Physiological Need Research Articles

GAMBARAN KUALITAS TIDUR, KELUHAN MUSKULOSKELETAL, DAN HUBUNGANNYA PADA STAF AKADEMIK TAHUN 2020

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a global problem. In Indonesia, the prevalence of MSDs that disrupts activities reaches 9.2% in office workers with complaints of the neck by 68%, upper back 62%, and lower back 60%. In developing countries, MSDs are the most common occupational diseases found in 40-95% of lecturers. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia resulted in the government implementing work from home (WFH) which caused 66.3% of workers to experience musculoskeletal pain. This can be caused by not fulfilling sleep which is a physiological need. It was found that 41.9% of adults experienced sleep disturbances which affected the emergence of MSDs complaints. This study aimed to determine the relationship between sleep quality and musculoskeletal complaints. This is an analytical study using a cross-sectional design towards the lecturers and educational staff at the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta. A sample size of 84 people was taken using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected online using the PSQI for sleep quality and NMQ for musculoskeletal. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.The results showed that the majority of respondents were female (54.8%), had poor sleep quality (94%), and experienced musculoskeletal complaints (73.8%). The results of the Fisher test showed a significant relationship between sleep quality and musculoskeletal complaints (p = 0.016; OR = 13.5). Conclusion: The low quality of sleep in lecturers and educational staff increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders.

Development of recipes and technologies for producing functional desserts using sea buckthorn fruits

In modern society there is a problem of malnutrition of the population associated with the consumption of high-energy food containing an insufficient amount of macro and micro elements, vitamins and other essential substances. Technological progress leads to a significant decrease in physical activity, which determines the need to reduce the calorie content of food consumed. Currently, most confectionery products are high in calories and low in dietary fiber, pectins, vitamins and minerals. This fact determines the need to increase the content of nutrients in desserts and reduce their energy component. Fruit and berry raw materials of local origin occupy one of the leading roles in the development of high-quality functional desserts, since they contain micronutrients that play an exceptional role in a healthy diet. The aim of the research is to develop a recipe and technology for the production of functional desserts using local sea buckthorn fruits. As a result of the research, the optimal amounts of ingredients in the recipes, the method and technology for the production of desserts have been determined. It has been shown that convective drying with a heating temperature of 45ºС is a promising preparation method for maximum preservation of vitamins in the dessert. On the basis of the laboratory research and the study of the physicochemical composition of the developed products, the efficiency of the production of functional desserts using sea buckthorn fruits containing such physiologically important ingredients as dietary fiber, pectin, vitamins, macro and microelements has been substantiated. The developed desserts are characterized by a reduced calorie content, and their consumption corresponds to the recommended norm of an adult’s physiological need for vitamin B1. The need for vitamin C not only satisfies the daily norm, but also corresponds to the recommended one for colds and fully covers an adult’s need. Laboratory studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the use of sea buckthorn fruits of local origin in expanding the range of functional desserts.

An Evaluation in National and International Level of the Cookery Organization in Turkey

Yemek pişirerek sadece fizyolojik bir ihtiyacı karşılamakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda psikolojik ve sosyal anlamda kişilerin farklı gereksinimlerine yanıt veren aşçılık mesleğinin önemi giderek artmaktadır. Bu önemin artışında gastronomi trendlerinin, ulusal ve uluslararası mutfaklara ilginin payı büyüktür. Aşçılar mesleklerine ilişkin yapılanma içine girerek dernek, federasyon ve konfederasyon kurmakta ya da bu örgütlere üye olmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’deki aşçılık örgütlenme yapısı hakkında bilgi verilerek aşçılık örgütlerine ilişkin durum analizi yapılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda araştırmanın amacı Türkiye’deki aşçılık örgütlenmesine ilişkin ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde bir değerlendirme yapmaktır. Uluslararası platformda farklı ülkelerde görev yapan 9 temsilci ve Türkiye’deki 10 federasyon, 2 konfederasyon yetkilisiyle yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların Türkiye’deki çok parçalı aşçılık örgütlenmesine yönelik görüşleri öğrenilerek, bu yapının avantaj ve dezavantajları sıralanmıştır. 2015 yılından itibaren sayısı hızla artan aşçılık örgütlerinin bu parçalılığının; meslek ahlakının bozulması, meslekte ayrılıklar, farklı fikirlerin bir arada toplanmaması, fikir üretenlerin liderliği hep kendilerinde görmesi, oluşan rekabetin bazen birbirlerinin önünü kesme, engelleme gibi olumsuzluklara yol açması gibi dezavantajlarının bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fikir alışverişine olanak tanıyarak zengin bir meslek dünyasının oluşuma katkı sağlaması, verimlilik ve özgüveni arttırması, yöresel lezzetlerin ulusal düzeyde ve Türk mutfağına ait ürünlerin uluslararası arenada temsil edilmesi ise çok sayıda federasyon bulunmasının sağladığı avantajlar arasında yer almaktadır.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DESIGNING NUTRITIONS FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN

The current state of healt hand schoolchildren’ nutritionin Ukraine, in cluding Cherkasy, has been studied and analyzed.The Ukrainian schoolchildren physiological need sinbasic nutrients and energy and the actual in take of nutrients have been analyzed. It has been found that the schoolchildren’s diets do not meet physiological standards in terms of protein, lipid, carbohydrate balance and energy value, have a significant deficiency of minerals (zinc, selenium, iodine, iron, calcium), fibre, pectin, B vitamins and the antioxidant group vitamins (ß-carotene, ascorbic acid, tocopherol). Regulations of «Norms of Physiological needs of the population of Ukraine in basic nutrients and energy» have been analyzed. As it was discovered, these regulations do not include physiological needs for minerals: sodium, potassium, chlorides, manganese, fluorine, chromium; absent recommended consumption of biologically active substances: inositol, Ļ-carnitine, choline.To ensure the rational nutrition of schoolchildren of secondary schools, options of diet at home and schools, scientific and methodological directions of food design have been proposed and substantiated. Ways to optimize the schoolchildren’s diet and theimpact of changesinnutrient composition on their the body functional systems have been identified. Food rations have been developed and implemented taking into account daily needs and energy value. The influence of food rations on functional features of schoolchildren's organism has been studied, the complex indicator of quality has been calculated and the model of quality influence of a food ration on an organism functions has been constructed. Itincludesalso developed functional food and beverage. A comparative analysis of the recommended physiological needs of schoolchildren in basic nutrients and energy was discernedincluding nowadays and developed rations. A comprehensive indicator of the quality of school lunches indicates an increase in the quality of developed diets and it is equal to 1.06 for students in grades 1–4, for students in grades 5–11 – 0.93, as in fact diet – 0.66. It has been proven that the developed diets have a positive effect on the functional characteristics of schoolchildren and their health.

Role of vitamin D in pre-school children’s health

Vitamin D has pleiotropic effects, including maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis, and affecting the immune and endocrine systems. The article summarizes data on the expected biological effects of vitamin D on children’s health. The results of randomized clinical trials evaluating the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections are reviewed in detail. It has been shown that daily intake of vitamin D at a dose of 10 to 25 mcg/day (400–1000 IU/day) compared with placebo leads to a significant decrease in the proportion of children and adolescents who have had at least one episode of acute respiratory infection. The criteria for the provision of calciferol and the gradation of the status of vitamin D deficiency and deficiency in different countries are discussed. It has been shown that in the interpretation of the 25 (OH) D results there is a consensus on two points: calcidiol levels below 12 ng/ml (30 nmol/L) are considered clearly insufficient, and levels above 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/L) are considered sufficient in all regions. The incidence of hypovitaminosis D has been reported in children aged 3 to 7 years, where the overall combined assessment, regardless of age group, ethnic composition and breadth of the studied populations, showed that 13% of European children had a serum calcidiol concentration of less than 12 ng/ml (<30 nmol/L), and about 40% had a level of less than 30 ng/ml (<75 nmol/L). The data on the physiological need and the recommended daily dose of vitamin D for preschool children have been analyzed. In each country, the recommended intake of vitamin D is set (from 400 to 4000 IU), depending on the target concentration of serum calcidiol, the level of insolation, and nutritional characteristics. The necessity of conducting clinical studies in the age group from 3 to 7 years to determine an adequate, effective and safe preventive dose of vitamin D for preschool children in the Russian Federation is emphasized.

Hunger enhances food-odour attraction through a neuropeptide Y spotlight.

Internal state controls olfaction through poorly understood mechanisms. Odors signifying food, mates, competitors, and predators activate parallel neural circuits that may be flexibly shaped by physiological need to alter behavioral outcome1. Here, we identify a neuronal mechanism by which hunger selectively promotes attraction to food odors over other olfactory cues. Optogenetic activation of hypothalamic Agouti-Related Peptide (AGRP) neurons enhances attraction to food odors but not pheromones, with branch-specific activation and inhibition revealing a key role for projections to the paraventricular thalamus. Knockout mice lacking Neuropeptide Y (NPY) or NPY receptor type 5 (NPY5R) fail to prefer food odors over pheromones after fasting, with hunger-dependent food odor attraction restored by cell-specific NPY rescue in AGRP neurons. Furthermore, acute NPY injection immediately rescues behavior without additional training, indicating that NPY is required for reading olfactory circuits during behavioral expression rather than writing olfactory circuits during odor learning. Together, these findings show that food odor-responsive neurons comprise an olfactory subcircuit that listens to hunger state through thalamic NPY release, and more generally, provide mechanistic insights into how internal state regulates behavior.

Development of diets for personalized nutrition of schoolchildren with diseases of blood, metabolism and diabetes

The daily diet of schoolchildren in boarding schools on a round-the-clock basis consists of five meals a day. It includes breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner and a second dinner at 21.00. The calorie content of this diet differs from the indicators of the physiological need and requirements for the organization of nutrition specified in SanPiN 2.4.5.2409-08, for the nutrition of children and adolescents over 1000 kcal. The calculation of the two-week menu was carried out on the basis of the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 454 dated 05.24.2017 “On the approval of the norms and procedure for providing free meals, a free set of clothes, shoes and soft equipment for minors in federal institutions of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency at the expense of the federal budget”. The purpose of the study was to develop a menu of complete rations for the nutrition of schoolchildren in closed boarding schools. The menu was made taking into account the seasonality: spring-summer and autumn-winter. The age group of adolescents was chosen from 11 to 18 years old. Recommendations for the nutrition of children in boarding schools are extended throughout the Russian Federation. As a result of the development of complete food rations, it has been found that the menu includes foods with higher calories and with an increased portion yield (second courses, side dishes, bread). The menu includes products with a high content of vitamins and minerals. The inclusion of potatoes in the diet, which exceeds the indicators of SanPiN 2.4.5.2409-08 for this group of products by more than 2 times, will not only saturate the body with carbohydrates, but also microelements, especially lithium, which will have a calming effect on the nervous system of the child's body. A variety of juices, fresh fruits and vegetables in year-round consumption will help shape the vital functions of the body. In addition, the introduction of meat, fish and fermented milk products into the diet will ensure growth and physical development.

Physiological significance and needs of schoolchildren for nutrients

The problems of non-rational nutrition of schoolchildren and the associated consequences are substantiated, the role of individual nutrients in the processes of growth and formation of the child's body is indicated, the norms of the physiological need for basic nutrients, vitamins and minerals for schoolchildren of different age categories are provided, and the ways of solving the problem are suggested.

Physiological Need for Calcium, Iron, and Folic Acid for Women of Various Subpopulations During Pregnancy and Beyond.

Women tend to supplement their diets with multivitamin/mineral (MVM) supplements more often than men, and reports indicate that more than 90% of pregnant women in the United States supplement their diets with prenatal MVMs. Given the widespread use of MVMs among women and given the increasing efforts to unveil the importance of phenotype-specific health determinants, it seems imperative to review what is known about variations in nutrient physiology among women from different ethnic and racial groups and at different reproductive stages of life. In this study, we embark on an assessment of the scientific evidence and knowledge gaps that impact the precise determination of nutrient levels (specifically calcium, iron, and folic acid) that confer benefits to various subpopulations of women in the United States.

The concept of “food addiction” helps inform the understanding of overeating and obesity: NO

Overeating is a complex behavioral phenotype in terms of both physiology and psychology. The mere transference of the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders to define food addiction is too simplistic, for the following reasons: 1) a range of somatic and mental disorders require exclusion; 2) food addiction requires distinction from the physiological need to ingest sufficient calories to maintain a high body weight; 3) intentional weight loss can induce an eating behavior mimicking food addiction; 4) the concept lacks validation, especially in light of the high prevalence of "food addiction" in patients with anorexia nervosa; and 5) this construct has not led to novel and successful treatments for overeating and obesity. The concept of food addiction has the potential to distract from the need for focus on environmental influencers to combat the obesity pandemic.

Segmentation based on gastronomic motivations in a coastal destination

ABSTRACT The objectives of the present study are: i) to identify the segments of tourism demand, based on gastronomic motivations in coastal destinations, and ii) to find the relationship between demand segments and satisfaction and service variables. The investigation was carried out in General Villamil Playas city, a renowned coastal destination in Ecuador. Factor analysis and the K-means clustering method were used to analyze the data. The findings show three segments: “Enjoyers,” highly motivated to eat typical seafood dishes on the beach. “Survivors,” with low motivations for all variables, and who consider local gastronomy only a means to satisfy a physiological need. The third “Experimenters,” have high motivations for all motivational variables and believe that gastronomy, in general, is very important.

Pediatric Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ELSO Guidelines.

Pediatric Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ELSO Guidelines.

Effects of dietary energy levels on Pectoralis major mixed muscle protein turnover and body composition in two broiler lines housed in different grow-out environments.

This study determined the Pectoralis (P) major mixed muscle protein turnover (PT) in two meat broiler lines, Line A and Line B, during the finishing grow-out feeding period (21-42days) as affected by the dietary metabolizable energy (ME) levels and ambient temperatures. Experimental finishing diets consisted of 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% ME of recommended nutrient guidelines for energy level. Fractional synthesis rates (FSR) or fractional degradation rates (FDR) were measured in P.major at day 36 and 42. Protein and fat mass gain were measured, and respective energy retention efficiencies as protein and fat (EREp and EREf) were determined. Metabolic heat production (HP) was also reported. Experimental feeding studies were conducted in cool season (24hr mean: 69.91˚F and 63.98% RH) and in hot season (24hr mean: 77.55˚F and 86.04% RH). Results showed that FSR or FDR values were not affected by dietary ME levels at day 36, whereas reduced FSR (p<.05) were observed at day 42 fed diets with reduced ME levels (≤100% ME) which could have resulted from greater maintenance energy requirement of maturing broilers at that age. Broilers fed reduced ME diets (≤100% ME) maintained protein mass (equivalent to broilers fed ≥100%-120% ME) by reduced FDR and increased feed intake. Grow-out ambient temperature did not affect FSR or FDR values across ME levels. Line B retained higher protein mass, lower fat mass and greater HP compared to Line A. This was followed by higher feed intake in Line B. Further, Line B exhibited higher EREp and lower EREf across dietary ME levels. In summary, PT homeostasis and body composition changes in broiler lines studied seemed to be regulated by the birds' intent to normalize energy intake as per physiological need by controlling feed intake.

Known and Unknown Unknowns in Making Erythrocyte Transfusion Decisions.

Known and Unknown Unknowns in Making Erythrocyte Transfusion Decisions.

Long-Term Blue Light Exposure Changes Frontal and Occipital Cerebral Hemodynamics: Not All Subjects React the Same.

In modern society, we are increasingly exposed to numerous sources of blue light, including screens (e.g., TVs, computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets) and light from fluorescent and LED lamps. Due to this wide range of applications, the effects of blue light exposure (BLE) on the human physiology need to be thoroughly studied. To investigate the impact of long-term BLE on frontal and occipital human cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging. 32 healthy right-handed subjects (20 females, 12 males; age: 23.8±2.2years) were exposed to blue LED light for 15minutes. Before (baseline, 8min) and after (recovery, 10min) the BLE, subjects were in darkness. We measured the concentration changes of oxyhemoglobin ([O2Hb]) and deoxyhemoglobin ([HHb]) at the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and visual cortex (VC) by fNIRS during the experiment. Subjects were then classified into different groups based on their hemodynamic response pattern of [O2Hb] at the PFC and VC during BLE. On the group level (32 subjects), we found an increase in [O2Hb] and a decrease in [HHb] at both cortices during BLE. Evoked changes of [O2Hb] were higher at the VC compared to the PFC. Eight different hemodynamic response patterns were detected in the subgroup analysis, while an increase of [O2Hb] in both cortices was the most common pattern (8 out of 32 cases, 25%) during BLE. Our study showed that the hemodynamic and oxygenation changes at the PFC and VC during BLE (i) were generally higher in the VC compared to the PFC, (ii) showed an intersubject variability with respect to their magnitudes and shapes, and (iii) can be classified into eight groups. We conclude that blue light affects humans differently. It is essential to consider this when assessing the impact of the BLE on society.

On an Empty Stomach: Two Hundred Years of Hunger Relief by Tom Scott-Smith

Reviewed by: On an Empty Stomach: Two Hundred Years of Hunger Relief by Tom Scott-Smith A. R. Ruis Tom Scott-Smith. On an Empty Stomach: Two Hundred Years of Hunger Relief. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2020. 268 pp. Ill. $35.00 (978-1-5017-4865-3). Tom Scott-Smith’s anthropological “history of the present” is an attempt to examine “how humanitarian strategies for managing hunger have changed profoundly over the last two hundred years” (p. xii). This was the period, Scott-Smith argues, in which changing moral philosophy, transnational and colonial entanglements, [End Page 260] and travel and communications technologies led to the development of a robust, professional, and international humanitarianism in Western countries. Over that period, humanitarian food aid shifted from a local, small-scale effort to communally correct the moral failings of the deserving poor to a large, multinational enterprise of delivering medically and technologically optimized nutriment in individualized portions based on physiological need. Much of the book covers well-trod territory for historians of food and nutrition science—Count Rumford, Justus Liebig, Wilbur Atwater, Ellen Richards, and so on—albeit with a focus on how their work influenced the theory and practice of humanitarian food aid, which is more novel. The book is well written, engaging, and accessible on a topic deserving of greater attention from historians and social scientists, but it is also a deeply frustrating work. Problems with both argumentation and historical scholarship abound, significantly detracting from potential use of the book in both research and teaching. The argument for changes in moral philosophy is particularly underexamined, and even the basic chronology is confused. For example, Scott-Smith writes that “from the 1940s onward, starvation began to be widely understood as a biochemical state: a physiological problem rather than a moral one” (p. 11), and then, not twenty pages later, claims that by the mid-1800s “the empty stomach was soon presented as a deficiency in nutrients rather than a collective moral failing” (p. 30). Not only is there a century-long discrepancy in the supposed shift, but Scott-Smith seems to argue that moral explanations for hunger could not coexist with biochemical ones, or that they simply vanished once “science” offered a better explanation. Historians of public health and social welfare in particular have shown how pernicious moral explanations for “physiological” phenomena have been, and Scott-Smith’s argument is particularly strange for an avowed Foucauldian who frames emergency nutritional provision as “a technology of power” (p. 16). And as Bruno Latour reminds us, all technologies have morals.1 To be fair, Scott-Smith is not wrong to argue that explicit assessment of individuals’ morals has largely disappeared from processes of determining eligibility for aid, but that does not imply that moral assessment is not embedded in systems of aid distribution. Part of the challenge is that Scott-Smith is not very clear about the operationalization of “humanitarian strategies for managing hunger.” At times it seems as broad as it sounds, while at others it seems limited to emergency nutritional support, though there is no discussion of how the very concept of emergency changed in this period. Given the broad temporal and geographic scope, the book seems to include examples that happen to support the argument rather than a systematic consideration of hunger relief grounded in historical context. In starting with soup kitchens and ending with Plumpy’nut, it is unclear that the trends Scott-Smith argues for aren’t in part due to category errors. For example, school meal programs are fundamentally hunger relief initiatives—even emergency ones at times—but by and large they do not fit the model of internationalization or technological optimization Scott-Smith proposes, and at least in parts of the United [End Page 261] States eligibility remains based on individual means testing, which looks more like nineteenth-century soup kitchens than modern food aid in South Sudan. More generally, On an Empty Stomach does not differentiate consistently between state and non-state actors, domestic and international hunger relief, small- and large-scale efforts, which leads to some contradictions. For example, the U.S. government engaged in international food aid long before it engaged in...

Tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem fundamentadas na teoria ambientalista de Florence Nightingale

The aim was to associate the conceptions of Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory with the use of non-invasive technologies to the practices carried out by nursing during childbirth, labor and puerperium. It is an integrative review described by the Brazilian literature between the years 2010 and 2019. Ten studies analyzed, seven show the use of technologies related to Ambience. A research dealt exclusively with technologies related to this aspect. Another study addressed the use of only the category of instrumental technologies and one simultaneously addressed the three categories: Ambience and Non-invasive technologies of nursing care for pain relief / instruments and related to Physiological Needs. We must consider the environment, as a set of elements that include clean air, noise, cleanliness, lighting, among others. Such assumptions of the Environmentalist Theory can be associated with the non-invasive technologies of nursing care used in labor and delivery.

РОЛЬ НЕПОВНОЛІТНЬОЇ ЖЕРТВИ В МЕХАНІЗМІ ПЕРВЕРСИВНОЇ КРИМІНАЛЬНО ПРОТИПРАВНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ

In the article the author considers the role of a minor victim in the mechanism of perverse criminal illegal behavior. It is pointed out that perverse behavior a priori indicates, first of all, the loss of a person's moral values and distortion of adequate worldview, which occurs due to certain mental / psychological disorders. Perversion does not always become the root cause of criminally illegal behavior and is essentially an inadequate, perverted notion of sexual intercourse. However, certain types of sexual deviations require a person to commit illegal acts that will allow him to obtain sexual arousal and its logical ending. In this context, we are talking about pedophilia (including incest), necrophilia, forced sexual intercourse (rape, sexual violence, etc.). That is why the primary role of the victim in the mechanism of perverse illegal behavior is quite banal – formal compliance with the needs of the offender on physiological grounds (sex, age, appearance, etc.). Emphasis is placed on the fact that in order to commit unlawful intent to commit violent incest against a minor, it is necessary to: 1) a person suffering from a certain kind of sexual deviations (perversion), and also does not have a finally formed system of values and is not endowed with moral qualities capable of warning deviant behavior; 2) a juvenile who, due to his physiological, psychological or behavioral characteristics, meets the needs of the offender; 3) an environment that promotes and facilitates the commission of sexual violence. The author argues that the criminally illegal behavior of a person who commits a sexual criminal offense against a minor is most often motivated by a physiological and mental need to satisfy sexual desire. Most of these illegal acts are committed in a state of intoxication, which facilitates the perpetrator's process of realizing his unnatural desire, ultimately forming the emergence of direct intent. If we are talking about a priori mentally ill person, then this intention is formed and repeated in him (multi-act). The victim is the center of motivation, shaping and determining its implementation. Thus, the juvenile victim is integrated into the subjective component of the abuser's behavior.

Basic principles of infusion therapy: fundamentals of fluid and electrolyte balance

Background. Infusion therapy (IT) is a method of managing the functions of the organism by influencing purposefully the morphological composition and physiological properties of blood through parenteral administration of organic and inorganic solutions. The main feature of IT is that the drug completely enters the bloodstream.&#x0D; Objective. To describe the main characteristics of fluid and electrolyte balance and the IT principles.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Analysis of the literature sources on this topic.&#x0D; Results and discussion. Fluid comprises about 60 % of the human body (in children – 70-80 %, in adults – 60 %, in elderly – 50-55 %). Total fluid includes intracellular and extracellular. The latter, in turn, is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular. Water balance involves the balance of fluid entering the body and the fluid being excreted. The main sources of water are beverages and food, however, about 300 ml per day is formed endogenously during oxidation processes. The main ways of the fluid excretion are its excretion in urine and stool, and perspiration losses. To calculate the physiological need of water for an adult, the body weight should be multiplied by the coefficient of 30 (up to 65 years), 25 (65-75 years) or 20 (more than 75 years). IT should also take into account the pathological losses of water from fever, vomiting, diarrhea, the presence of large wounds or burns, as well as reduction of the need in water in renal or heart failure. Thus, physiological needs, fluid deficiency, fluid volume as a result of pathological loss should be added, and the oral rehydration subtracted from this sum to calculate IT volume. There are 3 degrees of dehydration severity: I degree – deficiency of 1-2 liters, thirst, oliguria; II degree – deficiency of 4-5 liters, thirst, oliguria, dry skin, mucous membranes and tongue, general weakness; III degree – deficiency of 7-8 liters, consciousness disorders, decrease in arterial pressure, shock. The first degree can be overcome by oral rehydration, the second degree – by 50 % of oral rehydration and 50 % of IT, the third degree – by 70-100 % of IT. IT solutions are divided into crystalloids, colloids, polyatomic alcohols and special drugs. Preparations of polyatomic alcohols include, in particular, Reosorbilact, Sorbilact, Xylate (“Yuria-Pharm”). Complications of IT are divided into complications associated with the violation of the technique of entering the bloodstream (injuries of blood vessels and adjacent organs, hematomas, foreign bodies in the vessels and heart, the solution misplacement out of the vascular space); complications associated with the violation of the technique of drug administration (thromboembolism, air and fat embolism); complications associated with the wrong rate of solutions’ administration (heart overload, hypervolemia, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema); complications associated with the characteristics of infusion solutions (partial hemolysis of blood cells, acid-base imbalance, disorders of blood osmolarity, local cooling of the heart); complications associated with the IT method; complications due to individual intolerance; infectious complications in case of violation of asepsis and antiseptics; infectious diseases. Criteria for IT security include the knowledge of the drug composition and understanding of the instructions for its use; multicomponentity; use of the minimum effective doses; monitoring of the excreted urine and other fluids and infused solutions; strict control of fluid balance and blood circulation parameters.&#x0D; Conclusions. 1. IT is an important tool in treatment of many diseases, which performs a wide range of tasks. 2. The IT solution should be chosen depending on the individual needs of the patient. 3. Criteria for IT safety include the knowledge of drug composition and instructions for its use; multicomponentity; use of the minimum effective doses; monitoring of excreted urine and infused solutions; control of fluid balance and blood circulation parameters.

The Influence of Mindful Eating and/or Intuitive Eating Approaches on Dietary Intake: A Systematic Review

BackgroundStimuli that promote eating in the absence of the physiological need for food are pervasive and can facilitate excessive energy intake. The practices of mindful eating (ME) and intuitive eating (IE) have been developed to minimize external drivers of energy intake by helping individuals emphasize the sensory properties of foods and internal indicators of hunger and fullness. ObjectiveTo enhance understanding about the effect of ME and IE interventions on dietary intake, this systematic review included randomized trials of ME and IE interventions that examined dietary intake, defined as energy intake or diet quality, in adults of varying weight status without a diagnosis of an eating disorder. MethodsThe selection of literature followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses systematic review process, in which PubMed, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies published between January 1980 and November 2019. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: randomized trial design in which 1 arm was an intervention with an ME or IE component and there was at least 1 control or active comparison arm; enrolled participants were of a healthy weight or with overweight or obesity and reported not having an eating disorder (ie, anorexia, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder) or other health conditions in which dietary restrictions were applied; were at least 18 years of age; and outcomes of energy intake or diet quality were reported at baseline and post intervention. The modified Downs and Black checklist was used to assess risk of bias for each study that met inclusion criteria. ResultsA total of 13 studies, including 8 investigating ME interventions and 5 investigating IE interventions, represented in 14 articles, were included in the review. Seven of the 9 articles reporting on energy intake did not find significant group differences. Eight of the 12 articles reporting on diet quality did not find significant group differences. The mean bias assessment score was 13.6 out of 28, indicating poor quality. ConclusionsLittle evidence suggests that ME and IE interventions influence energy intake or diet quality. To draw strong conclusions about the effect of ME and IE on dietary intake, future research using study designs of high rigor are needed.