Phytochemical Analysis Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of Subchronic toxicity and phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract of Ocimum suave (Lamiciae)

Evaluation of phytochemical content, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum suave in Wistar rats was carried out. Experimental rats were administered extracts daily for 31days at dose levels of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg. Acute toxicity and phytochemical screening of aqueous leaf extract were done according to method of Lorke’s Trease and Evans. Biochemical analysis was equally done at the end of the administration of extracts using standard methods. At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed and blood samples taken for biochemical assay. The LD50 was found to be greater than 10,000 mg/kg body weight. Results showed the presence of most phytochemicals tested for. The aqueous extract caused a decrease in ALT activity but AST and CK activities were higher in the treated groups in a dose dependent manner relative to the control. The aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum suave affected mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin and mean cell hemoglobin concentration. The aqueous leaf extract caused mean body weight gain, but decrease in relative organ weight. The study suggests that the aqueous extract administered at normal therapeutic doses is not likely to produce severe toxic effects on some hematological and biochemical indices in rats and the organs tested. Chronictoxicity of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum suave should be done for histological, haematological andbiochemical evaluation. Key Words: Ocimum suave, Toxicity, Wistar Rats, Biochemical assay, Phytochemical, Extract

Biological and phytochemical potential of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC leaf extract on swine clinical isolates

Phytochemical studies have shown extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC has antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and the potential to treat some diseases. This study investigated the phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical potential of B. trimera leaf extract obtained by decoction on ATCC standard bacterial strains and 23 swine clinical isolates. Water was used as an extraction solvent based on the principles of green chemistry and at a low cost. The decoction process resulted in an extract rich in phenolic compounds and a high capacity for scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts was performed using HPLC-DAD, and high concentrations of chlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic, and cinnamic phenolic acids were found. Antimicrobial activity was observed against gram-negative bacteria. B. trimera aqueous extract may be a promising low-cost agent for prophylactic treatment against swine enteropathogens and contribute to reducing production costs.

In vitro cytotoxicity of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract in Daltons Lymphoma Ascites cell lines

Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is one of the most versatile medicinal plants in Ayurvedic medicine used for the treatment of various ailments. The present study was carried out to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of the aqueous extract of TC stems on Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) cell lines in comparison with a reference drug, cisplatin through 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-phenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) and Trypan blue dye exclusion methods. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract of TC revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, phenols, anthraquinones, quinones, saponin, carbohydrates and proteins. The MTT assay revealed that the mean per cent inhibition of cells at the test concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 μg/mL ranged from 6.848 ±0.01 to 59.686 ±0.13 for TC extract and from 29.129 ±0.13 to 80.902 ±0.05 for cisplatin, respectively. The IC50values of TC and cisplatin in DLA cells were estimated to be 72.05 μg/mL and 65.44μg/mL respectively. Trypan blue dye exclusion revealed the mean per cent cell viability to be 59.40 ±0.04 and 55.17 ±0.01 for TC stem extract and cisplatin respectively. The mean percent cell viability and inhibition differed between TC extract and cisplatin at IC50 as well as at any given concentration significantly (p<0.01). The tests revealed that the cytotoxic effect of TC extract on DLA cells was moderate and to a comparable extent with cisplatin. The results pointed out that TC induced cytotoxicity in DLA cells indicative of its probable apoptotic potential and therapeutic merit in the treatment of lymphomas.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous Extract of Leaf Psidium guajava and Its Effect on Some Haematological Parameters

Various parts of psidium guajava linn are used in ethnomedicine in controls and treatments of different disorders such as liver, heart, and blood related disorders [11]. This research work investigate qualitative phytochemical composition of ethanol leaf extract of psidium guajava linn and its effect on some hematological parameters in albino rats. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed by standard procedures. A total of 20 adult male albino rats were used, they were randomly placed into 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E) each group containing 4 rats groups A, B, C, and D were administered, via oral intubation, the extract at doses of 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively of the extract for 7 consecutive days. Phytochemical screening shows that the extract was rich in tannins anthraquinones, and flavonoid while alkaloids, saponins, terpenes and glycoside were slightly present. There was a decrease in the average body weight, physical activities, and feed and water intake of the rats in the test groups relative to the control hemoglobin concentrate, total white blood cell and packed cell volume recorded in the groups administered the extract were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the control this effect on the haemotological parameters was found to be dose dependent. The findings of this study suggest that the aqueous extract of the fruit plants may be useful in control and treatment of blood related disorders. These useful applications may be as a result of the phytochemical present in the extract.

Comparative Analysis of Aqueous Extract of Allergic Food Samples

Allergy is one of the most common diseases across the globe. Despite several efforts being made, incident of allergy is continuously rising. Among the several causes, food is one of the most important reasons of allergy. In the present study, we used seven allergic food products Arachishypogaea (peanut), Glycine max (soy), Beta vulgaris (beetroot), Avena sativa (oats), Solanummelongena L.(eggplant), Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) and Allium cepa (onion). Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts of these seven samples was done in the laboratory. Phytochemical analysis consists of assessment of primary and secondary metabolites. Primary constituents consist of free amino acids, polysaccharides, protein and chlorophyll. The main objective of the research work was to check the total content of polysaccharide and free amino acids in the selected samples.

Antitussive properties of aqueous extracts of Sterculia setigera Delile (Sterculiaceae) and mixture of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) - Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. and panzer) Swingle (Rutaceae)

Sterculia setigera, Aframomum melegueta and Citrus aurantifolia are plants commonly used in African traditional medicine and especially in Benin to treat cough and asthma. The Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts of these plants, based on methods of precipitation and differential staining, revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, leuco-anthocyanins, mucilages and reducing compounds. The presence of essential oils is found only in the mixture. The orally administration of aqueous extracts before induction of cough by inhalation of vapor 10 mL of 20% citric acid in Cavia porcellus (Guinea Pigs) inhibits the cough significantly with dose compared to the control and reference : Neo-codion ®. The extract of mixture Aframomum melegueta - Citrus aurantifolia (AMCA) was more active than Sterculia setigera’s (SS). These results confirm that aqueous extracts of Sterculia setigera and mixture Aframomum melegueta - Citrus aurantifolia, used in traditional medicine in Benin, have antitussive properties.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Leaves

The phytochemicals present in plants are responsible for preventing disease and promoting health have been studied extensively to establish their efficacy and to understand the underlying mechanism of their action. Such studies have included identification and isolation of the chemical components, establishment of their biological potency both by in vitro and in vivo studies in experimental animals and through epidemiological and clinical-case control studies in man. Study findings suggest that phytochemicals may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by preventing the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, reducing the synthesis or absorption of cholesterol, normalizing blood pressure and clotting, and improving arterial elasticity. Phytochemicals may detoxify substances that cause cancer. They appear to neutralize free radicals, inhibit enzymes that activate carcinogens, and activate enzymes that detoxify carcinogens. They observed that, the Ocimum sanctum Linn has also been suggested to possess, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, antifungal, antimicrobial, cardio protective, analgesic, antispasmodic and adaptogenic actions. Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2methoxy-4-allylbenzene) is the active constituents present in Ocimum sanctum Linn. Indian traditional shrub tulsi (Ocimum sanctums): They unique medicinal plant. They observed that, Ocimum sanctum heals many diseases chronically due to its chemical constituent and believes that it has anti- ageing, immunomodulatory property along with antimicrobial and anticancer property. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum. They observed that, the plant is known to possess antiseptic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antistress, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, hypertensive and antioxidant properties. The dried powder of Tulsi (100g) was placed in the thimble of Soxhlet apparatus.500 ml of distilled water was used as a solvent.

Nutritional Composition and Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous Extract of Allium cepa (Onion) and Allium sativum (Garlic)

Nutritional Composition and Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous Extract of Allium cepa (Onion) and Allium sativum (Garlic)

In vitro effects of aqueous extract from Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell stem bark on egg hatching, larval migration and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus

BackgroundMaytenus senegalensis is a common shrub which is scattered in tropical Africa. Different parts of this plant have been reported to be useful in traditional medicine against gastrointestinal disorders and intestinal worms. This study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of the aqueous stem bark extract of M. senegalensis using egg hatch assay (EHA), larval migration inhibition assay (LMIA) and adult worms’ motility inhibition assay (AMIA).ResultsOn EHA, the extract concentrations tested resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) inhibition of egg hatching in concentration-dependent manner and ranged between 31.86% at 75 μg.mL− 1 to 54.92% at 2400 μg.mL− 1 after a 48 h post-exposure with eggs. For the LMI assays, the aqueous extract of M. senegalensis showed a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of larval migration in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest concentration used (2400 μg.mL− 1) showed a 37.77% inhibition. The use of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) indicated that tannins and flavonoids were partly involved in the effect since the larval migration was inhibited by 15.5%, but other biochemical compounds were also implicated. On AMIA, M. senegalensis was associated with a reduced worm motility after a 24 h post exposure compared to phosphate buffered saline as control (p < 0.05). By this time 66.66% of the worms’ were found immotile or dead in the wells containing plant extract at 2400 μg.mL− 1. The Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract of M. senegalensis by HPLC-ESI-MSn detected the presence of proanthocyanidins (20%) and flavonoids (> 50%).ConclusionsThese in vitro results suggest the presence of some anthelmintic properties in M. senegalensis extract, which is traditionally used by small farmers in west and central Africa. These effects may be due to the flavonoids and proanthocyanidins present in the extract and need to be studied under in vivo conditions.

EFFECT OF EXTRACTS AQUEOUS OF PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM, SOME ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND PANCREATIC ISLET TISSUE IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of the aqueous extract of rhizome of phragmites australis on carbohydrate metabolism, some enzyme activities and pancreatic tissue in alloxan induced diabetic rats.Methods: Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=6) as control, diabetic group and test groups (Diabetic+AEPA). Diabetes in rats was induced by alloxane using a single peritoneal injection of 150 mg/kg dose. Aqueous extract of Phragmites australis was supplemented (200 mg/kg b. w) orally for three weeks. The aqueous extract of Phragmites australis was prepared and phytochemical were analyzed by using standard methods. Blood glucose level, pancreas histology and various biochemical parameters were assessed.Results: The results of the phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract of Phragmites australis (AEPA) revealed the presence of tannin, terpenoids, glycosides and flavonoids. Compared with the control, a significant decrease in the body weight gain (p&lt;0.01) and increase in food intake (p&lt;0.001) were noticed in the diabetic group. The biochemical evaluation showed significantly higher values for glucose (p&lt;0.001), lipid profile (p&lt;0.05), transaminases (p&lt;0.05), amylase and alkaline phosphatase (p&lt;0.001) activities in diabetic group compared with the control. Histology of the pancreas showed congestion of vessels and focal area of necrosis in diabetic untreated rats. However, treatment with aqueous extract of Phragmites australis significantly normalized blood glucose, serum biochemical profile and pancreas histomorphology.Conclusion: It is suggested that aqueous extract of Phragmites australis exhibits a benefic effect in rat to a great extent in attenuating and restoring the damage sustained by diabetes.

Bronchodilator and Mast Cell Stabilizer Effect of Siddha Formulation Seenthil Chooranam

The present study aimed to evaluate anti-asthmatic activity of a classical Siddha formulation Seenthil chooranam (SC) by mast cell stabilizing effect and broncho dilator property by in-vivo method. Preliminary phytochemical and HPTLC analysis of SC were determined as per standard protocols. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract gave positive test for carbohydrates, phenols, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids. HPTLC finger print analysis of the aqueous extract showed the presence of possible number of components. The results of the in-vivo study demonstrate that SC has potent broncho dilator property with significant (***p<0.001) mast cell stabilizing activity and decrease in leukocytosis in dose dependent manner. These findings are clearly indicative of the role of SC as potent inhibitor of mast cell degranulation and ability to control the leukocytosis, have bronchodilation and hence can be used for the management of asthma supporting the traditional claims

Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas (L)

A diuretic is any substance that promotes the production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from bodies, although each class does so in a distinct way. Alternatively, an ant diuretic such as vasopressin, or ant diuretic hormone, is an agent or drug which reduces the excretion of water in urine. In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help to make the urine more alkaline and are helpful in increasing excretion of substances such as aspirin in cases of overdose or poisoning. Diuretics are often abused by those with eating disorders, especially bulimics, in attempts to lose weight. The antihypertensive actions of some diuretics (thiazides and loop diuretics in particular) are independent of their diuretic effect. That is, the reduction in blood pressure is not due to decreased blood volume resulting from increased urine production, but occurs through other mechanisms and at lower doses than that required to produce diuresis. Indapamide was specifically designed with this in mind, and has a larger therapeutic window for hypertension (without pronounced diuresis) than most other diuretics. The main objective of the present research work is to isolate the bioactive molecules and evaluate the diuretic activity of aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas the phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas root showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, phenol. The effect of aqueous extract of root of Ipomoea batatas on rats with reference to biochemical changes in serum. The group-II (Standard Hydrochlorothiazide 10 ml/kg, p. o) animals showed significant (P<0.01) increase in total urine volume ml/100 gm/hr (10.44 ml). Whereas animals received AEIB significantly (P<0.01) increase in total urine volume ml/100 gm/hr (4.44 and 8.06 ml) and significantly (P<0.05) increased total 200 & 400 mg/kg doses respectively. The results of most several clinical investigations showed the efficacy and safety of carbohydrate, flavonoids are using diuretic activity give a fine action comparative standard drugs. The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of Carbohydrate, flavonoids, Tannins in the AEIB these may be responsible for its pharmacological activities.

Pharmacognostical and preliminary chemical analysis to derive quality standards of Godhuma Patra (Triticum aestivum Linn. leaf)

There are several claims that Godhuma patra (GP) – tender wheat – Triticum aestivum Linn. is a safe and effective treatment for ailments such as high blood pressure, some cancers, obesity, diabetes, gastritis, ulcers, anaemia, asthma and eczema. GP is rich in chlorophyll, minerals like magnesium, selenium, zinc, chromium, antioxidants like betacarotene (pro-vitamin A), vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B12, iron, folic acid, pyridoxine and many other minerals, amino acids and enzymes, which have significant nutritious and medicinal value. To sustain its valuable contribution in allaying disease in this modern era it was expected an imminent need for a well-co-ordinated research plan on herbal drug. Keeping all this in mind, pharmacognostical and analytical study including HPTLC finger printing of GP was undertaken by making use of various parameters to standardize &amp; authenticate in accordance to international standards and quality control of Ayurvedic drug. Macroscopy and microscopy results have been reported here. Physico-chemical tests revealed constants for routine analysis of GP. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract showed presence of carbohydrate / glycoside, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenol and coumarins whereas ethanol extract showed presence of alkaloid and carbohydrate / glycoside. HPTLC finger print profile of ethanol extract of GP showed maximum compounds under 254 nm frequency i.e. 11 compounds, while densitometric scan showed the maximum peaks at 366 nm i.e. 14 peaks. This study carried out on GP not only established the data that maybe utilized for identification, but also established the monographic data on purity and standard of the leaf sample.

Efficacy and phytochemical analysis of latex of Calotropis procera against selected dermatophytes.

Background:Since ancient time, increased interest has been witnessed in the use of an alternative herbal medicine for managing, and the treatment of fungal diseases worldwide. This may be connected to the cost and relative toxicities of the available antifungal drugs. It has been a known tradition practiced in the northern part of Nigeria that parents and teachers use the white latex of Calotropis procera to treat Tinea capitis in children attending the local religious school in the area. This study was conducted in 2009 to ascertain the above claim.Materials and Methods:Fresh latex of C. procera was screened for their antifungal activity against species of dermatophytes: Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp. and Epidermophyton spp. using the agar incorporation method.Results:The result shows that the latex inhibits the in vitro growth of these pathogenic fungi to varying extents with Trichophyton spp. being the most susceptible (P < 0.05) and thus highly inhibited by the latex followed by the Microsporum spp. and Epidermopyton spp. was least inhibited. These inhibitions followed a dose-dependent trend as undiluted latex (100%) gave the highest inhibitory impacts (P < 0.05) when compared to serially diluted latex. The phytochemical analysis of the fresh latex indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinone, and triterpenoids.Conclusion:The findings of this study confirmed the perceived usefulness of the latex in the treatment of T. capitis (ringworm) practiced in our society and therefore, its use topically in the treatment of dermatomycotic infection is encouraged.

Acute toxicity and phytochemical screening of stem bark extracts of Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.DC. (Meliaceae)

The plants are a rich source of drugs because they produce a variety of bioactive molecules, most of which probably act as chemical defence against predators or pathogens. The present study was conducted to determine the phytochemical constituents and the acute toxicity of aqueous extracts, ethanolic and methanolic of stem bark from Entandrophragma angolense in rats. The acute toxicity studies were carried out on the basis of the guidelines of the OECD 423. The aqueous extracts, ethanolic and methanolic were administered orally at a single dose of 300, 2000 and 5000 mg / kg body weight to the rats. The extracts showed lesser toxicity at dose of 2000 mg / kg body weight; however at 5000 mg/kg body weight dose the mortality rate was 2/3. Thus, the Lethal Dose 50(DL50) is in the range of 2000 to 5000 mg / kg body weight. These results suggest that the aqueous extracts, ethanolic and methanolic of stem bark of E. angolense could be used with some degree of safety by oral route. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts, ethanolic and methanolic of stem bark of E. angolense revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones, cardiac glycosides, leucoanthocyanins, phenols and steroids. These extracts contain important bioactive compounds, which justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases.

OA01.49. Antifungal activity study of the extracts of Homonoia riparia, Pedilanthus tithymaloides and Phyllanthus fraternus

Purpose: Homonoia riparia Lour,,Pedilanthus tithymaloides(Linn.) Poit and Phyllanthus fraternus (Medic.) Almeida (comb. nov.) belonging to family Euphorbiaceae was reported to be used in India to cure skin diseases. It was observed that the skin diseases caused by the fungi particularly by the Trichophyton species are very common in Mumbai. Hence, present study was undertaken to evaluate the antifungal activity of the extracts of the plants mentioned above. Method: Plants were collected from the wild and identified and authenticated by referring to floras and comparing with the herbarium specimens. Skin scrapings of the patients visiting G.T. hospital, Mumbai and Miskeek's pathology laboratory, Thane, for the treatment were collected and cultured on a dermatophyte culture medium (SDA supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide) and after several subcultures Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were isolated and identified by studying the colony characteristics and microscopic structure as suggested by Larone (1976). 20 % extracts of fresh and dry roots, leaves and flowers/fruits were prepared in distilled water and 20 % ethanol separately using the grinder. The extracts were filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper and the filtrates were used to test the antifungal activity, The method used by Abubacker et al.(2008) was followed to test the antifungal activity.The extracts inhibiting the growth of the fungus were analysed for different phytoconstituents following the tests prescribed in pharmacognosy book (Kokate,2007), Result: It was observed that the extracts of Pedilanthus tithymaloides and Phyllanthus fraternus did not inhibit or delay the growth of the fungus whereas, the aqueous extracts of dry leaves and flowers (male) of Homonoia riparia inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes. The phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts of the dry leaves and flowers indicated presence of Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and alkaloids. Conclusion: Homonoia riparia (leaves and flowers) may have the potential to inhibit the growth of T. mentagrophytes.

Aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum Linn and ascorbic acid ameliorate nicotine–induced cellular damage in murine peritoneal macrophage

Objective To test the in vitro protective role of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. ( O. gratissimum) and ascorbic acid against nicotine-induced murine peritoneal macrophage. Methods Peritoneal macrophages from mice were treated with nicotine (10 mM), nicotine (10 mM) with aqueous extract of O. gratissimum (1 to 25 μg/mL), and nicotine (10 mM) with ascorbic acid (0.01 mM) for 12 h in cell culture media, while the control group was treated with culture media. Levels of free radical generation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, oxidized glutathione levels and DNA damage were observed and compared. Results Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extract has shown high amount of phenolics and flavonoids compound present in it. The significantly increased free radical generation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, oxidized glutathione levels and DNA damage were observed in nicotine-treated group as compared to the control group; those were significantly reduced in aqueous extract of O. gratissimum and ascorbic acid supplemented groups. Moreover, significantly reduced antioxidant status in nicotine exposed murine peritoneal macrophage was effectively ameliorated by these two products. Among the different concentration of aqueous extract of O. gratissimum, the maximum protective effect was observed at 10 μg/mL which does not produce any significant change in the normal cell. Conclusions These findings suggest the potential use and beneficial role of O. gratissimum as a modulator of nicotine-induced cellular damage in murine peritoneal macrophage.