Phytase Enzyme Research Articles

Effect of Supplementation of Phytase Enzyme in Diet on Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks

The research was carried out on broiler chicks to determine the effect of phytase enzyme addition in diet on broiler chick growth. Following one week of brooding, 120 birds were randomly selected and divided into three treatment groups: Phyt-0, Phyt-500, and Phyt-1000, with Phytase enzyme (Phyt) at rates of 0, 500, and 1000 FTU/kg in feed. There were 40 birds in each treatment group, with 10 birds per replicate. The trial was divided into two parts: the starter phase (1-21 days) and the finisher phase (22-35 days). Weekly data on body weight gain and feed consumption were collected, and the weekly feed conversion ratio was calculated using this information. Carscass characteristics were measured at end of trial. Birds fed diet supplemented with higher phytase occupied higher growth performance and better carcass characteristics. Birds fed a diet high in phytase performed better in terms of growth.

PROTEIN PROFILING OF CANDIDATE STRAINS OF BACTERIAL COMPOSITION

Organic farming and the application of organic and biological fertilizers and protective equipment is not only a promising, but also a safe way to obtain food products. Various bacterial compositions are widely used to increase the microbial activity of the soil, which increases the availability of nutrients that plants can easily absorb. They increase soil fertility by fixing nitrogen and dissolve insoluble phosphates in the soil, resulting in the formation of chemicals that promote plant growth. The aim of this work was to determine the presence of phytase, nitrogenase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes in strains of candidate bacteria of bacterial composition by proteomic profiling in polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weights of phytase, nitrogenase and phosphotase of candidate strains were determined in the system http://molbiol.ru/ based on amino acid sequences. After that, proteins with the corresponding molecular weights were detected on the forogram. According to the results of proteomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis, proteins with molecular weights of 50.5, 16.5 and 74.9 kDa corresponding to the enzymes phytase, nitrogenase and phosphatase were identified in 10 strains. Proteins with molecular weights of 41.8, 16.7 and 24.8 kDa corresponding to the enzymes phytase, nitrogenase and phosphatase were detected in 6 strains of Bacillus megaterium. 4 strains of Pseudomonas stutzeri contained proteins with molecular weights of 69, 31.8 and 73.5 kDa corresponding to the required enzymes. As a result of the carried out experiments, candidates bacterial strains were identified for the development of a biocomposition to increase the coefficient of assimilation of mineral components of fertilizers.

Effect of Grain Type and Phytase Enzyme on Growth Performance, Cecum Microbial Population, Carcass and Bone Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Effect of Grain Type and Phytase Enzyme on Growth Performance, Cecum Microbial Population, Carcass and Bone Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

A novel approach to improve the nutritional value of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) by the combined effect of pre-gelatinization and fermentation by Lactobacillus sp. E14 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae MK-157: Impact on morphological, thermal, and chemical structural properties

An economical technique to obtain functional black gram flour was investigated, with reduced anti-nutritional factors, increased antioxidants, and improved technological properties. Black gram seeds were pre-gelatinized, and solid state fermentation conditions (inoculum size, incubation temperature, and incubation time) were optimized by central composite design. The strains of Lactobacillus sp. E14 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae MK-157 were selected on their ability to produce phytase enzyme and radical scavenging activity. The values of phytase and antioxidant activities predicted by the model correlated with the experimental values which showed the accuracy of the model. The fermentation of raw and gelatinized flour by S. cerevisiae MK-157 resulted in improved antioxidant (88.41%) and phytase activity (17.52 IU/mL), respectively in comparison to Lactobacillus sp. E14. Morphological and chemical structural analysis depicted the disruption of the substrate, depolymerization of starch and protein content, and presence of polyphenolic compounds. The elucidation of the flour through differential scanning calorimetry revealed the formation of hydrogen bonds in leached starch chains due to fermentation which altered the thermal behavior of starch. Therefore, this study provides an ideal approach to ferment raw and gelatinized black gram flour.

Isolation and Characterization of Basidiomycetous Yeasts Capable of Producing Phytase under Oligotrophic Conditions.

Phytic acid is an organic phosphorus source naturally produced by plants as phosphorus stock and can be an alternative to rock phosphate, which is a dwindling resource globally. However, phytic acid is insoluble, owing to its binding to divalent metals and is, thus, not readily bioavailable for plants and monogastric livestock. Therefore, the enzyme phytase is indispensable for hydrolyzing phytic acid to liberate free phosphates for nutritional availability, making the screening of novel phytase-producing microbes an attractive research focus to agriculture and animal feed industries. In the present study, a soil-extract-based culture medium was supplemented with phytic acid as the sole phosphorus source and oligotrophic phytase-producing strains, which had not been previously studied, were isolated. Four fungal strains with phytic acid, assimilation activities were isolated. They were found to produce phytase in the culture supernatants and phylogenetic analysis identified three strains as basidiomycetous yeasts (Saitozyma, Leucosporidium, and Malassezia) and one strain as an ascomycetous fungus (Chaetocapnodium). The optimal pH for phytase activity of the strains was 6.0-7.0, suggesting that they are suitable for industrial applications as feed supplements or fertilizer additives for farmland.

Environmental impacts of eco-nutrition swine feeding programs in spatially explicit geographic regions of the United States.

This study was conducted to determine greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, land use, as well as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C) balance of five diet formulation strategies and feeding programs for growing-finishing pigs (25-130 kg body weight) in the three spatially explicit geographic regions where the majority of U.S. pork production occurs. Feeding programs evaluated consisted of 1) standard corn-soybean meal (CSBM) diets, 2) CSBM containing 15% corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), 3) CSBM with 8.6% thermally processed supermarket food waste (FW), 4) low crude protein CSBM diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids (SAA), and 5) CSBM with phytase enzyme (PHY) added at 600 FTU (phytase units)/kg of diet. An attributional Life Cycle Assessment approach using a highly specialized, spatially explicit Food System Supply-Chain Sustainability (FoodS3) model was used to quantify GHG emissions, water consumption, and land use of corn, soybean meal, and DDGS based on county level sourcing. The DDGS, FW, and SAA feeding programs had less estimated N and P intake and excretion than CSBM, and the PHY feeding program provided the greatest reduction in P excretion. The FW feeding program had the least overall GHG emissions (319.9 vs. 324.6 to 354.1 kg CO2 equiv./market hog), land use (331.5 vs. 346.5 to 385.2 m2/market hog), and water consumption (7.64 vs. 7.70 to 8.30 m3/market hog) among the alternatives. The DDGS feeding program had the greatest GHG emissions (354.1 kg CO2 equiv./market hog) among all programs but had less impacts on water consumption (7.70 m3) and land use (346.5 m2) per market hog than CSBM and PHY. The SAA feeding program provided a 6.5-7.4% reduction in land use impacts compared with CSBM and PHY, respectively. Regardless of feeding program, the Midwest had the least contributions to GHG emissions and land use attributed to feed and manure among regions. Water consumption per market hog associated with feeding programs was much greater in the Southwest (59.66-63.58 m3) than in the Midwest (4.45-4.88 m3) and Mid-Atlantic (1.85-2.14 m3) regions. Results show that diet composition and U.S. geographic region significantly affect GHG emissions, water consumption, and land use of pork production systems, and the potential use of thermally processed supermarket food waste at relatively low diet inclusion rates (<10%) can reduce environmental impacts compared with other common feeding strategies.

Dephytinized flaxseed flours by phytase enzyme and fermentation: functional ingredients to enhance the nutritional quality of noodles.

Phytic acid is an antinutritional compound that reduces the bioavailability of minerals and proteins. Flaxseed is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. In this study, flaxseed flour was dephytinized by phytase enzyme and fermentation. Untreated and dephytinized flaxseed flours were used in noodle production at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% levels to improve nutritional quality. The addition of flaxseed flours did not show an adverse effect on the cooking loss values of noodles (4.22-4.85%). Firmness values of noodles containing 10% flaxseed flour were close to the control (0% flaxseed flour). The ash, protein and fat levels of noodles were enhanced with the addition of flaxseed flours. The use of 30% phytase-treated flaxseed flour in noodles elicited lower phytic acid concentration (1.35 g kg-1 ) than the control (1.52 g kg-1 ). The greatest total phenolic contents in noodles were obtained with the inclusion of fermented flour. Besides that, noodles made from flaxseed flours exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the control. The overall acceptability scores of noodles containing 10% and 20% dephytinized flours were close to the control. The findings demonstrated that the inclusion of dephytinized flaxseed flours up to 20% can allow the production of functional noodles with acceptable quality. Moreover, phytase enzyme treatment method revealed lower phytic acid content than fermentation method in noodles and better antioxidant properties than untreated noodles. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Impacts and Industrial Applications of Phytic Acid and Phytase

Phytic acid is an antinutritional compound that chelates P and essential divalent cations such as Fe, Ca, and Zn in cereals and major staple crops such as wheat, maize, rice, and sorghum. As a result, these cations cannot be absorbed by monogastric animals or humans: phytic acid has an inhibitory effect on nutrient uptake and its levels are negatively correlated with protein and starch digestibility. However, phytic acid can be degraded by the action of the enzyme phytase. Phytase plays important roles in the degradation of phytic acid and in increasing the nutritional quality of staple foods. Microbial phytase is a versatile enzyme that is beneficial for humans, animals, the environment, and the industry. In this review, we summarise the interaction of phytic acid with micronutrients, various approaches to enhancing the nutritional profile of staple foods by reducing the phytic acid content, and current knowledge of microbial-based phytase as a potential reducer of phytic acid.

Effect of Addition Fermented Cabbage Extract on Antioxidant Activity and Antinutritional Compounds of Foxtail Millet Flour

Fermented cabbage extract contains lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum which produces tannase enzymes and Lactobacillus casei which produces phytase enzymes, which are very effective in reducing antinutrient compounds and increasing the antioxidant compound foxtail millet flour. This study aimed to determine the optimal fermentation time (0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours) to decrease antinutrient compounds and increase antioxidant compounds of foxtail millet flour using fermented cabbage extract. The results showed that an increase in fermentation time from 0 to 48 hours reduced levels of tannins and phytic acid in foxtail millet flour by 68.64 % (2.71 - 0.85 mg/g) and 66.60 % (5.33 - 1.78 mg/g) respectively. Afterwards there is an increase in antioxidant activity by 83.10 % (42.25 - 77.26 %) and a decrease in total phenolic content by 18.22 % (7.41 - 6, 06 mg GAE/g). In conclusion, the optimal fermentation time to produce FMF with the best characteristics (low antinutrients and high antioxidant activity) is 48 hours. Keywords: phytic acid, tannin, antioxidant activity, foxtail millet flour, fermented cabbage extract

Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Escherichia Coli Phytase and Buttiauxella Phytase on the Growth and Digestibility in Broiler

The effect of feeding different levels of bacterial phytase enzymes on the growth performance of broiler was examined using 250 Hubbard broilers, kept at the Poultry Experimental Station, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The products of bacterial phytase enzymes were incorporated in the basal ration at different levels consisted of 0mg/kg (control), 50 mg/kg (group B), 100 mg/kg (group C) E. coli phytase and 50 mg/kg (group D), 100 mg/kg (group E) Buttiauxella spp. phytase. The birds were studied for live body weight, feed and water intake, feed conversion efficiency, carcass weight, dressing percentage, weight of internal edible and non-edible parts, digestibility and economics. The difference in live body weight among treatment and control group was significant (P&lt;0.05). The significantly higher live body weight (2160.00g/bird) was observed in group E (fed 100mg/kg Buttiauxella phytase) and lower (2060g/bird) in group A (control). The effect of treatment on feed and water intake was significant (P&lt;0.05), Feed (3800.00g/bird) and water (3800.00 ml/bird) intake was significantly higher in group A (control) than other treatment groups. Better feed conversion ratio (1.74) was noticed in group E followed by group C, B, D and A respectively. Carcass weight was significantly higher in group E (1350.60) and lower in control group (1219.71), the influence of feeding different sources and levels of bacterial phytase enzymes on dressing percentage was non-significant (P&gt;0.05).Significant (P&lt;0.05) difference was noted for heart weight among the groups and non-significant (P&gt;0.05) difference were examined for gizzard, liver, spleen and proventiculus weight among the groups. The data showed that higher percentage of crude protein digestibility was recorded in group E (75%), then C (72%), B (71%), D (70.8%) and A (70%) respectively. Similarly M.E (kcal) was greater in group E (30.5%), then C (30%), B (29%), D (29%) and A (28.5%) respectively. The comparative net profit among all groups demonstrated that group E generated better net profit (48.70) followed by group C (47.88), B (41.50), D (40.30) and A (35.20) Rs/bird respectively.From the current findings, it was concluded that the supplementation of feed with 100mg/kg Buttiauxella spp phytase enzyme resulted in higher live body weight gain, better FCR and improved digestibility of nutrients. Keywords: phytase enzymes, Buttiauxella spp., E. coli, broiler,

Long-term phosphorus addition inhibits phosphorus transformations involved in soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and acid phosphatase in two tropical rainforests

Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition affect soil nutrient availability and biogeochemical cycles, yet the impacts on the regulatory processes of soil P in P-poor tropical rainforests are not well understood. Based on a ten-year N and P addition experiment in primary and secondary rainforests in Hainan, China, we investigated the effects of N and P additions on four soil P fractions, acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, kinetic characteristics and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) diversity. Our results showed that P addition significantly increased soil available P (AP), but had no significant effects on microbial P and microbial N:P ratio in both rainforests. Late-successional primary rainforest had higher microbial P and lower N:P ratio compared to early-successional secondary rainforest, suggesting that forest succession would not aggravate microbial P limitation. Plants and microorganisms accessed most inorganic P by releasing hydrion and organic acids to mobilize soil P, whereas inorganic P accessed by root interception and organic P readily mineralized by ACP and phytase enzymes were relatively low. In the primary rainforest, ACP and kinetic parameters were significantly increased under low N addition, while P addition remarkedly declined ACP activity and AM diversity in both rainforests. Additionally, CaCl2 extractable P, citrate extractable P, and HCl extractable P in the two forests were significantly positively associated with soil AP, but negatively associated with ACP activity, kinetic parameters and AM diversity. Therefore, the transformations of organic P were inhibited after the exogenous addition of inorganic P. Overall, our study evaluates the soil P acquisition strategies and regulatory processes in tropical rainforests with different successional stages, which can be used to predict the effects of long-term N and P deposition on soil P cycling in P-poor tropical rainforests.

Fluorometric detection of phytase enzyme activity and phosphate ion based on gelatin supported silver nanoclusters

Phytase is the commercial enzyme for bioconversion of phytate substrate to digestible phosphate ions. Recently silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) have received great attention as the optical transducer nanoparticles in biosensors structure. The novel detection platform was developed to detect the phytase enzyme activity and phosphate ions based on fluorescence quenching of AgNCs. The AgNCs were synthesized through gelatin supported reaction and characterized by TEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. The hydrolytic effect of phytase enzyme and subsequent phosphate release led to suppression of AgNCs fluorescence. The linear range was observed for enzyme in the range of 0.5–5 U/mL with the detection limit of 0.2 U/mL. Also, the same fluorescence quenching effect was observed in the presence of phosphate ion in the linear range of 1 to 16 µM with a detection limit of 0.5 µM. The proposed mechanism showed effectiveness of detection strategy for detection of phytase enzyme and phosphate ion.

Effect of phytase and citric acid supplementation in the feed quality of laying hen

Abstract. Nuningtyas YF, Huda AN, Marjuki, Ulfah SN. 2022. Effect of phytase and citric acid supplementation in the feed quality of laying hen. Asian J Agric 6: 55-60. This study aims to determine and evaluate the combination of phytase and high dosage of citric acid on the feed quality based on seeds. This study used data experimental at Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia, with five treatments and four replications. This research analyzes the nutritional feed content in vitro digestibility and phosphorus content in concentrate. The result of the study was a basal feed of laying hens followed by a dry matter of 90.63%, organic matter of 81.92%, crude protein of 16.44%, crude fiber of 4.34%, and fat of 7.49%. The basal laying hen feed without adding phytase enzyme and citric acid had a relatively low phosphorus content of 0.43%. It would be limited due to the absence of phytic acid breakdown assistance from the phytase enzyme. The nutrient phosphorus content in the residual feed digestibility is sequent T0 2.2431%, T1 2.7809%, T2 1.6225%, T3 2.0717%, and T4 2.7199%, with T4 for the higher value and the lowest in T2. The addition of the phytase enzyme and citric acid to animal feed for laying hens with various levels has a significant difference (P&lt;0.01) when viewed at the end of the digestibility of phosphor. However, the T2 laying hens feed with the addition of 2% phytase enzyme + 2% citric acid had the lowest phosphorus content in residue feed digestibility in vitro. Therefore, further research should be carried out in-vivo testing, especially on laying hens, to determine the effectiveness of the added enzymes by using the in-vivo test and the amount of phosphorus.

Cultivation of Phytase-Producing Bacteria as Probiotic Candidate on Molasses and Tempe-Processing Waste

Microbes that produce phytase enzymes are needed for livestock and fisheries. Animal feed treated with phytase will increase the availability of minerals, amino acids, and energy. For this reason, it is essential to growing phytase-producing bacteria on alternative media that are cheap and easy to obtain. This study aims to determine the ability of some bacteria that produce phytase to grow on alternative media such as molasses and tempeh waste. The indicators used were the growth rate of several phytase-producing bacteria within 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours of culture. The results showed that some bacteria were able to grow on alternative media of tempeh and molasses waste, although slower than growth on commercial media (LB). For this reason, tempeh and molasses waste can be used as alternative media to grow phytase-producing bacteria to produce cheap probiotics for livestock and fisheries.

Modeling and Optimization of Alpha-Amylase and Phytase Microencapsulation Process in Beeswax and Evaluation of Bread Quality Attributes

Abstract Due to the significant role of bread in the food basket of people in the world, it is necessary consider its quality and nutritional attributes. Due to the significance of alpha-amylase and phytase enzymes in bread quality and the sensitivity of these enzymes to some environmental conditions, it was attempted to optimize and model the encapsulation conditions of the combination of two enzymes in beeswax. The parameters of amylase and phytase, beeswax amount, tween 20, and mixing speed were regarded as independent parameters and their effect on the encapsulation efficiency of alpha-amylase and phytase enzymes was studied. The results indicated that the concentration of enzymes and the amount of beeswax had a direct and inverse effect on the encapsulation efficiency of both enzymes, respectively. The proposed model for the encapsulation efficiency of type 2 alpha-amylase and phytase and the fitting coefficients of the models were reliable. Finally, the optimal encapsulation conditions due to the maximum encapsulation efficiency were 156.53 μL of alpha-amylase enzyme, 178.28 mg of phytase enzyme, 1.87 g of beeswax, 1.19% by weight/ volume of tween 20 and mixing speed of 1081-89 r/min were determined with a utility factor of 0.897.

Production, characterization, and feed supplement applications of phytase enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis isolated from Western Ghats soil

Production, characterization, and feed supplement applications of phytase enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis isolated from Western Ghats soil

Bioinformatic Studies, Experimental Validation of Phytase Production and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Enhancing Phytase Enzyme Production by Different Microorganisms under Solid-State Fermentation

Background: Phytase is an essential enzyme necessary for the digestive process. It is a natural enzyme found in plant materials. It prevents bad effect of phytic acid on protein and energy utilization. Phytase frees the bound minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium and manganese from the phytic acid molecule providing essential minerals available for healthy nutrition. This study depends on converting food processing waste into highly valuable products. Optimizing the fermentation conditions for enhancing high phytase production with low cost was the objective of this research. Methods: A bibliographical survey was carried out to select the most fungul producers of phytase from fungal species deposited in NCBI database. Phytases of the selected organisms were analyzed in the UNIPROT database and their protein sequences were submitted to multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega and visualized using Jalview program. Experimental studies using five fungal strains of Aspergillus.ssp on wheat bran under Solid-State Fermentation carried out. Comparisons were made for phytase production. A. awamori NRC- F18 as the best phytase producer-strain cultured on different types of treated wastes followed by optimizing the fermentation conditions for enhancing phytase production using rice straw as the best substrate, which provides the highest phytase production. Thermostability of crude enzyme was studied. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS at P &lt; 0.05 or P &lt; 0.01. Results: Bioinformatic studies predicted the most producer species and explained the difference in activity of phytases produced from different species, although they have the same function. All phytases of the selected fungal species from the database NCBI have highly conserved amino acid sequences; there are 88 identical positions; 135 similar positions, but the identity percentage was 16.858%. Experimental studies using five fungal strains of Aspergillus ssp. on wheat bran revealed optimum conditions for phytase production by A. awamori NRC- F18, which cultured on different types of treated wastes. A considerably higher phytase production was obtained using rice straw as substrate 424.66± 2.92 IU /g at pH 6 (371.883± 0.822 IU /g), after 144 hrs of incubation at 30°C. The maximum enzyme activity observed when solid: moisture was 1:4; Inoculum concentration 2mg/5g (418.363± 16.709 IU /g) and substrate concentration 4.5% (277.39± 12.05 IU /g). Glucose and Ammonium acetate were the best carbon and nitrogen sources that enhanced phytase production from A. awamori NRC- F18. The obtained phytase was found to be thermostable and the maximum temperature at which phytase still active was 80°C. Conclusion: Bioinformatic studies predicted the most producer species. Experimental study revealed that A.awamori NRC- F18 was the best Phytase -producer strain. Solid state fermentation was a good method; pretreatment of agriculture residues as rice straw was useful for less expensive phytase production, which was thermostable. A. awamori NRC- F18 can be used in the industrial production of phytase.

Can sprouting reduce phytate and improve the nutritional composition and nutrient bioaccessibility in cereals and legumes?

Sprouting is a traditional processing method which has been used for centuries to improve the nutritional value of cereals and legumes. There has been growing interest in sprouted products in recent years due to a high demand for more natural and healthy foods. Phytate is the primary storage form of phosphorus in plants. It is long recognised to affect human health as it forms insoluble complexes with minerals such as iron and zinc in cereals and legumes, thereby preventing their absorption in the body. Sprouting activates the enzyme phytase, which degrades phytate, thereby improving mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The extent of phytate reduction varies depending on the sprouting conditions, cereal/legume species, cultivar and native phytase activity. Sprouting has been associated with increased iron, zinc and calcium bioaccessibility in many studies, but this appears to differ in cereals and legumes, which possibly is due to the presence of other 'antinutrients'. Protein digestibility also appears to be positively correlated with phytate reduction albeit less than for minerals. It is not possible to accurately predict the influence of sprouting on nutrient bioavailability because so few studies have been conducted. Further research is required to determine whether the commercial production of sprouted cereals and legumes can increase the nutritional value and health benefits of commercial end products.

Effects of Brewer Grain Meal with Enzyme Combination on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, Immunity, and Oxidative Status in Growing Pigs

This study investigated the effects of supplementing feed with various levels of brewer grain meal (BGM) and enzymes (amylase, xylanase, β-glucanase, lipase, cellulase, β-mannanase, phytase, and pectinase) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, immunity, and oxidative status in growing pigs. Eighty growing pigs were subjected to four feed treatments (five replicates per treatment), based on a corn-soybean basal diet: feeds with 0.1% enzyme combination supplementation (PC), no enzyme supplementation (NC), 20% BGM with 0.1% enzyme combination (BGM20), and 40% BGM with 0.1% enzyme combination (BGM40). Supplementing the feed with both BGM-supplemented diets significantly increased final body weight, average daily gain, the digestibility of crude protein and ash, serum concentration of total proteins, superoxide dismutase activity, villus height in the duodenum and jejunum, and duodenal villus height to crypt depth ratio; however, it did not significantly increase blood urea nitrogen, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, malondialdehyde levels, and duodenal crypt depth compared to the NC diet (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, a lower hindgut pH in the middle of the colon was detected following the BGM-supplemented diet compared to PC treatment (p = 0.005). Increased levels of triglycerides and albumin were detected in BGM20-fed pigs, whereas increased levels of glucose, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase but decreased interleukine-6 levels were observed in the BGM40 compared with the NC group (p = 0.05). No differences were observed in the average daily feed intake and gain to feed ratio, in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase or immunoglobulins (p &gt; 0.05). The addition of up to 40% BGM combined with 0.1% enzyme supplementation positively promotes the growth performance, nutrient utilization, and intestinal health of growing pigs.

Efficacy of three heat-stable microbial phytases on growth performance and bone development and strength of broilers fed diets deficient in available phosphorus

A total of 2340 as-hatched Cobb500 chicks were allocated to 9 treatments, each with 13 replicate pens to evaluate the effects of either three phytase enzymes in a P-deficient diet. Starter and finisher diets consisted of a positive control (PC) and negative control 1 and 2 (NC1 and NC2, respectively). The PC, NC1, and NC2 diets had Ca:avP (available phosphorus) ratios of 0.50, 0.33, and 0.43 in the starter feed, and 0.46, 0.22, and 0.35 in the finisher feed, respectively; NC1 diets were then supplemented with Phytaverse, Quantum Blue, and Axtra-PHY at 500 and 1000 FTU/kg. Enzyme type had significant effects on body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and production efficiency factor during the 0–7-day period. Interactions between enzyme type and inclusion levels had a significant effect on feed intake (FI) at 1–21-day ( P = 0.02) and 1–35-day ( P = 0.031) age. While FI decreased as Axtra-PHY inclusion levels increased from 500 to 1000 FTU/kg feed, FI increased in birds supplemented with Quantum Blue, but with no effects on Phytaverse-supplemented birds. Increasing the enzyme dose to 1000 FTU/kg feed improved bone-breaking strength but did not affect growth performance, tibia ash, Ca, or P concentration of the birds.