Phytase Treatments Research Articles

Bioactivation of Legacy Phosphorus in Calcareous Soil by P-Activators and Its Effect on Maize Growth

ABSTRACT Soil legacy phosphorus (P) accumulated due to the long-term continuous application of P fertilizers in agricultural fields accumulated in the soil for years, as sparingly soluble forms. This can be made as a possible soil P source using P-activators. In this study, a laboratory incubation and a pot experiment were conducted to evaluate the potential of some P activators (Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, phytase, humic acid, oxalic acid) in increasing the availability of residual phosphorus in calcareous soil. For the incubation experiment, the P activators were applied alone and in combination. Soil samples were analyzed at subsequent intervals for soil available P, alkaline phosphatase activity, and sequential P fractions. The results showed that phytase application with humic acid (HA) increased the available soil P (12.4 kg ha−1) and alkaline phosphatase activity (47.42 µg p-nitrophenol released g−1 soil hr−1) followed by phosphorus solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) with humic acid and PSB with phytase treatments. All treatments have a significant effect on different soil P-fractions. A greater reduction in calcium phosphate fraction was noted in phytase and humic acid application. The combined application of P-activators performed better than their sole application. The best three treatments selected from the laboratory incubated experiment were used for the pot experiment with maize, along with the different dosages of P fertilizer. The morphological parameters were observed on the 30th and 60th days of the maize crop. The results of plant height, chlorophyll index, and dry matter production showed that the application of phytase and HA with 100% recommended dose of P was statistically comparable with phytase and HA with 75% recommended dose of P. The findings have illustrated the extent of P release by different P activators in increasing the legacy P availability. The application of phytase and HA with 25% reduced dose of P fertilizers will promote the availability of legacy P in calcareous soils through solubilization.

The effects of concurrent increases in supplementation of calcium and phytase on growth performance, balance of Ca and P, and bone mineralization in nursery pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of concomitantly increasing supplementation of Ca and phytase on growth performance, balance of Ca and P, and bone mineralization in nursery pigs. There were eight experimental diets. The positive control (PC) one and two were formulated to contain 0.64% and 0.85% total Ca, respectively, whereas the dietary concentrations of other nutrients were identical and adequate. The negative control (NC) was deficient in total Ca (0.48%) and total P (0.41%). Five combinations of incremental levels of Ca and phytase (0.48% and 1,750 phytase units [FYT]/kg, 0.52% and 2,000 FYT/kg, 0.55% and 2,250 FYT/kg, 0.59% and 2,600 FYT/kg, and 0.63% and 3,000 FYT/kg) were added to the NC to establish the remaining five experimental diets. Each diet was fed to six pens of six pigs (three barrows and three gilts per pen). All diets contained 3 g/kg TiO2, and fecal samples were collected from each pen during the trial. In the end, one pig per pen was euthanized to collect the right tibia and urine in bladder. The results showed that the pigs of NC gained less weight, consumed less feed, and utilized feed less efficiently than their counterparts fed the PC and the treatments with phytase (P < 0.01). With increasing supplementation of Ca and phytase, there was a tendency for gain:feed to decrease (P < 0.10). There was a significant reduction in bone dry weight; and in percentages, as well as weights of bone ash, Ca, and P; in pigs of NC compared with pigs of PC1, PC2, or phytase treatments. In comparison to PC2, PC1 and phytase treatments resulted in a higher percentage of bone P and greater weights of bone ash, Ca, and P (P < 0.05). There was no significant effect of concurrent supplementation of Ca and phytase on bone mineralization. The NC had significantly lower apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P, lower concentrations of digestible Ca and P, but a higher ATTD Ca/ATTD P ratio than PC1, PC2, or the phytase treatments. The averages of ATTD of Ca and P in treatments with phytase were significantly higher than PC1 or PC2 (P < 0.01). With increasing addition of Ca and phytase, the ATTD of P, digestible Ca and P, and the ATTD Ca/ATTD P ratio increased linearly (P < 0.05), which contrasted with a linear reduction in ATTD of Ca (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was a linear (P < 0.01) increase in the concentration of urinary Ca. In conclusion, increasing the dietary supplementation of phytase in conjunction with the increasing dietary Ca level increased the dietary ATTD Ca/ATTD P ratio without damaging the absorption of P in the current study. The higher ATTD Ca/ATTD P ratio did not improve the bone mineralization markedly and thus the extra Ca was voided through urine.

Effect of phytase corn addition on ethanol yield and distillers' dried grains with soluble profile in corn dry‐grind process

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPhytase as a feed additive improves the bioavailable phosphorus content of the poultry diet, thereby decreasing dependence on externally added phosphorus. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding phytase corn on ethanol yield and distillers' dried grains with soluble (DDGS) composition during a corn dry‐grind process.FindingsPhytase corn at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% w/w of fermentable corn was added during the dry‐grind process. Upon fermentation, the ethanol yield was observed to be in the range of 17.9%–18.9% v/v compared to control (17.7% v/v), representing an 1%–6.5% increase in ethanol yield. Relative to the corn that was introduced at the beginning of the fermentation, the DDGS obtained from the control corn or phytase corn addition all showed a threefold increase in oil, protein, and neutral detergent fiber content. However, the phytic acid content of the DDGS was reduced from 0.45% w/w (control) to 0.13% w/w (phytase treatments).ConclusionAdding phytase corn in a dry‐grind process improves the ethanol yield and reduces phytate‐bound phosphorus content.Significance and NoveltyPhytase corn addition will improve the ethanol yield, DDGS nutritional quality in a corn dry‐grind process, and reduce dependence on phosphorus supplementation.

Performance, carcass quality, tibia ash, and mineral digestibility responses of Ross 708 broilers to increasing dose of two commercially available mixer-added phytases

Mixer added phytases must maintain efficacy post-conditioning and pelleting. Heat from saturated steam and friction upon pellet die extrusion may deactivate phytases. The objective of this study was to assess the thermostability of 2 commercially available phytases concentrated at 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg in mixed mash post-steam conditioning at 82°C for 30 s and extrusion through a 4.8 × 38 mm pellet die and the subsequent effect on 0 to 44-d Ross 708 male broiler performance, mineral digestibility, and tibia ash responses. The phytase sources were both derived from E. coli and expressed in Trichoderma Reesei , (QB) and Pichia pastoris , (OP). A 3 (Phytase level) × 2 (Phytase source) factorial arrangement of treatments within a randomized complete block design was utilized. A positive control and negative control diet based on available phosphorus ( P ) and total calcium ( Ca ) were also manufactured and analyzed within a multiple comparison. Diets were fed to 8 replicate pens of 30 chicks in 3 phases. Live performance, d 20 and d 44 tibia ash, d 44 hot boneless, skinless breast weight, and mineral digestibility were measured. Phytase sources did not differ in their effect on live performance or breast yield. Calcium digestibility was increased for birds fed OP relative to QB ( P < 0.05). Phosphorus digestibility increased as phytase level increased ( P < 0.05). D 20 tibia ash percentage increased for 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg for both phytase sources ( P < 0.05). All phytase treatments increased d 44 tibia ash relative to the NC; however, OP tibia ash further increased when supplemented above 500 FTU/kg ( P < 0.05). The assessed phytase sources showed similar benefit to live performance and breast yield but varied in response to tibia ash and mineral digestibility at different concentrations. It is important to note that the conclusions in this study were derived using specific phytase products that were analyzed for activity by using a specific protocol, and diets were pelleted within a selected range of processing conditions (i.e., 82°C and 30 s of conditioning); using alternative methodologies may result in different conclusions.

Evaluation of Commercial 6-Phytases on Growth Performance, Bone Mineral Content, and Feed Digestibility of Broiler Chicks.

We evaluated the effects of 6-phytases on the growth performance of broilers (UK Chunky) under the recommended supplier-application dosage of each phytase. A nutritionally sufficient standard diet was administered as the base diets in the positive control feed. The diet in the negative control feed was designed by reducing total phosphorous, non-phytate phosphorus, and calcium by 0.1% to evaluate the effect of the nutrient restriction on broilers. Four 6-phytases were added to negative control feeds at the level of the recommended dosage of each product to compare the effect of phytases on broiler technical performance, tibia ash, and feed digestibility. Nine hundred one-day-old broiler chicks (males and females) were distributed in a completely randomized design composed of six treatments and three replicates of 50 chicks each. Chicks were fed ad libitum for 49 days. Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded on days 21 and 49, tibia ash was measured on day 21, and apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and total phosphorus were analyzed on day 49. Birds reared with test feeds supplemented with phytase showed higher body weight gain and feed intake compared to those of the negative control birds. No significant differences in traits were observed among different phytase treatments. Similarly, the percentage of tibia ash increased when phytase was supplemented, resulting in higher bone levels compared to that of the positive control. The apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and total phosphorus was enhanced by supplementing negative control diets with phytases.

Effect of two phytases at two doses on performance and phytate degradation in broilers during 1-21 days of age.

The effect of two microbial phytases at two dose-levels on performance and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients in broilers fed European-type diets was studied. A total of 1,200 d-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 30 birds/pen and 8 pens/treatment. A nutritionally adequate positive control (PC) diet was tested against 4 experimental diets containing reduced total P, retainable P, Ca and Na as per the recommended nutritional contribution for Buttiauxella phytase (Phy B) at 1,000 FTU/kg (-1.87 g/kg, -1.59 g/kg, -1.99 g/kg and -0.4 g/kg vs. PC, respectively). Experimental diets were supplemented with Phy B at 500 FTU/kg or 1,000 FTU/kg, or Citrobacter phytase (Phy C) at 1,000 FTU/kg or 2,000 FTU/kg. Diets were based on corn, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and sunflower meal and formulated by phase (starter 1–10 d, grower 11–21 d) in crumbled or pelleted form. Overall (d 1–21), at 1,000 FTU/kg, birds fed Phy C exhibited lower BWG (-2.7%), FI (-3.4%) and tibia ash (-2.2%) vs. PC (P < 0.05), and reduced BWG (-3.6%), FI (-3.9%) and tibia ash (-1.8%) vs. Phy B (P < 0.05). Phy B at 1,000 FTU/kg and Phy C at 2,000 FTU/kg maintained performance equivalent to the PC. Digestibility of Ca did not differ among phytase treatments but at 1,000 FTU/kg AID P was greater with Phy B than Phy C (72.3% vs. 62.7%, P < 0.05). Ileal phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6) digestibility was greatest with Phy B at 1,000 FTU/kg which was higher than Phy C at 1,000 FTU/kg (87.6 vs. 60.6%, P < 0.05). The findings indicate a higher phytate degradation rate of Phy B than Phy C at equivalent dose-level and this is correlated to the performance of the broilers.

128 Determining the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on performance of growing finishing pigs. A total of 1,215 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 28.0±0.47 kg) were used in a 126-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based.Treatments were: 1) Control (no added phytase); 2) Grower phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed from d 0 to 57, then no phytase from d 57 to market); and 3) Grow-finish phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed throughout the study). Phytase (Ronozyme Hiphos GT 2500, heat-stable; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) was assumed to release 0.146% digestible phosphorus (P), 0.166% available P, 0.102% STTD calcium, 53 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, 42 kcal/kg of net energy (NE), and 0.0217, 0.0003, 0.00886, 0.0224, 0.0056, 0.0122, and 0.0163% standardized ileal digestible lysine, methionine, methionine+cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and valine, respectively. Beef tallow and feed grade amino acids (AA) were added to the diets without phytase to balance NE and AA across treatments. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit.Overall, pigs fed diets with no phytase and pigs that were only fed phytase in the grower period had greater (P&amp;lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) than pigs fed the phytase-containing diets until market. Pigs fed the control and grower phytase treatments had greater (P&amp;lt; 0.10) hot carcass weight (HCW) than the phytase throughout treatment. No evidence of differences (P &amp;gt;0.10) were observed for other carcass characteristics. In summary, adding 1,500 FYT/kg of phytase and using full matrix values for minerals, AA, and energy had detrimental effects on ADG, G:F, and HCW in this study when applied to the entire grow-finish period.

Effects of phytase supplementation on eggshell and bone quality, and phosphorus and calcium digestibility in laying hens from 25 to 37 wk of age

Effects of dietary available phosphorus (aP) and Ca levels and an Escherichia coli 6-phytase supplementation were studied in Lohmann LSL-Lite hens from 25 to 37 wk of age. Eighty-four hens were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments. The treatments were a positive control (PC) diet with 0.45% aP, 3.70% Ca, and 0.16% Na from 25 to 28 wk and 0.38% aP, 3.73% Ca, and 0.15% Na from 29 to 37 wk; a negative control (NC) diet, similar to the PC diet, with 0.22% aP, 3.00% Ca, and 0.13% Na from 25 to 28 wk and 0.19% aP, 3.02% Ca, and 0.13% Na from 29 to 37 wk; the NC diets supplemented with phytase at 150 (NC + 150), 300 (NC + 300), 600 (NC + 600), or 1,200 (NC + 1,200) phytase unit (FTU)/kg; and the PC diet supplemented with phytase at 1,200 (PC + 1,200) FTU/kg. Hen performance, eggshell, and bone quality were measured on a 4-wk basis. Bone breaking strength and ash and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P and Ca were determined at 37 wk. One- and 2-way ANOVA were conducted, and Tukey's range test was used to compare multiple means where P ≤ 0.05. No differences in hen performance, eggshell quality, bone breaking strength, bone ash, and P digestibility were observed between the PC and the NC treatments. The NC hens had lower cortical (P < 0.001) and trabecular + medullary bone mineral density (P = 0.004) and total bone mineral content (P < 0.001) than the PC hens. The PC + 1,200 increased cortical bone mineral density (P < 0.001). The reductions of aP and Ca in the NC diet were not deficient for performance but had a minor impact on bone mineralization. The NC + 600 and NC + 1,200 increased AID of P (P = 0.024), and all phytase treatments except the NC + 150 increased AID of Ca (P = 0.010) compared with the NC diet.

Phytase dosing affects phytate degradation and Muc2 transporter gene expression in broiler starters

This study was conducted to determine effects of high phytase use on growth performance, amino acid (AA) digestibility, intestinal phytate breakdown, and nutrient transporter expression in starter broiler chickens. Male Ross 308 chicks were allocated to 24 pens, at 15 birds/pen and assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments. Treatments were: a control diet (PCa+) that contained adequate levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) for growing broiler chicks; a reduced Ca and P diet (PCa–:–1.5 g P/kg and –1.6 g Ca/kg), and 2 additional diets in which phytase was supplemented in the PCa– diet at 1,500 (PCa-Phy1500) and 3,000 (PCa-Phy3000) FTU/kg feed. A common starter diet was fed from day 1 to 8. From day 8 to 22, birds were fed the 4 experimental diets. On day 22, birds were killed for sample collection. From day 8 to 15, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were not different across treatments (P < 0.05) but gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was reduced (P < 0.006) in the PCa– treatment compared with other treatments. There were no further performance differences, but a tendency of phytase treatments improving the overall G:F (P = 0.079; day 8–22). Up to both the duodenum–jejunum and ileum, phytate, P, and Ca disappearance were increased (P < 0.05) in the PCa-Phy1500 and PCa-Phy3000 treatments compared with PCa– treatment. Phytase dose dependently increased myoinositol (MI) concentration in the digesta from both the duodenum–jejunum and ileum (P < 0.001). The highest concentration of MI was found in the PCa-Phy3000 treatment. Plasma MI concentration was increased by phytase supplementation (P < 0.001). Prececal disappearance of Cys was lower (P < 0.05) in the PCa– treatment than in PCa1and PCa-Phy3000 treatment. Expression of MUC2 in the duodenum–jejunum was higher (P < 0.05) in the PCa-Phy3000 treatment than in other treatments. Phytase-induced hydrolysis of phytate led to elevated digesta and plasma MI concentrations and reduced digesta concentrations of phytate breakdown intermediates

Effects of Increasing Phytase Inclusion Levels on Broiler Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Mineralization in Low-Phosphorus Diets

SUMMARY The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of increasing levels of phytase in corn-soy diets fed to male broilers. Experimental treatments included a positive control (PC) with a calculated non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) level of 0.43 and 0.39% for the starter and grower, respectively. The negative control (NC) diet included a reduction in nPP to 0.25 and 0.23% in the starter and grower, respectively, and phytase added to NC diet with increasing levels of 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000/1,000 FTU/kg. All phytase treatments were fed throughout the study with the exception of the 3,000 FTU/kg treatment, which utilized a “step-down” program consisting of 3,000 FTU/kg in the starter being reduced to 1,000 FTU/kg in the grower. Treatment effects on performance, apparent metabolizable energy, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids, phosphorus, and calcium, and bone mineralization were evaluated on days 14 and 28. The NC diet decreased feed consumption (FC) (P

Effect of Phytase on in Vitro Hydrolysis of Phytate and the Formation of myo-Inositol Phosphate Esters in Various Feed Materials.

Phytase is commonly used as a feed enzyme in monogastric animals to increase the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus and other nutrients. The accumulation of myo-inositol phosphate intermediates during phytate degradation in various segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Buttiauxella spp. phytase in degrading the phytate in corn, soybean meal, and complete corn-soybean meal diet to myo-inositol phosphate esters (IP1-IP5) and completely dephosphorylated myo-inositol rings using an in vitro model of the poultry upper GIT. Our results show that the phytase hydrolyzes phytate efficiently to small IP esters, whereas the myo-inositol level remains constant between control and phytase treatments. Although the in vitro digestion model does not incorporate all factors that govern phytate hydrolysis, it is a valuable tool for evaluating phytase efficacy at various enzyme doses and with different feed ingredients.

PSV-10 Effects of storing three phytase sources for 90 days under high temperature and humidity on phytase stability, growth performance, and bone mineralization of nursery pigs

Abstract This study evaluated storing 3 commercial phytases for 90 d in an environmental chamber set at 29.4°C and 75% humidity on phytase stability and nursery pig growth performance and bone mineralization. The phytases [HiPhos GT (20,000 FYT/g, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ); Axtra Phy TPT (20,000 FTU/g, Dupont, Wilmington, DE), and Quantum Blue G (40,000 FTU/g, AB Vista, Plantation, FL)] were kept as pure forms or blended in a vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premix and sampled on d 0, 30, 60, and 90 of storage. Regardless of source and form, analyzed phytase activity decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) as storage increased. Afterwards, 300 nursery pigs (11.7 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 8 treatments in a RCBD with 4-5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/treatment. Treatments included a negative (NC, 0.12% aP) and positive control (PC, 0.27% aP) without phytase; or NC with added phytase to provide 0.15% aP (1,000, 651 and 500 FTU/kg for HiPhos, Axtra Phy, and Quantum Blue, respectively). Negative control with added phytase treatments were manufactured with each phytase source previously stored in pure form or VTM premix for 90d. Pigs fed PC had greater (P &lt; 0.001) ADG compared to pigs fed Axtra Phy stored in VTM or NC. Feed intake was similar for PC, phytases stored in pure forms, and HiPhos and Quantum Blue stored in VTM, and greater (P &lt; 0.001) than pigs fed NC. Pigs fed PC or HiPhos stored in pure form had improved (P &lt; 0.001) G:F compared to pigs fed NC. Bone mineralization was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for pigs fed PC compared to NC, phytases stored in VTM, and Axtra Phy and Quantum Blue stored in pure form. Regardless of source and form, phytase activity decreased as storage increased. In this study, bone ash was reduced when phytases were stored for 90d in a VTM compared to the PC.

Increasing doses of phytase from Citrobacter braakii in diets with reduced inorganic phosphorus and calcium improve growth performance and lean meat of growing and finishing pigs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of bacterial phytase (RONOZYME HiPhos) on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. The study included 120 castrated males with initial weight of 23.21 ± 1.91 kg and 68 days of age, distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments and eight replicates with three animals each. The pigs were fed five corn-soybean meal-based diets: positive control (PC), supplemented with inorganic phosphorus and calcium; negative control (NC), with 0.13% reduction in available phosphorus and 0.11% in calcium; and three NC diets supplemented with 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 phytase units (FYT)/kg in the feed. Compared with the NC diets without phytase, diets with 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 FYT/kg inclusion increased the daily weight gain by +12% (quadratic, p<0.05) during the growing I period; +2.9, +2.9, and +10.5% (linear, p<0.01), respectively, during the growing II period; and +4.1, +5.1, and +8.2% (linear, p<0.001), respectively, over the entire experimental period. The daily feed intake increased by 0, +2.8, and +4.3% (linear, p<0.05), respectively, considering the entire experimental period; and the final live weight increased by +3.2, +4.2, and +6.1% (linear, p<0.001), respectively. The phytase treatments did not influence feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and yield, backfat thickness, loin depth and carcass lean meat. According to the European Carcass Classification (SEUROP), however, the animals fed the PC diet and the three phytase levels had more carcasses classified as E (between 55–60% lean meat) when compared to carcasses of pigs fed the NC. Supplementing increasing levels of phytase to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet with inorganic P and Ca reduction improved daily weight gain and feed intake of growing pigs, and such effects were maintained until slaughter age.

The impact of "super-dosing" phytase in pig diets on growth performance during the nursery and grow-out periods.

Previous research indicates that “super-dosing” phytase may improve pig growth performance by improved nutrient use, although the benefits appear to be more consistent in nursery than in grow-out pigs. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine if performance could be improved by feeding phytase at super-dosed levels, and whether this response would be different if energy and amino acid (AA) were limiting. Experiment 1 involved 440 weaned pigs (6.27 ± 0.01 kg) in a factorial arrangement of treatments comparing the main effects of diet (positive control [PC] balanced for all nutrients vs. a negative control [NC]: 10% lower standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine with relative reduction of all other essential AA and 1% reduced fat) and phytase levels (0 vs. 2,500 FTU Quantum Blue 5G phytase/kg). Pigs were assigned to pen according to a randomized complete block design based on body weight (BW). Feed and water were provided ad libitum across four dietary phases: 3 × 1 wk plus 1 × 2 wk. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were improved in the PC relative to the NC (P < 0.05) indicating success in formulating a diet limiting in energy and/or AA. Phytase improved ADG and G:F, regardless of diet composition (P < 0.05). Thus, super-dosing phytase improved nursery pig growth performance, irrespective of diet nutrient adequacy or deficit. Experiment 2 involved 2,200 growing pigs (36.6 ± 0.30 kg) allotted to five treatments: a balanced PC (250 FTU Quantum Blue 5G phytase/kg), an NC (PC with 15% less SID lysine and 1.5% lower net energy [NE]), and three super-dosing phytase treatments applied to the NC totaling 1,000, 1,750, and 2,500 FTU phytase/kg. Feed and water were available ad libitum. At trial completion (approximately 122 kg), the PC pigs were heavier and more efficient than the NC pigs (P < 0.05) indicating success in formulating an NC treatment. Super-dosing phytase had no effect on whole body ADG or average daily feed intake (P > 0.10) but tended to improve G:F and feed energy efficiency (P < 0.10). Super-dosing phytase improved carcass-based feed and feed energy efficiency (P < 0.05) and tended to improve ADG (P < 0.10). Supplying phytase at “super-dosed” levels—above that required to meet the phosphorus requirement—improved growth performance in nursery pigs (6 to 22 kg BW) and provided smaller benefits in grow-finish pigs (37 to 122 kg BW). The improvement during the nursery period was independent of energy and AA levels in the diet.

Effect of phytase dose and reduction in dietary calcium on performance, nutrient digestibility, bone ash and mineralization in broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with reduced nutrient density

Abstract The effect of reducing dietary Ca level (and Ca:P ratio) in combination with phytase supplementation, on broiler growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone ash and mineralization, was investigated. A total of 2072 Ross 308 d-old male broilers were allotted to 7 dietary treatments with 37 birds/pen and 8 pens/treatment in a randomized block design. A positive control corn-soybean meal-based diet was formulated based on breeder’s recommendations. Six test diets were evaluated in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement including two levels of a Buttiauxella sp. phytase (500 and 1000 FTU/kg feed) and three Ca reduction levels (equivalent to 1.3, 1.6, 2.3 g/kg reduction and 1.6, 1.9 and 2.3 g/kg reduction in the 500 and 1000 FTU/kg phytase treatments respectively vs. PC). The reductions in available P (AvP) of the test diets were 1.46 and 1.74 g/kg in the 500 FTU/kg and 1000 FTU/kg phytase treatments respectively. Test diets were formulated by adding phytase, Ca and P supplements to a basal diet containing a reduction of 68 kcal ME/kg, on average 0.2 g/kg dig AA and 0.3 g/kg Na vs. PC. Diets were formulated in four phases. Excreta samples were collected on d 24 to 26 and 38 to 40 (from 5 birds transferred to cages on d 21 and 35 respectively) and ileal digesta and tibia samples were collected on d 10, 27 and 41. Compared to PC, feed conversion ratios (FCR) were reduced in growers fed medium or high Ca reduction and high phytase dose diets (P

The effect of microbial phytase supplementation of sorghum-canola meal diets with no added inorganic phosphorus on growth performance, apparent total-tract phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen and energy utilization, bone measurements, and serum variables of growing and finishing swine

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with growing and finishing swine to determine the effect of phytase supplementation of sorghum-canola meal diets without added inorganic phosphorus (iP) on growth performance, apparent total-tract P, calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), and energy utilization, bone strength, bone ash, serum Ca and P concentrations, and serum phosphatase activity. For Exp. 1, 42 crossbred barrows in individual metabolism cages were fed a P-deficient diet for 7 d before starting a 28-d experiment at 24.8 kg body weight (BW). Experiment 1 had 7 treatments that were a negative control (NC) diet supplemented with 0, 400, 800, 1200, or 1600 U of Aspergillus niger (AN) phytase/kg, a positive control (PC) diet, and the PC diet supplemented with 1200 U of AN phytase/kg. Fecal and urine collections were made from d 21–26. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 14, and 28. For Exp. 2, 126 growing-finishing crossbred swine with an initial BW of 21.6 kg were group-fed (3 pigs/pen) in 3 phases (grower, early-finisher, and late-finisher). Experiment 2 had 6 treatments that were a NC diet for each phase supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 600, or 800 U of AN phytase/kg and a PC diet. Fecal collections were made from d 49–54. Blood samples were collected on d 35, 63, and 91. For both experiments, 400 U of AN phytase/kg of diet was adequate (P ≤ 0.05) for growth performance compared with the PC treatment groups. For Exp. 1, apparent total-tract P absorption and retention plateaued at 1200 U of AN phytase/kg of diet (P

Productive performance of commercial growing and finishing pigs supplemented with a Buttiauxella phytase as a total replacement of inorganic phosphate.

The objective of this study was to test if a novel phytase from Buttiauxella sp. can replace all added inorganic phosphate in a diet with reduced Ca and metabolizable energy (ME) fed to commercial pigs from 12 kg body weight (BW) until slaughter, whilst maintaining performance and carcass quality parameters. Four dietary treatments were tested in a completely randomized design with 9 replicate pens, each containing 31 mixed sex Newsham Choice pigs. Diets included a positive control (PC) based on corn, soybean meal, wheat middling and bakery meal, meeting all nutrient requirement of pigs; a negative control (NC) excluded inorganic phosphate and with reduced Ca (−0.13%) and ME (−0.15 MJ/kg); and NC supplemented with Buttiauxella phytase at 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg feed. Diets were fed ad libitum in mash form in 5 phases: starter (12 to 25 kg BW), grower 1 (25 to 50 kg BW) and 2 (50 to 75 kg BW), and finisher 1 (75 to 100 kg BW) and 2 (100 kg BW to slaughter). The NC group showed lower (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) in starter and grower phases, lower gain to feed ratio (G:F) in starter and grower 1 compared with PC. Pigs receiving the high dose of phytase of 1,000 FTU/kg had improved performance vs. the 500 FTU/kg phytase treatment in starter and grower 1 phase compared with the PC in grower 1 phase. Increasing phytase dose resulted in a linear increase in ADG (12 to 120 kg BW) and G:F (50 to 75 kg BW). A comparison of treatment groups over the full production period from 12 kg BW until slaughter showed that both 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg phytase treatments were able to maintain growth performance and carcass characteristics compared with PC. The application of Buttiauxella phytase could therefore be used as an effective strategy to replace all inorganic phosphate in diets of pigs fed corn, soybean meal, wheat middling and bakery meal based diets from 12 kg BW. An economic analysis showed greater return from both phytase treatments vs. the PC and favored the higher phytase dose at 1,000 FTU/kg vs. the traditional dose of 500 FTU/kg. The latter was mainly related to the improved performance of the higher dose in younger pigs to 75 kg BW.

Effects of phytase inclusions in diets containing ground wheat or 12.5% whole wheat (pre- and post-pellet) and phytase and protease additions, individually and in combination, to diets containing 12.5% pre-pellet whole wheat on the performance of broiler chickens

Each of eight dietary treatments was offered to seven replicates (six birds per cage) of male Ross 308 chicks from 7 to 28 days post-hatch. The diets contained 741 g/kg wheat incorporated as ground (3.2 mm hammer-mill screen) wheat or 125 g/kg whole wheat included in diets, either pre- or post-pelleting. In Experiment 1 of the study, ground grain, pre-pellet and post-pellet whole grain diets were offered with and without phytase as a 3 × 2 factorial array of treatments. The effects of dietary treatments on gizzard and pancreas weights, bone mineralisation, excreta dry matter, growth performance, nutrient utilisation, digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of starch and protein (N) in four small intestinal segments were determined. Post-pellet whole grain addition significantly increased gizzard weight by 12.5% (18.17 versus 16.15 g/kg; P < 0.001). Pre- and post-pellet whole grain additions improved FCR (P < 0.10) by 1.40% and 2.28%, respectively. Exogenous phytase significantly enhanced weight gain by 4.76% (1519 versus 1450 g/bird; P < 0.001) and FCR by 1.99% (1.332 versus 1.359; P < 0.03) irrespective of the context. Significant interactions between grain and phytase treatments were observed for energy utilisation parameters. However, pre- and post-pellet whole grain additions to non-supplemented diets significantly improved AMEn by 0.31 MJ (11.89 versus 11.58 MJ/kg; P < 0.04) and 0.48 MJ (12.06 versus 11.58 MJ/kg; P < 0.001), respectively. Post-pellet whole grain addition to non-supplemented diets significantly improved AME (13.49 versus 12.99 MJ/kg; P < 0.001) and ME:GE ratios (0.79 versus 0.77; P < 0.003). Phytase addition significantly improved AME in ground grain and pre-pellet whole grain diets by 0.43 MJ and 0.30 MJ, respectively. Phytase addition improved AMEn by 0.49 MJ in ground grain diets but this was not significant and otherwise did not influence AMEn. In Experiment 2, phytase and protease, individually and in combination, were included in diets containing 12.5% pre-pellet whole wheat as a 2 × 2 factorial treatment array. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.015) for weight gain following phytase and protease additions to pre-pellet whole grain diets where phytase significantly increased weight gain by 6.91% (1548 versus 1448 g/bird). Protease supplementation alone numerically increased weight gain, but in combination with phytase, numerically decreased weight gain. Phytase improved FCR by 2.15% (1.319 versus 1.348; P < 0.01) and protease improved FCR by 1.41% (1.324 versus 1.343; P < 0.05), but in combination, both feed enzymes improved FCR by 3.52% (1.317 versus 1.365; P < 0.005) relative to the negative control. It is noteworthy that in the first experiment, whole wheat inclusions did not significantly influence starch digestibility but phytase inclusions increased distal ileal starch digestibility by 5.10% (0.948 versus 0.902; P < 0.05) in pre-pellet and by 3.85% (0.943 versus 0.908; P < 0.05) in post-pellet whole grain treatments.

Evaluation of humoral immune response, body weight and blood constituents of broilers supplemented with phytase on infectious bursal disease vaccination

AbstractPhytase inclusion in phosphorus (P) deficient diet increases the bioavailability of nutrients and plays, indirectly, a role in biological function of many metabolic processes. The possibility of using phytase in diet might influence immune, growth and blood performances of animals. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of local bacterial phytase on humoral immunity in association with weight and blood characteristics of infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccinated broilers. Male-day-old Cobb-broilers were assigned into four groups based on phytase treatments (0, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 fitase units per kg of diet) with 12 cages comprising three replicates per treatment, each treatment containing 15 birds. They were vaccinated with an IBD vaccine (IBD UPM93) and were fed formulating P (0.19%) deficient diet from 1 to 42 day of age. Results indicated that although serum IBD antibody, IgM, and IgG were not increased, mucosal IgA contents were increased with increasing phytase doses. Data on ...

The addition of a Buttiauxella sp. phytase to lactating sow diets deficient in phosphorus and calcium reduces weight loss and improves nutrient digestibility.

Improving the efficiency of P use by pigs is especially important for lactating sows, whose metabolic requirements for P and Ca are high. The effect of a sp. phytase on lactating sow performance and nutrient digestibility was investigated using the combined data set for 6 studies. Treatments included a nutritionally adequate positive control diet (PC), a negative control diet (NC; with an average reduction of 0.16% available phosphorous and 0.15% Ca vs. PC), and NC supplemented with a sp. phytase at 250, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 phytase unit (FTU)/kg, respectively. Phosphorus and Ca deficiency in the NC resulted in significantly higher BW loss compared with the PC. All phytase treatments maintained BW loss at the same level as the PC. Increasing doses of phytase significantly ( < 0.05) reduced sow BW loss and increased energy intake, with improvements most apparent in sows older than parity 5. The positive effects on BW and energy intake were not observed in first-parity sows. This may be a consequence of fewer first parity sows in the data set. The apparent total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and CP were not affected by phytase supplementation. Digestible P and Ca were significantly improved (linear, < 0.0001; quadratic, < 0.0001) by increasing the dose of phytase supplementation. Significantly lower apparent total tract digestibility of energy, Ca, and P was found in the NC treatment vs. the PC treatment, whereas no significant differences were found between phytase treatment and the PC treatment. In conclusion, phytase supplementation at a level of 250 FTU/kg can replace 0.16% available phosphorous and 0.15% Ca; however, increasing the phytase dose can further reduce BW loss in sows fed P- and Ca- deficient diets.