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid) ABTS cation radical and on four reference bacterial strains (E. coli 25922, E. coli 35218, E. faecalis 29212 and S. aureus 29213) using protocols already described in the literature. The phytochemical screening test revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, reducing compounds and sterols in Morelia senegalensis leaves. All the extracts showed antioxidant activity to varying degrees. The most active ethyl acetate (AE) extract had half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50 )of 0.33 and 0.62 mg/mL for the ABTS and DPPH tests respectively, followed by DCM and EB extracts with IC50 of 0.86 and 0.88 mg/mL for the ABTS test respectively, while the vitamin C used as a reference was more active with IC50 of 0.04 and 0.06 mg/mL. Antibacterial activity showed inhibition diameters ranging from 7 to 16 mm depending on the concentration and strain considered. The ethyl acetate fraction was the most active on S aureus 29213 with an inhibition diameter of 16 mm at 50 mg/mL. These interesting results were confirmed by the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration inhibitory (MIC) and Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) studies, which showed that all the extracts had a bactericidal effect on all the studied strains. Morelia senegalensis plant has shown promising preliminary results in the treatment of bacterial infections. Further studies are needed to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolites contained in the leaves of this plant.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Insecticidal Effect of Hydro-Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves and Bark of Nauclea latifolia (Rubiaceae) on Workers of Macrotermes bellicosus (Rambur, Isoptera) in the Laboratory

Pesticides are increasingly criticized for their harmful effects on the environment and the health of farmers by environmental protection organizations and farmers themselves. Faced with this, new strategies including the use of plant-based extracts are proposed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the insecticidal effect of two plant extracts on Macrotermes bellicosus workers. Thus, through phytochemical screening and direct toxicity test, the secondary compounds and the insecticidal effect of hydro-ethanolic extracts of the bark and leaves of Nauclea latifolia were respectively evaluated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols, polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids in the hydro-ethanolic extracts of the bark and leaves of N. latifolia. On the other hand, it revealed an absence of tannins in both extracts. The direct toxicity test showed the efficacy of both extracts on M. bellicosus workers. The LD 50 of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark of N. latifolia (49.5 mg/L) was 2.6 times lower than that of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves (129.55 mg/L). Total mortality with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark with doses of 50 and 100 μl was obtained 72 hours after treatment, while with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves, it was obtained 96 hours after treatment. Efficacy is raised with the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark. The consumption test revealed the presence of veneer in both treated and control samples. Filter papers were consumed for both extracts in both treated and control samples extracts of the bark and leaves of N. latifolia are effective against M. bellicosus workers. They can be recommended for the control of termite pests after evaluation of their acute toxicity to mammals.

Isolation, characterization and antimicrobial activity study of Thymus vulgaris

Herbal medicines are important for ensuring sustainable development goals (SDGs) in healthcare, particularly in developing countries with high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and little access to medical facilities. Thymus vulgaris is a widely used herbal medicinal plant known for its secondary metabolites and antimicrobial properties. The present study involved a comprehensive examination of the isolation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris obtained from Ethiopia. The aerial part of the plant Thymus vulgaris was successively extracted with hexane, chloroform, and methanol based on differences in polarity. Phytochemical screening tests conducted against hexane, chloroform and MeOH crude extracts indicated the presence of some secondary metabolites. Based on the thin-layer chromatography tests, the chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography, yielding Tv-2 compounds, namely 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol. The structures of the compounds were elucidated via spectroscopic methods (UV–Vis, FT-IR and NMR). We investigated the antibacterial properties of hexane crude extract, chloroform crude extract, MeOH crude extract, and isolated fractions derived from T. vulgaris against various bacterial strains. This study contributes to a better understanding of the bioactive components present in Thymus vulgaris crude extracts and their potential role in tackling microbial infections.

The Investigation of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Champereia Manillana(Blume) Merr Stem Bark

Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr. is one of the plant species that lacks research despite many beneficial claims from consumers. Studies conducted on this species have merely discussed bioactive phytochemicals in the leaves and roots. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to screen for terpenoids, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and steroids, and to evaluate the antioxidant activities of C. manillana stem bark methanolic extract. The plant material was collected from the Forest of ‘Ilm, IIUM. The stem bark powder was macerated in methanol. Phytochemical screening tests were utilized to determine the presence of the phytochemicals. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was carried out on the samples using iodine vapor, ferric chloride solution, vanillin solution, and UV light. Next, the total phenolic and flavonoid content tests were conducted to obtain quantitative results, and the antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay. C. manillana stem bark extract tested positive for steroid and terpenoid contents and negative for carotenoids and flavonoids. For the TLC, the extract was found positive for iodine vapor, UV light, and vanillin/H2SO4 and negative for the ferric chloride test. The flavonoid content was 0.995 mg CE/g, while the phenolic content was 12.326 mg GAE/g. For the DPPH assay, the IC50 value was high (26 mg/mL) compared to the positive control, ascorbic acid, which had an IC50 value of 6.730 µg/mL. The percentage inhibition at 10 mg/mL was 23.4%. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of steroids and terpenoids in C. manillana stem bark methanolic extract. Compared to the standard (ascorbic acid), the antioxidant activity of the extract is very weak.

Aktivitas Peredaman Ekstrak Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius) dengan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil)

Background: Antioxidants are compounds that prevent an oxidation reaction from free radical compounds and important role in capturing free radicals in the human body. Excessive free radicals in the body can cause tissue damage and degenerative diseases. Pandanus amarillyfolius are known to act as natural antioxidant that have the potential to capture free radical compounds, because of their presence of flavonoid compounds. Objective: This study aims to determine the free radical scavenging activity of DPPH against the leaf extract of Pandanus amaryllifolius. Method: Pandanus amaryllifolius extraction was carried out using the maceration method with methanol as solvent (1:10). Concentration was carried out using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Phytochemical screening and TLC test were carried out qualitatively using the mobile phase n-butanol: acetic acid: water (6:2:2) and phytochemical testing including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids or terpenoids to determine the presence of flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. Free radical scavenging activity was tested using DPPH free radical scavenger with concentrations of vitamin C 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 ppm and pandanus fragrance extract concentrations of 10, 15, 20, 25 ppm and measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to calculate the IC50 value. Result: The results of the phytochemical screening test of fragrant pandan indicate the presence of flavonoid compounds. The Rf value of the TLC test obtained 0.765 quarcetin and 0.787 extract and the resulting yellow spots, the Rf value of pandan extract which was almost the same as the Rf value of quercetin indicated that the pandan extract may contain the same compounds as quercetin, namely flavonoid compounds. The results of the free radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of pandan leaves were 86,861 g/ml and for comparison, vitamin C was 39,103 g/ml. Based on the statistical analysis of the T-Test, it is known that there is a difference between the sample and the standard with a significant value (p <0.05), namely 0.001 and 0.023. Conclusion: The Pandanus amaryllifolius extract test using the DPPH method is in the strong category (IC50 <50 -100 g/ml) and the comparison of Vitamin C is in the very strong category (IC50 <50 g/ml).

Investigation of bioactive phytochemical compounds of the Ethiopian medicinal plant using GC-MS and FTIR

Medicinal plants Highly aromatic crude materials are utilized for treating warts as an alternative medicine to surgical treatment because they can be permanently removed from the body. Thus, this investigation aimed to extract plant material from Calotropis procera leaves, describe the phytochemical screening, analyze anti-microbial activities, determine the functional groups in FTIR, and identify the chemical compounds in GC-MS. The PH, specific gravity, and viscosity of the crude extracts of Calotropis procera were determined at 4.5, 0.79, and 0.49, respectively. Analyze the solubility of crude extracts; ethanol can dissolve while water does not. Flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins were also present in the phytochemical screening tests of the Calotropis procera extracts, triterpenoids, terpenoids, and steroids were not present in the crude extract. Flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins are the primary phytochemical components found in therapeutic plant material. The Calotropis procera crude extracts analyzed for functional groups by FT-IR contained a hydroxyl group, alkane, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, phenols, ester, alcohol, and methylene. The chemical compounds analyzed by GC-MS of Calotropis procera crude material were found to have 22 main compounds. Of 22 compounds, 5 compounds are active ingredients for the applications of medical purposes. The bioactive compounds found in the Calotropis procera plant extract are neophytadiene, hexahydrofarnesyl, lanosterol, 2,4-dimethylbenzo [H]quinolone, and squalene. Those bioactive compounds have anti-bacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties. In an in vitro antimicrobial activity test, the crude extract effectively inhibited more gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. This collective reason is why the traditional therapist uses this Calotropis procera plant for the treatment of warts.

Physicochemical characterization, chemical composition and antioxidant activities of pyroligneous acids from cocktails of wood and agricultural residues from Ivory Coast

Physical, chemical characterization and antioxidant activities were assessed on six pyroligneous acids from four wood cocktails (WCV1, WCV2, WCV3, WCV4) and two types of agricultural residues (PA1, PA2) from Ivory Coast. Physical and chemical parameters of pyroligneous extracts were determined using a density meter, refractometer, pH meter, colorimetric titration, drying and sensory test. WCV2 alone simultaneously met all the standards set by the Japanese Pyroligneous Liquor Association, with a distinct smoky odour, a clear light-brown color, a pH of around 3, a density in the 1.010–1.020 g/mL range, and an ignition residue content of less than 0.2 %. In addition, WCV3, blackish in colour, had the highest Brix value (9) with a lower moisture content than the others (89.92 %), thus reflecting a high soluble tar content. Furthermore, all pyroligneous liquids had a high moisture content (89.92–99.08 %) and a low total acid content (0.90–2.10 %) compared with the literature. However, the results of GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of major compounds such as acetic acid, propionic acid, phenol, guaiacol and 3-methylphenol in the organic phase of pyroligneous extracts. FTIR analysis identified alkaloids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the aqueous phase of pyroligneous extracts. The presence of these compounds was confirmed by a phytochemical screening test. Finally, antioxidant activities with DPPH and ABTS methods showed that WCV2 had the best antioxidant properties due to its high guaiacol and syringol content. On the other hand, WCV3 showed a good antioxidant efficacy only by the DPPH method, probably due to its high flavonoid content.

Evaluation of phytoactive contents and antibacterial activities of green synthesised cerium oxide nanoparticles using Melastoma sp. leaf extract as the capping agent

Simple and green methods of developing nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted the attention of researchers. Literature on utilising leaf extract to prepare cerium oxide (CeO2 NPs) is scarce. The present study synthesised leaf-mediated-CeO2 NPs to produce nanopowders of controllable sizes for further applications. The study is the first to report the optimised parameters (pH 7, 5 g/150 mL concentration of the leaf extract, and 3 h of reaction time) of procuring CeO2 NPs using Melastoma sp. leaf extract as the capping agent with excellent properties. The absorbance of the NPs suspension obtained in this study was recorded at approximately 252 nm with Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were also utilised to characterise and confirm the CeO2 NPs prepared. The XRD spectra documented the purity of the NPs at specific diffraction patterns, while TEM revealed the spherical form of the NPs with a particle size of 16 nm. The formation of CeO2 NPs has been confirmed from the FTIR spectra procured, which exhibited a Ce–O peak at 555 nm. Phytochemical screening test and FT-IR analysis of leaf extract revealed the existence of flavonoids, terpenoids, sugars, saponins, quinones, and glycosides. The NPs suspensions of varying concentrations (control, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/mL) were prepared and employed for evaluations against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Resultantly, CeO2 NPs demonstrated antibacterial activities against both bacteria types. The highest antibacterial activities were recorded against E. coli and K. pneumonia at 1.83 ± 0.137 and 1.83 ± 0.14 mm maximum inhibition zones, respectively, at 250 mg/uL of the NPs.

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-AGING ACTIVITY OF KESUM LEAVES (Polygonum minusHUDS.) ETHANOL EXTRACT

Skin aging is a biological process in humans characterized by the skin becoming rough or scaly, dry, black spots appearing, dull, and even wrinkles. The study was conducted to determine the biological activity of kesum leaves (Polygonum minus Huds.) as an anti-aging active ingredient in vitro. The process of making the extract using the maceration method. Secondary metabolites were identified using a phytochemical screening test. Antioxidant activity was measured using the free radical scavenging test of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS). The inhibitory effect of skin-degrading enzymes was measured by the percentage of inhibition of the collagenase enzymes. Based on phytochemical screening, the ethanolic extract of kesum leaves contains flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the antioxidant activity of kesum leaves have an IC50value of 41.46 g/mL and are included in the category of strong antioxidants. The results of collagenase enzyme inhibition showed that at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 g/mL, collagenase activity could inhibit collagenase activity by 83%, 82%, and 82%. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it was found that the ethanol extract of the tested kesum leaves has antioxidant activity and has the potential to anti-aging.

Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Flower Water and Ethanol Extract: Phytochemical Screening, FTIR Analysis, and Antioxidant Activity Estimation using comparison of ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP Assays

Background: The community has empirically employed butterfly pea flower, one of the species, extensively as a traditional beverage with pharmacological benefits. The flavonoid content of these plants, particularly the anthocyanins, is assumed to be the source of the pharmacological effects. The content of the extract to be obtained will be impacted by the variation in solvent polarity. In this investigation, the butterfly pea flowers will be extracted utilizing the solvents of water and Ethanol. Objective: The goal of this study was to qualitatively assess the content of butterfly pea petal extract in water and ethanol solvents using phytochemical screening and FTIR analysis, followed by testing for antioxidant activity using three different methods, including ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP. Method: The extraction with water and ethanol solvents, phytochemical screening tests, antioxidant activity testing with DPPH assay, antioxidant capacity testing with ABTS, and quantitative FRAP assays utilizing UV-Vis spectrophotometry are all steps of this study. Results: When tested for antioxidant activity, ethanol extract produced IC50 of 113.31 0.142ppm and water extract produced IC50 of 86.67 0.485 ppm, placing water extract in the strong category and ethanol extract in the medium category. Using the FRAP assay, the antioxidant capacity of water extract and ethanol extract from butterfly pea flowers was tested, and the results were 52.8957 0.0881mgQE/g extract and 32.0051 0.0441mgQE/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant capacity test of the butterfly pea flower's ethanol and water extracts was performed using the ABTS assay, and the results were 71,497 3.29mgQE/g extract and 114,195 0.279mgQE/g extract, respectively. Conclusion: The water dan ethanol extract of butterfly pea flowers differs from one another in terms of antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN ACACIA CATECHU BARK EXTRACTS FROM GUNA DISTRICT, MADHYA PRADESH

Objective: Current study aims to discover novel sources of physiologically active natural chemicals with diverse applications. In this study, four types of specific phytochemical in different extracts of Acacia catechu bark samples were investigated, which were collected from. Additionally, bibliographic analysis was conducted using dimensions research database. Methods: For this phytochemical screening, some common and standard test methods were done. Qualitative test for Phenols was done using Lead acetate test method; proteins were quantified by biuret and ninhydrin method, carbohydrates by Molish test, benedict’s test and Fehling’s test, and starch by using Iodine test method. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the phenolic compounds (different colour intensity in different samples) and soluble carbohydrates (almost same colour intensity in all test samples) are present and both proteins and insoluble carbohydrate (starch) are completely absent in all test extracts. Conclusion: The bibliographic analysis indicated the therapeutic values as well as the unavailability of published studies with these special parameters. This preliminary study provide base to find out the possible medicinal significance of Acacia catechu of Guna district and also serve as the base for further investigations.

A comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and bioactivity of two wild medicinal herbs of the Amaranthaceae family

Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera paronychioides are 2 common herbaceous plants in the North Eastern region of India. The 2 species are known traditionally for edibility and medicinal use. The objectives are to qualitatively screen phytochemicals and test for antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity between the 2 species– Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera paronychioides. The samples for analysis were collected from aerial leaves and air-dried for phytochemical screening and biological activity tests. Antioxidant assays used are DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-1picrylhydrazyl), H2O2, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. For antimicrobial tests, 2 different strains of microbes were used to test the bioactivity of the plants. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of several antioxidant potential groups of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, etc. Phytochemical constituents of Alternanthera sessilis showed more antioxidant potential than Alternanthera paronychioides in DPPH and H2O2 assays but Alternanthera paronychioides showed more potential than Alternanthera sessilis in FRAP assay. The phytochemicals also showed positive tests for antimicrobial activity against 2 bacterial strains, i.e., Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737). This study reveals the presence of phytonutrients which suggest the antioxidant and antibacterial activities exhibited by the 2 species of the family. Further exploration of phytochemicals in different aspects could lead to better-performing drugs for various ailments.

Antifungal activity of yellow Chrysanthemum leaves (Chrysanthemum segetum) ethanol extract against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale

Yellow chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum segetum) contain secondary metabolites that have potential as antifungals. This study aims to determine the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of yellow chrysanthemum leaves against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale. This research included sample collection, preparation of dry samples, characterization of dry samples, extraction by maceration method using 96% ethanol, phytochemical screening, and antifungal tests using the agar diffusion method, as well as a positive control of 2% ketoconazole against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale. The result is that ethanol extracts of yellow chrysanthemum leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract of yellow chrysanthemum leaves was 50 mg/ml with an inhibition diameter of 10.20 mm for Candida albicans and 9.86 mm for Pityrosporum ovale. Ethanol extracts of yellow chrysanthemum leaves have antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale.

Alpha-Amylase and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Overnight Soaked Aqueous Extract of Abelmoschus esculentus

Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites which act as antioxidants and possess various protective role.Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glucosidase enzymes catalyse hydrolysis of starch to simple sugars. Abelmoschus esculentus is a flowering plant of the Malvaceae family and is valued for its green seed pods. It naturally possesses anti-diabetic property, acts as a starch blocker as it prevents the absorption of starch in the body. Abelmoschus esculentus was cut vertically to open and added to 50ml of water. Soaked overnight and the aqueous extract was decanted and used for the phytochemical screening test followed by the evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. The data were analysed statistically by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. Overnight soaked extract of Abelmoschus esculentus exhibited a significant antioxidant potential (IC50=280 µg/ml) and compared with standard vitamin C. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory potential of Abelmoschus esculentus was analysed (IC50=380µg/ml and 320µg/ml respectively) and compared with standard acarbose. Though Abelmoschus esculentus is a common vegetable, its efficiency increases when soaking overnight.

Physicochemical Parameters, Phytochemical Screening, and Antioxidant Activity of Capsicum annuum var. grossum Leaves From Indonesia

Dietary plants are believed to contain antioxidants that have positive effects on human health. Free radicals, other reactive oxygen and nitrogen spesies can be eliminated by antioxidants. The presence of flavonoids and phenol in paprika (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) fruit contributes to its antioxidant properties. The phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of paprika leaves—especially those cultivated in Indonesia—have not been extensively studied. The aim of this study to investigate psychochemical parameters, phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of paprika leaves from Indonesia. Several physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening test were done base on Indonesian Herbs Pharmacopoeia. Antioxidant activity test using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Dry powder of paprika leaves have some physicochemical parameters which part of its characteristic. Dry powder and extract of paprika leaves contains flavonoid, saponin, phenol and steroid/triterpenoid. The findings of the antioxidant test indicated that the standard vitamin C exhibited an IC50 value of 6.22 µg/ml. In contrast, the extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction demonstrated IC50 values of 6.41, 9.12, 8.96, and 10.58 µg/ml, respectively. There was potential for paprika leaves to be developed as a natural source of antioxidants.