Phytochemical Screening Test Research Articles

Phytochemical and Physicochemical analysis of Siddha polyherbal formulation KaranthaiChooranam

Aim: Standardization of a Siddha Poly herbal compound formulation is essential for establishing its authentication quantity and efficacy. In this present study, an attempt has been made to standardize the KaranthaiChooranam (a polyherbal formulation that contains 14 plant materials). Hence standardization of traditional drugs becomes highly essential to explore their potency and efficacy in the global market. It has been increasing public interest and acceptance of traditional medicine. Methods: Physico-Chemical analysis, Phyto-Chemical Screening, Particle Size, Pesticide Residue, and Sterility test were performed as per PLIM (Pharmacopeia Laboratory of Indian Medicine) guidelines. Results: The loss of drying of the tested drug was 105°c .KC contains 0.59% acid-insoluble ash and solubility in the water was 9.63 %. Phytochemical screening KC has shown the presence of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Saponins, Phytosterols, Fixed Oil, Resins, Phenols, Flavonoids and Tannins. Microscopic observation of the particle size analysis reveals that the average particle size of the sample was found to be 115.5 ± 42.83 μm. Conculsion: From this set of parameters, it can be concluded that it is sufficient to evaluate the authenticity of KaranthaiChooranam can be used as a reference standard for the preparation of the standardized pharmaceutical product and further quality content research. This study suggests that quality specifications of KC can be developed using parameters described in Siddha along with analytical tools available today.

Solvent Effects on Phytochemical Screening Test of Red Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendl.) Extract and its Potential as Antidiabetic Agent

Phytochemical screening is a preliminary stage in phytochemical research which aims to provide an overview of class compounds contained in the plants. The solvents used in this study consisted of distillated water, methanol, and n-hexane solvent. The purpose of this study was to determine the secondary metabolites in Red Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendl.) extract using different three solvents. Red Lemongrass extract was prepared by maceration method using distillated water, methanol, and n-hexane (10 gram: 100 mL) as solvents. Results of the extract were subjected to a phytochemical screening test consisting of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. The results of phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and saponins were drawn attracted to the distillated water solvent. Meanwhile flavonoids and triterpenoids were drawn to methanol solvents. In addition, triterpenoids were drawn to n-hexane solvents. The best solvent on maceration results will be used as a reference for testing the ability of the extract as an antidiabetic agent.

Skrining Fitokimia Hasil Ekstraksi Bertingkat Daun Jengkol (Archidendron jiringa) dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Zat Antijamur

Phytochemical screening and antifungal activity test of jengkol leaf (Archidendron jiringa) extract have been carried out. The purpose of this research is determine secondary metabolite content and antifungal activities of jengkol leaf extract. Extraction of jengkol leaf was conducted with sequential extraction technique with various solvent such as hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol respectively. FTIR characterization of jengkol leaf extract show the presence of O-H, C-H C-O and C=O groups. Based on phytochemical sceening test, jengkol leaf extract contains phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, sterol, and alkaloid compound. Antifungal test was investigated on Candida albicans by disc diffusion methods. Jengkol leaf extract that was obtained from methanol extraction show inhibiton zone to Candida albicans of (1,42 ± 0,16) mm, while extraction with ethyl acetate and hexane aren’t show inhibition zone. Antifungal test result showed that jengkol leaf extract has potential as antifungal agent

Phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and larvicidal potentiality of Lantana camara red petals collected from wad Medani City, Gezira State, Sudan

Plants are a major source of medicine with a variety of biological deliberations, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical and GC-MS composition, in addition to the larvicidal potentiality of Lantana camara red petals collected from Wad Medani city, Gezira State, Sudan. The dried granules of red petals samples of L. camara were used to run the phytochemical screening tests, whereas the counterpart ethanol extract was used for the GC-MS analysis and the larvicidal potentiality and the morphological deformities using Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae. The results of these tests showed that, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids were presented in the red petals of L. camara, whereas, alkaloids, glycosides, saponnins and tannins were not detected. The GC-MS identified 42 compounds from the ethanol extract of the red petals, of which Benzyl beta d-glucoside (23.83%), 6-O-acetyl-1[[4-bromophenyl]thio]-beta- (10.12%), Galactopyranoside,1-octylthio-1-deoxy- (9.28%) and the terpenoids caryophyllene (1.40%), Beta-curcumene (1.66%) and Trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (1.72%) were the main components. At the concentration of 1120 mg/L of red ethanol extract, 50% of Anopheles, and 47.5% of Culex larvae were survived after 24 hour, but after 7 days, no one larva of Anopheles nor Culex were survived. The deformation monitored on mosquitoes larvae that submitted to Lantana red flowers were dark and swelled bodies, dark guts, loose bodies, dead and stretched body-pupae, in addition to dead emerged adults and emergence of short wings adults.

Phytochemical Study and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of the Roots of Chrysopogon nigritanus

In this work, we were interested in a medicinal plant named Chrysopogon nigritanus, belonging to the Poaceae family. In order to carry out this study, we were interested first in the phytochemical screening test, after having carried out the extraction with two solvents (water and isopropanol), to characterize the different families of metabolites present in the extracts. Then, the assays of polyphenols and flavonoids were carried out in order to quantify the contents of these two compounds in each extract. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by three methods: the CUPRAC method, the trapping of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and the trapping of the ABTS•+ radical-cation (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The best antioxidant activities were obtained with the ABTS•+ radical scavenging with IC50 of 0.13 mg/mL for the aqueous extract and 0.19 mg/mL for the isopropanol extract. Based on these first results, an in-depth study is underway for various biological tests and the isolation of bioactive molecules.

Identification of Secondary Metabolites and FT-IR Analysis of Getih-Getihan Fruit Extract (Rivina humilis L.)

Getih-getihan (Rivina humilis L.) plants can be used as antibacterial, antioxidant and natural pesticides. Most of the biological activities of natural products originated from secondary metabolites contained therein. Studies have shown the effects of leaves, branches, and fruits extract of R. humilis towards biological activities. However, identifying the phytochemical compounds of R. humilis L. fruit is less discussed. Here we proposed research on the identification of secondary metabolite compounds of R. humilis L. fruit extract using phytochemical screening tests and spectroscopic method. The extraction of R. humilis L. fruit was proceeded by maceration method using methanol solvent. The series of phytochemical screening tests signified the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and flavonoids. Furthermore, we applied FT-IR analysis to confirm the existence of functional groups in the secondary metabolite compounds. A broad absorption band showed the hydroxyl groups (O-H) at 3265 cm-1. The sharp band at 1632 cm-1 exhibited the C=C stretching band. The presence of C-N (stretching) was signified by the absorption band at 1237 cm-1, while the C-H bond in CH3 terminals (alkanes, alkyl group) was exhibited at 1401 cm-1. All the functional groups confirmed in the FT-IR analysis corroborated the phytochemical test results.

Phytochemicals, proximate composition, minerals and volatile oil analysis of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits

Background: The use of herbal plants is adopted as a traditional medicine because of their minimal side effects. Most plants have bioactive ingredients and nutritional content that can potentially be used as treatments. One plant that has the potential to be a source of modern medicine is Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Historically the use of traditional medicine as a treatment has enjoyed a good sense of trust among the public. The purpose of this study was to perform a qualitative phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of samples of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Methods: Used in this study were the phytochemical screening test using the thin-layer chromatography method and the proximate analysis using the AOAC method, which included measuring the ash, water, carbohydrate, total fat, protein, and crude fiber content of the samples. Hydrodistillation was used to isolate volatile oil from the sample, which was then identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The research method used is experimental. Results: From the test, it was found that the phytochemical content of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC is alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. Proximate analysis obtained ash content of 6.19%, water content of 6.35%, carbohydrates of 35.4%, total fat of 2.46%, protein of 16.2%, and crude fiber of 33.4%. Mineral test results prove that Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC contains Pb (<0.07 mg/Kg), Cd (<0.03 mg/Kg), As (<0.03 mg/Kg), Hg (0.0011 mg/Kg), Mn (43.1 mg/Kg), K (321 mg/Kg), Ca (0.22 mg/Kg), Mg (198 mg/Kg), Fe (52.1 mg/Kg), and Na (23.6 mg/Kg). The highest content of essential oil in Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC is geranyl acetate, with a concentration of 24.26%. Conclusions: This study concludes that the research findings of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC indicate that the phytochemical, mineral, and volatile oil content of the sample is strongly related to its potential to be developed as food and medicine.

Extraction of phenolic and flavonoids compounds from kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) using ultrasound assisted extraction

The objective of this research is to conduct the preliminary phytochemical screening of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from leaves and bast fibres of Hibiscus Cannabinus L that been extracted using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). This study was conducted to evaluate the comparative phytochemical screening test of kenaf leaves and kenaf bast fibres using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) with water and absolute ethanol as extraction solvent and different extraction times. Phytochemical screening was carried out with the crude extracts by tested with ferric chloride test for phenolic compounds meanwhile sodium hydroxide 10% test for flavonoid compounds. The major finding of this research is the presences of phenolic and flavonoid compounds by the colour changes using the phytochemical screening test. In phenolic compound test, bast fibres shown the orange colour for ethanol solvents while for water shows dark orange with precipitate. Meanwhile, leaves give dark green colours for water and for ethanol the dark green colour was more intense. In flavonoid compound test, both water and ethanol solvent for bast fibres samples shows pale yellow while leaves show yellow for water and bright yellow for ethanol. Overall, the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was confirmed in Hibiscus Cannabinus L. The result shown the kenaf leaves gives the most positives presences of both compounds according by the colour changes in water and ethanol solvents. The extracts from locally grown kenaf shows the presences of phenolic and flavonoid compounds which can be used as antibiotics for diseases.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Minyak Atsiri Kulit Jeruk Pontianak (Citrus nobilis Lour. var. microcarpa) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Staphylococcus mutans

Antibacterial is a substance that can inhibit the growth of bacteria and can kill bacteria that cause infection. Currently increasing resistance to antibiotics is an opportunity to utilize bioactive compounds from the diversity of plants in Indonesia, one of which is by utilizing Pontianak orange peels. Based on some literature, it is stated that essential oils from Pontianak orange peels can inhibit the growth of several types of bacteria. In this study, antibacterial tests were carried out on S.aureus and S.mutans bacteria. The essential oil of Pontianak orange peel was first tested for phytochemical screening and then an antibacterial test was carried out with several concentrations of 5%, 10%, 25%, and 50%, the antibacterial activity test was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The results of the phytochemical screening test showed that the essential oil of Pontianak orange peel contains flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. Furthermore, in testing the S.aerues bacteria, the essential oil of orange peel can have an inhibition zone with a range of 9-11 mm which is included in the strong antibacterial category, while in testing the inhibition of S. mutans bacteria, it is included in the moderate category, namely in the range of 7-10 mm. In the statistical test, there was no significant difference in the inhibition of S. mutans and S.aereus bacteria in inhibiting the growth of the orange peel essential oil as indicated by the diameter of the inhibition zone in the different treatment groups according to the concentration of orange peel essential oil.

The Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Anthocyanin Content From Methanol Extract of Senggani Fruit and Its Antioxidant Activity

Senggani fruit is an edible fruit that tastes sweet, has an attractive color, blue or reddish purple, and is thought to contain anthocyanin. The senggani fruit can be used as a source of natural dyes and is known to have active components as a source of antioxidants. This study aimed to measure the phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content and the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of senggani fruit. Senggani fruits were extracted by maceration using methanol. The phytochemical screening test was performed. The phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu, AlCl3, and pH differential, respectively. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method. The phytochemical screening test showed the methanol extract of senggani fruit contained phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. In this study, the total phenol content was 154.880 mg GAE/g, the total flavonoid content was 6.827 mg QE/g, and the anthocyanin level was 7.516 mg/100 g. The antioxidant activity using the DPPH method showed that the methanol extract of senggani fruit had moderate antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 99.79 ppm.

Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Senduduk (Melastoma Malabathricum L) Metode DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl)

Senduduk leaf is a plant that is a plant that contains secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. Antioxidants are compounds that can delay, slow down and prevent free radicals. This research was conducted to determine and compare the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of senduduk leaves. The method used in this study is the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Pickrylhydrazyl) method. From the phytochemical screening test, senduduk leaves were positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins. Determination of antioxidant activity was carried out by the DPPH method at a wavelength of 517 nm. The percentage of inhibition of ethanol extract of senduduk leaves was obtained by 80% and percent of inhibition of ethyl acetate fraction was obtained by 92% while the percentage of inhibition of Vitamin C was obtained by 96%, it can be concluded that ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of senduduk leaves have antioxidant activity in a fairly high category. and almost close to the percent inhibition of Vitamin C. Ethyl acetate fraction of senduduk leaves has a higher antioxidant activity value than ethanol extract.

The Study of Antibacterial Effects of Combining Some Medicinal Plants with Certain Antibiotics Against the Multidrug-Resistant E. coli.

As resistant microorganisms are causing a serious global problem, medicinal plants had begun to draw scientists' attention to use them as alternative medicines or in case of this research; to be combined with antibiotics to find a solution against one of these resistant microorganisms. This research shows the possibility of getting positive results in inhibiting the growth of Multidrug-resistant E. coli; through the synergism between medicinal plant extracts with antibiotics. Each of the alcoholic and aqueous extract of the plants: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Viscum album and Chamaemelum nobile were combined with Erythromycin ethylsuccinate and Gramicidin in certain percentages individually to get three types of combinations (A, B and C). Combinations that contained more percentages of extracts than antibiotic in them showed the highest synergistic positive results in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. Furthermore, these plant extracts as the phytochemical screening tests showed, contain certain active contents which in rule have antimicrobial effects.

Tracking of the Antibiofilm Activities of Lakum Leaf Extract (Causonis trifolia Linn.) Against Staphylococcus aureus.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Biofilms as a bacterial defense are relatively more difficult to eradicate with antibiotics, thus pathogenic bacteria in their biofilm form can cause serious problems for human health. Lakum <i>(Causonis trifolia</i> L.) is an herbaceous plant with many biological activities, one of which is an antimicrobial compound containing flavonoids, squalene, nimbidin, saponins, anthocyanins, tannins, myricetin, others. This study aimed to determine the antibiofilm activity of Lakum leaf extract against<i> Staphylococcus aureus </i>bacteria and the active compounds that play a role in inhibiting monomicrobial biofilms. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This research method was carried out with an <i>in vitro</i> experimental study design using observations of phytochemical screening test results and the effectiveness of Lakum leaf antibiofilm on<i> Staphylococcus aureus</i> through microplate reader readings that measure optical density values. <b>Results:</b> This study showed that Lakum leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, polyphenols, tannins and saponins. In addition, Lakum leaves gave biofilm inhibitory activity in the middle and maturation phase with the highest concentration in 1% extract of 76.95±0.0007 and 72.85± 0.0003%, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest concentration was 0.125% extract of 65.65±0.0001% in the middle phase and 59.71±0.0003% in the maturation phase. <b>Conclusion:</b> That Lakum leaves have biofilm inhibitory activity on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with flavonoid compounds, tannins and polyphenols that work as active substances in inhibiting the biofilm formation.

The Effectiveness of Kersen Leaf Extracts (Muntingia calabura L.) on Cutting Wounds Infected with Sthapylococcus Aureus Bacteria

One of the plants that has been used by the community is cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) which is a lush plant, easy to breed, often on the side of the road, allowed to grow as a shade tree. Traditionally used to treat bleeding wounds, festering and burns, inflammation of the walls of blood vessels accompanied by blood clots in their channels. Fresh or dried cherry leaves are used as a medicine for wounds by finely grinding them and placing them on the wound. The use of cherry leaves directly in the treatment of wounds is not liked by the community, so they tried to formulate it in the form of cream preparations. Based on this, the researchers conducted a phytochemical screening and formulation of cherry leaf extract in cream preparations as well as tested its effectiveness for treating wounds. Extraction was carried out by percolation using 80% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was carried out on fresh leaves, simplicia, and ethanol extract of cherry leaves. And formulated into cream preparations with concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. The effectiveness for wound healing was carried out on artificial incisions on the back skin of male guinea pigs infected with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Measured decrease in wound diameter and observation of the width of the pus and the amount of edema. The results of the phytochemical screening test showed that there were the same groups of chemical compounds in fresh leaves, simplicia, and ethanol extract of cherry leaves, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids/steroids. The greater the concentration of EEDK in the cream, the faster the wound will heal. On the 16th day, 5% EEDK; 7.5%; and gentamicin provide 100% perfect wound healing. Means that the ethanol extract of cherry leaves at a concentration of 5% has a very good ability to heal incisions infected with Staphylococcs aureus.

Antibacterial Activity and Determination of Total Phenol and Flavonoid of Carica papaya L. Ethanol Extract

Infectious diseases are Indonesia's most common. Antibiotics are used to treat infections. Medicine needs new antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics from plants are possible. Papaya leaf carpain alkaloids may be antibacterial. This study determined papaya leaf compound content, flavonoids' total phenol content, and the optimal concentration of papaya leaf ethanol extract that inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The first stages of the research were the maceration of papaya leaf extract with 96% ethanol solvent, the phytochemical screening test (alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and steroid and triterpenoid tests), total phenol and total flavonoids tests, and the paper disc antibacterial activity test. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, steroids, and saponins were found in papaya leaf ethanol extract. Papaya leaf ethanol extract has 59.05 mgQE/g flavonoids and 56.80 GAE/g phenols. The antibacterial activity test of papaya leaf ethanol extract measured the diameter of the inhibitory zone on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, steroids, and saponins were found in papaya leaf ethanol extract. Papaya leaf ethanol extract has 59.05 mgQE/g flavonoids and 56.80 GAE/g phenols. Papaya leaf ethanol extract had the best inhibition zone diameter for Staphylococcus aureus at 150 mg/mL (12.85 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 150 mg/mL (13.10 mm).

Phytochemical Screening and Acute oral Toxicity Study of Root Extracts of Combretum hereroense Schinz and Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Traditionally Used to Treat Female Infertility in Baringo County, Kenya

Aims: To carry out phytochemical screening and acute oral toxicity test to validate their safety and efficacy.
 Study Design: Standard phytochemical screening tests were used to highlight phytochemical compounds of roots of the plants. The evaluation of acute toxicity of the root extracts of the plants followed the model of Acute Toxicity Class based on OECD 423 Guideline, 2001.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The study was undertaken at the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry for the extraction for samples extraction and phytochemical screening. Acute oral toxicity studies were done at the Department of Biological Sciences for acute toxicity study, University of Eldoret, Between June and September 2022.
 Methodology: Phytochemical screening for presence of Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthocyanin, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates were carried out. Acute oral toxicity studies were done using the fixed dose method at a dose of 2000mg/kg body weights of rats. Three groups were used: control and test groups for each of the respective plant root extracts. Signs of toxicity and/or mortality were monitored daily for 14 days. Weekly fasting body weights were also recorded.
 Results: The phytochemical screening results showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthocyanin, terpenoids, steroids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates present in the root extract of Combretum hereroense. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, and carbohydrates were present in root extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca. Following the acute oral toxicity study, there were no abnormalities observed in physiological parameters. In addition, no deaths were recorded during the study period. The LD50 was therefore greater than 2000 mg/kg. The fasting body weights of extract treated rats increased stably compared to the control [p = .05].
 Conclusion: The results showed C. hereroense and B. aegyptiaca methanol root extracts were considered safe in acute oral exposure. Long-term toxicity studies are needed for further toxicological profile elicitation of the plant, and a possible reinforcement of clinical relevance of the results of laboratory studies.

Isolation, Identification, and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compounds in the Ethanol Extract in Bandotan Leaves (Ageratum conyzoides)

Isolation of flavonoid compounds from the ethanol extract of Bandotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) has been successfully conducted. The structure of flavonoid isolates was identified using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with the addition of shear reagents and FTIR. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the isolates was determined and studied using the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and test the antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds from Bandotan leaves. An antioxidant activity test was carried out on ethanol extract, and flavonoid isolates using the DPPH method. Based on this research, Bandotan leaf ethanol extract yielded 13.964%. The results of the phytochemical screening test revealed that the leaf powder and ethanol extract of Bandotan leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, quinones, steroids, and triterpenoids. The total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of Bandotan leaves was 129.27 mg EQ/g extract. Identification of flavonoid isolates using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed that flavonoid isolates belong to the flavanone compound class with maximum absorption at a wavelength of 315 nm (band I) and 280 nm (band II). FTIR analysis showed that the flavonoid isolates had functional groups O-H, C-H aromatics, C-H alkanes, C=O, C=C aromatics, C-O ethers, C-O alcohols, and substituted aromatic rings. Identification of the structure of flavonoid isolates with a spectrophotometer with the addition of shear reagent and FTIR, presumably that the isolate was a 4’-hydroxy flavanone compound. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 118.19 µg/mL) and was classified as very weak (IC50 1185.5 µg/mL).

In vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Four Selected Medicinal Plants against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Mieso District West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Background: Bovine mastitis is a major disease mostly caused by bacterial infection and associated with losses in the global dairy industry. Since mastitis-causing bacterial developing multidrug resistance to conventional antibiotics, there is an admirable supplementary study on medicinal plants to use them as an alternative therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of four selected medicinal plants against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: An experimental study was done to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extracts of four traditionally used medicinal plants against S. aureus. Standard phytochemical screening tests were conducted to detect the bioactive principle of plants. Agar well diffusion assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic plant extract. The broth dilution method was also used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of plant extracts. Results: The percentage yields obtained from the root of Clerodandrum myricoides, Kalanchoe densiflora, Kalanchoe marmorata and leaf of Kalanchoe marmorata and Datura stramonium were 22.6%, 37.2%, 51.6%, 32.3% and 50.7%, respectively. Phytochemical screening tests revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenols, and steroids in all plant extract, except in D. stramonium, while others like alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, and saponins were fairly detected in all samples. The agar well diffusion results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the mean zone of inhibition (ZOI) between each plant at different concentrations with significant potency comparable to gentamicin. C. myricoides and D. stramonium revealed the broadest spectrum of action yielding the highest ZOI (27.0 ± 0.58 mm), whereas K. marmorata leaf showed less activity with the lowest ZOI (22.3 ± 0.33 mm). The broth dilution method indicated that the MIC value of plant extracts against S. aureus ranged between 3.90 and 7.80 mg/ml while its corresponding MBC value ranged between 7.80 and 15.6 mg/ml. According to the MIC/MBC ratio, all tested plants (except K. densiflora) against standard S. aureus while C. myricoides and D. stramonium against clinical S. aureus isolate were determined to be bactericidal. Conclusion: This finding confirmed that all tested plants had a potential anti-staphylococcal effect. Thus, further study on in vivo experiments and cytotoxicity analyses must be conducted to suggest these plants as alternative mastitis treatments.

PENAPISAN FITOKIMIA DAN PENENTUAN KADAR FLAVONOID EKSTRAK DAUN SEMBUNG [BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA (L.) DC] DI DESA HASANG DAN DESA SIMANGALAM KECAMATAN KUALUH SELATAN KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU UTARA

Sembung [Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC] is a medicinal plant that contains secondary metabolites. Differences in geographical location, climate, morphology and plant parts used can affect the content of secondary metabolites and the levels of flavonoids produced. The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of secondary metabolites and flavonoid levels in sembung leaf extract from Hasang and Simangalam villages. The method used is to observe and observe samples in the field and identify the presence of secondary metabolites and flavonoid levels through laboratory tests. Extraction is done by the maceration method. Flavonoid testing was carried out qualitatively (phytochemical screening test, KLT test) and quantitative (Test levels with UV-Vis spectrophotometry ). The results showed that sembung plants from Hasang and Simangalam villages were positive for flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The KLT test for flavonoid compounds in Hasang village on N-hexane : ethyl acetate resulted in 3 spots and on Chloroform : ethyl acetate 8 spots for flavonoid compounds. Extract from Simangalam village on N-hexane : ethyl acetate resulted in 8 spots and Chloroform : ethyl acetate produced 19 spots for flavonoid compounds. The result showed that the flavonoid content of sembung leaf extract from Hasang village was 89,2971 mg QE/g, which was higher than the flavonoid content from Simangalam village was 83,9828 mg QE/g.

Development and Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulation for the treatment of Dengue Fever

Dengue is endemic in more than 100 countries and it is estimated that annually above 390 million infections occur globally. During the period between 1996-2015, a massive increase of more than 500 percent has been recorded in number of dengue cases reported in India. Dengue is a disease caused by any one of four closely related viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, or DEN-4). The viruses are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito (Aedes aegypti). The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is a more severe form of dengue. There is no specific medication for treatment of a dengue infection. In India mostly herbal products are majorly used for many treatments. The development of polyherbal formulation for Dengue Fever in the form of tablets was performed in this present study. The polyherbal tablets were prepared by using herbals like Andrographis paniculata Nees, Carica papaya Linn and Ocimum sanctum Linn leafs with excipients like Lactose Monohydrate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Cross Povidone, Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, Methyl Paraben and Magnesium Stearate for the treatment of dengue fever. The plants are collected and plants materials was identified and authenticated taxonomically. The presence of active constituents in herbals was confirmed by preliminary phytochemical screening tests. The preformulation studies were carried out for the powder blends; it was evaluated to determine the bulk density, tapped density and the flow characteristics by angle of repose, carr’s index and hausner’s ratio. The data obtained from these studies indicated that the powder blends have good flow properties. The tablets were prepared with powdered herbals leafs and different ratios of excipients by direct compression. The formulated tablets were evaluated for physical characterization like appearance, weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, and disintegration. Evaluation studies of all formulations shows that the weight variation, friability and disintegration complies with specification. The disintegration study of formulation F3 was concluded the best formulation among other formulation, which shows the faster disintegration. So, formulation F3 was considered as optimized formulation. Finally, among the three formulations, the formulation F3 showed better results than other formulations in respect of evaluation parameters.