Phytochemical Screening Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening, Cytotoxic Activity, Antibacterial Assay and Proximate Analysis of Ulva Intestinalis Algae from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Seaweed is widely popular across the globe for its nutritional and biological properties. After delimiting the maritime boundary on Bangladesh, research on seaweeds is gaining momentum. Ulva intestinalis is one of the seaweeds found in the St. Martin’s Island of Bangladesh, and the present study investigated the presence of potentially bioactive compounds through phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of Ulva intestinalis along with cytotoxicity test and antibacterial activity. Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of Ulva revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and coumarins. The cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity was also found to be significant by the algal extract. From the quantitative test of nutrients, it demonstrated that the seaweed contains 15.41% of protein, 51.79% of carbohydrate, 1.21% of fat, 3.74% of fiber, 18.81% ash, and 12.78% moisture. Additionally, the presence of vitamin B12 was promising (1300 μg/100 g). Interestingly, heavy metals were not detected in Ulva intestinalis whereas other micronutrients were present. Comparatively, the higher ZOI were showed in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella sp and E.coli than micrococcus sp which indicates higher antibacterial activity of the species. The result of the brine shrimp lethality test, greater cytotoxicity of crude algal extract showed a significant LC50 value with higher concentrations. As a result, it is plausible that Ulva intestinalis, from the Bay of Bengal, has the potential antibacterial and cytotoxic activities and might also serve as a source of new bioactive compounds. Moreover, further research is needed to perform for validation of the seaweed to introduce its medicinal activity or nutritional supplement potentiality in industrial scale. Bioresearch Commu. 10(1): 1424-1431, 2024 (January)

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM SURIAN LEAVES (TOONA SINENSIS)

Objective: The objective of the present study is to determine antioxidant activities and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract from surian leaves (Toona sinensis).
 Methods: This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and conducted phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts obtained from surian leaves. Phytochemical screening was performed using qualitative Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), and antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method.
 Results: The results revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds (153.10±0.310 mg/g), tannins, flavonoids (33.19±0.890 mg/g), monoterpenoids, quinones, and saponins with Rf values of 0.607±0.019 (flavonoids) and 0.958±0.019 (terpenoids) 0.513±0.038 (steroids) 0.418±0.019 (phenolics). The antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract from Surian leaves yielded an IC50 value of 12.351±0.092 ppm, which closely matches the IC50 value of the reference vitamin C (7.805±0.686 ppm).
 Conclusion: In conclusion, based on research methods, the ethanol extract of surian leaves contains flavonoid and phenolic compounds which show strong antioxidant activity.

In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea (Linn)

INTRODUCTION Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia due to defect insulin release from pancreas and insulin resistance. The present study was aimed to screen the phytoconstituent present in leaf extract and evaluate α- amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea leaf. Calotropis gigantea also known as crown flower is rich in phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides. It is used for asthma, bronchitis and dyspepsia, dried whole plant is a good tonic. MATERIAL AND METHODS About 58.45g coarse powder of Calotropis gigantea leaves was extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Then the phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract was done. Different concentration (0.1mg/ml to 1mg/ml) of ethanolic extracts of leaves, acarbose, sitagliptin and metformin was prepared, and all the concentration were evaluated for α- amylase inhibitory activity through spectrophotometric method. RESULTS Maximum inhibition of α- amylase was shown by acarbose at concentration of 1mg/ml and found to be 78.787 ± 0.00240 % whereas plant extract at concentration of 1mg/ml showed inhibition of α- amylase activity 54.6296 ± 0.00282 %. Percentage inhibition of α-amylase activity by plant extract was found to be dose dependent. CONCLUSION It was concluded that Calotropis gigantea leaves possess some bioactive compounds which were responsible for controlling blood glucose level by inhibiting α-amylase and its identification, isolation and characterization may lead to development of newer drugs with lesser side effects.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, antishigella and antileishmanial activities of ethanolic extract of Rourea coccinea (Schumach & Thonn.) Benth leaves

Rourea coccinea is widely used as a medicinal plant in the world, especially in West Africa. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of leaves by applying the Houghton and Raman method with some modifications revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, tannins, coumarins, anthocyanins and anthraquinones. The antiradical test was performed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) with a Scavenging concentration 50 (SC50) of 101.19 µg/mL, 34.73 µg/mL and 88.93 µg/mL respectively. The extract anti-shigella activity determined by the microdilution method was low. According to Jair Siquera-Neto et al., the antileishmanial study using the colorimetric resealing method showed activity against promastigote strains of Leishmania donovani with an inhibitory concentration of IC50=32.26 µg/mL. The traditional use of Rourea coccinea, to treat several diseases, would be justified by these pharmacological property's tests.

Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Chinese Petai Peel (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) Using DPPH (1,1-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl) Method

The Chinese petai plant (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) has been used in various systems of traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases in humans. The Chinese petai plant (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) contains antioxidant secondary metabolites that can inhibit oxidation reactions by binding to free radicals and highly reactive molecules. The purpose of this study was to determine the class of chemical compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Chinese petai peel and the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Chinese petai peel (EEKPC). The stages of this research included: collection and processing of simplicia; preparation of the extract by maceration with 70% ethanol; characterization test of simplicia powder; phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of petai cina; antioxidant activity test of EEKPC using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazyl) free radical scavenging method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 516 nm. The results of the phytochemical screening examination of Chinese Petai Peel Ethanol Extract (EEKPC) contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. The results of measuring the antioxidant activity of EEKPC showed strength in the "strong" category with an IC50 value of 91.0189 μg/ml.

Physiochemical and Antioxidant Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract Followed by Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity

Phytomedicines are believed to have benefits over conventional drugs and are regaining interest in current research. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal plant used as human food and an alternative for medicinal purposes worldwide. An important factor that accounts for the medicinal uses of Moringa oleifera is its very wide range of vital antioxidants, antibiotics and nutrients including vitamins and minerals. Almost all parts from Moringa can be used as a source for nutrition with other useful values. Physiochemical and antioxidant evaluation of moringa leaves yielded 6.59 % moisture content, 9.64 % total ash, 6.38 pH (1 % solution), 5.81 pH (10 % solution), 0.07 % acidity (1% solution), 0.31 % acidity (10% solution), 2.54 mg GAE/100 g total phenolic contents (TPC), 3.68 mg QE/100 g total flavonoids contents (TFC) and 71.98 DPPH radicals scavenging activity. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of coumarine, terpenoids, polyphenols, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Antibacterial assay revealed that the highest antibacterial activity of 1 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml of ethanolic extracts were found to be against E. coli (18.4 mm, and 9.1 mm respectively) followed by S. aureus (12.9 mm, and 8.2 mm respectively), B. subtilis (10.3 mm, and 6.5 mm respectively) and P. aeruginosa (9.3 mm, and 5.2 mm respectively). Moringa extract also inhibited the development of certain bacteria, demonstrating its anti-microbial potential. This study verifies the presence of important phytochemicals in moringa leaf extracts, leading to the conclusion that moringa leaves can be utilized to cure a variety of ailments.

Simpor leaf extract- (Dillenia suffruticosa Martelli) induced apoptosis of the MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines

Assessment of cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. (family: Euphorbiacceae) BarkSubrata Kumar Biswas, Anusua Chowdhury, Joysree Das, Utpal Kumar Karmakar, Manik Chandra Shill, Sheikh Zahir Raihan

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activity Test and Functional Group Detection of Eucalyptus Globulus

This study was designed to explore phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of the Eucalyptus globulus. Extraction of phytochemical was performed by Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol and hot water extraction using water. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, proteins & amino acids, steroids, volatile oils, and aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins & amino acids, gums and mucilage, and steroids. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial activity test. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E. globulus are resistant to the E. coli, Staphylococcus sp., and Bacillus species except ethanolic extract shows activeness against Staphylococcus sp. & Bacillus species. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E. globulus show inactivity against Aspergillus species. This study concludes the phytochemicals derived from given plants has great potential to treat life-threatening disease. The FTIR studies show that plant extracts consist of amine, carboxylic acid, alcohol & nitro compounds as the most abundant component.

Phytochemical of Ethanolic Extract of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Collected from Medan, Indonesia

Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) has been successfully conducted. A phytochemical test was performed using FeCl3 to know the content of the phenolic compound from Cabbage. Cabbage is extracted until the ethanolic extract was obtained. It contained secondary metabolic compounds. mengandung senyawa metabolic sekunder. The largest secondary metabolic in cabbage extract was the flavonoid compound. The flavonoids total contained in the ethanolic extract of cabbage was 1.68 mg QE/g extract and the level of total phenol contained in the ethanolic extract was 45.090 mg GAE/g extract.

Phytochemical of Ethanolic Extract of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Collected from Medan, Indonesia

Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) has been successfully conducted. A phytochemical test was performed using FeCl3 to know the content of the phenolic compound from Cabbage. Cabbage is extracted until the ethanolic extract was obtained. It contained secondary metabolic compounds. mengandung senyawa metabolic sekunder. The largest secondary metabolic in cabbage extract was the flavonoid compound. The flavonoids total contained in the ethanolic extract of cabbage was 1.68 mg QE/g extract and the level of total phenol contained in the ethanolic extract was 45.090 mg GAE/g extract.

Cytotoxicity Test of Cocoa Leaf Ethanol Extract (Theobroma Cacao L.) With Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division and the ability of these cells to invade other biological tissues, either by direct growth in adjacent tissues or by migration of cells to distant sites. The purpose of this study was to determine the class of secondary metabolites contained in the ethanol extract of cocoa leaves and their cytotoxicity by looking at the LC50 value using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. This research includes phytochemical screening of ethanol extract and the BSLT method by looking at the number of deaths of Artemia salina leach larvae (LC50). The results of phytochemical screening tests showed that the cocoa leaves contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and glycosides. The cytotoxicity test with probit analysis showed an LC50 value of 269,15 µg/mL, so it was concluded that the ethanol extract of cocoa leaves was toxic and had potential as an anticancer.

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Bark Extract of Shorea robusta (Sal)

Different parts of Shorea robusta (Sal) are being used in ancestral and ayurvedic medicines and are known to cure health ailments. The different phytochemicals present in S. robusta is known to possess antimicrobial property. The different botanical parts of this plant have been used in ayurvedic medicines to cure certain infectious diseases. The main aim of this study was to screen phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of bark extract of S. robusta. Literatures were collected through books, journals and further additional information were collected from residents and traditional ayurvedic practitioners. The ethanolic bark extract of S. robusta was obtained through 70% ethanol in rotatory shaker for 72 hours at 37 ℃ and then the crude extract was dried, preserved and analyzed for phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of bark of S. robusta indicated presence of phytochemicals like, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, anthraquinone and absence of phlobatannins, terpenoids, starch and proteins. The extract of S. robusta on Staphylococcus aureus exhibited clear zone of inhibition of 21mm at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL while on Escherichia coli exhibited clear zone of inhibition of 9 mm at MIC of 4 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity may be conferred due to the presence of plant phytochemicals. S. robusta bark extract exhibiting significant minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial activity indicates the efficacy of this plant to be considered for discovering and extracting new antimicrobial products against the pathogens. These findings need further support for appropriate formulation of the drug and its therapeutic use in clinical settings.

Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Mondia whytei Roots and Physalis peruviana Leaves against S. aureus and E. coli

Aims: This work investigated the phytochemical constituents and synergistic antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Mondia whytei roots and Physalis peruviana leaves.
 Study Design: This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods.
 Place and Duration of Study: All research works were performed at the Central Science Laboratories, Faculty of science, Kyambogo University between September 2021 and March 2022.
 Methodology: Standard methods were followed for phytochemical screening of ethanolic extracts of Mondia whytei roots, and Physalis peruviana leaves. The potential synergistic antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts were evaluated through agar well diffusion assay. The bacteria strains were cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar. Sterile cork borer (6 mm diameter) was used to create the wells on petri discs and filled aseptically with 10 µl of the test extract (100 mg/ml) and Chloramphenicol (0.5 mg/ml) was used as the positive control. The interaction between the extracts and the combined extract was assessed by determining their fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index.
 Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols were found to be present in both extracts. Cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, anthraquinnones and steroids were present only in ethanolic extract of Physalis peruviana leaves. The antibacterial activities of Mondia whytei roots extract, Physalis peruviana leaves extract and combined extract were obtained with the following zone of inhibitions; 19.20 ± 0.72 mm, 19.77 ± 0.60 mm, 25.93 ± 0.83 mm for S. aureus and 15.50 ± 0.46 mm, 15.00 ± 0.26 mm, 17.87 ± 0.61 mm for E.coli respectively, as compared with the standard reference antibiotic with zone of inhibitions; 26.00 ± 0.00 mm for S. aureus and 24.00 ± 0.00 mm E. coli. The MICs were determined at 0.1-100 mg/ml, and the FIC index were obtained from the evaluated MIC values with the corresponding values of 0.5 (synergistic) for S. aureus and 1.0 (additive) for E. coli.
 Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study support the traditional claims of using the selected plants to treat bacterial infections. The extracts had low antibacterial activities on the selected human pathogens, Hence, if these extracts are used in unison, greater efficacy could be achieved; further studies should be done using combined extracts combined with commercial antibiotics.

Review on Lemon Balm Herb and its Evaluation

The development of drugs from medicinal herbs may be good to find novel therapeutic agents in the treatment of anxiety. Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and grows widely in the Mediterranean region, western Asia, southwestern Siberia, and northern Africa. Melissa officinalis L. has been used in traditional medicine to treat headaches, indigestion, colic, nervousness, cardiac failure and depression. In addition, it has been reported in several researches that lemon balm had many beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory and ant nociceptive, Antioxidant. leaves contain several classes of constituents including polyphenolic compounds (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid), essential oils (geranial, neral, citronellal, geraniol, beta-pinene, alpha-pinene, beta-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and ocimene), monotherpenoid aldehydes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids (luteolin) and tannins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of Melissa officinalis L. One study examined a chemically-validated essential oil derived from Melissa and found that Melissa inhibited binding of GABAA to receptor channel in the rat forebrain, but had no effect on or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (Abuhamdah et al., 2008). They also found that Melissa elicited a significant dose-dependent reduction in both inhibitory and excitatory transmission.. The aromatic balm leaves are often used in beverages and as a seasoning in salads, dressings and sauces, as well as in cooked foods, e.g., in soups and stews. Some vernacular names are balm, common balm, blue balm, dropsy plant, honey plant, Herzkraut, citronelle, cytria, cedronella.

Phytochemical Screening and Antidengue Activity of Jatropha Multifida Extract against DENV-2

Cases of dengue infection are still high in various parts of the world and no antiviral has been found to treat dengue infection. Jatropha multifida is one of the herbs used by the community to treat dengue infection, but pre-clinical and clinical scientific evidence has not been carried out. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of Jatropha multifida leaves was carried out using thin layer chromatography. Cytotoxic assay was performed on Vero cells using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). The cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) was determined using probit analysis. Anti-dengue test on dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) was performed on Vero cells and the RNA (ribonucleic acid) copy number was quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reactions ((qPCR). Phytochemical screening results showed that the ethanol extract of Jatropha multifida leaves contains flavonoid and terpenoid compounds. CC50 of the extract was found to be 651.8 µg/mL. The RNA copy number of the treated group was lower than the control group and the difference was significant. The ethanol extract of Jatropha multifida leaves has anti-dengue activity against DENV-2.

Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity of novel indazole analogues of curcumin against MCF-7, HeLa, WiDr, and vero cell lines

Assessment of cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. (family: Euphorbiacceae) BarkSubrata Kumar Biswas, Anusua Chowdhury, Joysree Das, Utpal Kumar Karmakar, Manik Chandra Shill, Sheikh Zahir Raihan

In vitro cytotoxicity of ethanolic extract of the leaf of Calotropis gigantea from Ie Jue Geothermal Area, Aceh-Indonesia, and its mouthwash formulation against dental pulp cells

Assessment of cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. (family: Euphorbiacceae) BarkSubrata Kumar Biswas, Anusua Chowdhury, Joysree Das, Utpal Kumar Karmakar, Manik Chandra Shill, Sheikh Zahir Raihan

Antitubercular study on stem bark of Albizia procera (ROXB.) BENTH using Microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA)

Albizia procera commonly known as white siris is a large deciduous tree of the family Mimosideae, widely distributed throughout India. Traditionally the plant is used in convulsions, pain, delirium, cancer and septicemia. The decoction of bark is given for rheumatism, hemorrhage and is considered useful in treating pregnancy problems, for stomach ache and sinus.The preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of Albizia procera shows the presence of active constituents like flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins. Earlier studies show the flavonoids and phenolic compounds play major role in antitubercular activity. Based on this, we made an attempt to evaluate the antitubercular potential of this plant. The ethanolic extract and its fractions (Hexane and Ethyl acetate) were investigated for antitubercular activity using Alamar Blue dye method (MABA), in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis was sensitive upto 3.12μg/ml.The extract and fractions show better anti tubercular activity than streptomycin and potentially equal to pyrazinamide and ciprofloxacin. The observed activity may be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compound which is confirmed by HPTLC. This investigation on stem bark of Albizia procera has the potential to be developed further into a natural Anti-TB drug.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Haematocarpus validus fruit ethanol extract and their antioxidant activity

In order to obtain environmentally friendly nanoparticles for the biological applications, this paper explores the green route for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles via sonic bath method using Haematocarpus validus fruit extract as reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract reveals secondary metabolites like anthocyanins, polyphenol, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. The prepared gold nanoparticles (HVGNP) were analysed using UV, FTIR, XRD, EDX and FESEM spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity of synthesized HVGNP measured by the DPPH method reveals the synthesized gold nanoparticles appreciable antioxidant activity.

Potential anticancer activities of chloroform subfraction from Peronema leaf on colon cancer HT-29 cells in vitro

Assessment of cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. (family: Euphorbiacceae) BarkSubrata Kumar Biswas, Anusua Chowdhury, Joysree Das, Utpal Kumar Karmakar, Manik Chandra Shill, Sheikh Zahir Raihan