Physiological Signal Monitoring Research Articles

The Potential of Current Noninvasive Wearable Technology for the Monitoring of Physiological Signals in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes: Literature Survey.

BackgroundMonitoring glucose and other parameters in persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D) can enhance acute glycemic management and the diagnosis of long-term complications of the disease. For most persons living with T1D, the determination of insulin delivery is based on a single measured parameter—glucose. To date, wearable sensors exist that enable the seamless, noninvasive, and low-cost monitoring of multiple physiological parameters.ObjectiveThe objective of this literature survey is to explore whether some of the physiological parameters that can be monitored with noninvasive, wearable sensors may be used to enhance T1D management.MethodsA list of physiological parameters, which can be monitored by using wearable sensors available in 2020, was compiled by a thorough review of the devices available in the market. A literature survey was performed using search terms related to T1D combined with the identified physiological parameters. The selected publications were restricted to human studies, which had at least their abstracts available. The PubMed and Scopus databases were interrogated. In total, 77 articles were retained and analyzed based on the following two axes: the reported relations between these parameters and T1D, which were found by comparing persons with T1D and healthy control participants, and the potential areas for T1D enhancement via the further analysis of the found relationships in studies working within T1D cohorts.ResultsOn the basis of our search methodology, 626 articles were returned, and after applying our exclusion criteria, 77 (12.3%) articles were retained. Physiological parameters with potential for monitoring by using noninvasive wearable devices in persons with T1D included those related to cardiac autonomic function, cardiorespiratory control balance and fitness, sudomotor function, and skin temperature. Cardiac autonomic function measures, particularly the indices of heart rate and heart rate variability, have been shown to be valuable in diagnosing and monitoring cardiac autonomic neuropathy and, potentially, predicting and detecting hypoglycemia. All identified physiological parameters were shown to be associated with some aspects of diabetes complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy, as well as macrovascular disease, with capacity for early risk prediction. However, although they can be monitored by available wearable sensors, most studies have yet to adopt them, as opposed to using more conventional devices.ConclusionsWearable sensors have the potential to augment T1D sensing with additional, informative biomarkers, which can be monitored noninvasively, seamlessly, and continuously. However, significant challenges associated with measurement accuracy, removal of noise and motion artifacts, and smart decision-making exist. Consequently, research should focus on harvesting the information hidden in the complex data generated by wearable sensors and on developing models and smart decision strategies to optimize the incorporation of these novel inputs into T1D interventions.

Ultrathin encapsulated rGO strain sensor for gesture recognition

As an important component of wearable devices, strain sensors have attracted extensive attention. Usually, the exposed strain sensors have better gauge factor (GF) but a small strain range. Encapsulation can increase the strain range, but the influence of the encapsulation on device performance remains elusive. In this work, we proposed a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) strain sensor based on ultrathin polyurethane (PU) encapsulation layer. The maximum strain range of single-layer encapsulated PU-based rGO strain sensor (PGSS) can reach 51%, and its GF is between 8.02 and 125.05. In addition, we explored the effect of thickness of encapsulated layer on the performance of PGSS. For the strain-resistance change rate curve, within the same strain range, the PGSS with thinner encapsulation layer is more sensitive to force. Furthermore, a smart glove based on PGSS was developed, which can effectively distinguish ten different gestures. This work has high potential in the fields of physiological signal monitoring and human-machine interaction.

Bioinspired hierarchical polydimethylsiloxane/polyaniline array for ultrasensitive pressure monitoring

Flexible pressure sensors based on contact resistance change have the advantages of low temperature dependence and fast response, but their sensitivity and pressure sensing range are limited by the deformation level of the surface structures. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of insect touch receptors, where the primary mechanoreceptor organs have the basic tactile sensing elements and the secondary bristles or tactile hairs maximize signal transduction, we design a hierarchical structure-based pressure sensor consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars and conductive polyaniline (PANI) nanoneedles. Owing to this unique structure, this sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity of 258.7 kPa−1, ultralow detection limit of 0.68 Pa, fast response time of 30 ms and excellent cycle stability over 10,000 cycles. In addition, the pressure sensor shows promising potential in human physiological signal monitoring, such as wrist pulse, throat behavior, finger bending and biceps movements. Evidently, this hierarchical PDMS/PANI structure-based piezoresistive sensor provides an alternative design path for high-performance pressure sensors.

Highly-integrated, miniaturized, stretchable electronic systems based on stacked multilayer network materials.

Elastic stretchability and function density represent two key figures of merits for stretchable inorganic electronics. Various design strategies have been reported to provide both high levels of stretchability and function density, but the function densities are mostly below 80%. While the stacked device layout can overcome this limitation, the soft elastomers used in previous studies could highly restrict the deformation of stretchable interconnects. Here, we introduce stacked multilayer network materials as a general platform to incorporate individual components and stretchable interconnects, without posing any essential constraint to their deformations. Quantitative analyses show a substantial enhancement (e.g., by ~7.5 times) of elastic stretchability of serpentine interconnects as compared to that based on stacked soft elastomers. The proposed strategy allows demonstration of a miniaturized electronic system (11 mm by 10 mm), with a moderate elastic stretchability (~20%) and an unprecedented areal coverage (~110%), which can serve as compass display, somatosensory mouse, and physiological-signal monitor.

EQS Res-HBC: A 65-nm Electro-Quasistatic Resonant 5–240 μW Human Whole-Body Powering and 2.19 μW Communication SoC With Automatic Maximum Resonant Power Tracking

Applications like connected healthcare through physiological signal monitoring and secure authentication using wearable keys can benefit greatly from the battery-less operation. Low-power communication along with energy harvesting is critical to sustain such perpetual battery-less operation. Human body channel is known to be a promising alternative to wireless radio wave communication for low power operation through human body communication (HBC), as well as very recently demonstrated as a medium for power transfer through body-coupled power transfer. However, channel length (L) dependency of the received power makes it inefficient for L>40 cm. In this article, we utilize electro-quasistatic resonant HBC (EQS Res-HBC) with maximum resonant power tracking (MRPT) to enable channel length-independent whole-body communication and powering. We design the first system to transfer power and data from a HUB device to wearable energy-harvested NODE through the human body to enable battery-less perpetual operation. Measurement results show 240, 28, and 5 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> power transfer through the body in a machine–machine (large devices with strong ground connection), tabletop (small devices kept on a table), and wearable–wearable (small form factor battery-operated wearable devices) scenario, respectively, independent of body channel length, while enabling communication at 2.19 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . This enables >25 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> more power transfer with >100 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> more efficiency compared to the state of the art for 100-cm body channel in tabletop scenario by utilizing the benefits of EQS operation. The MRPT loop automatically tracks device and posture-dependent changes in the resonance point to maximize power transfer in all cases.

Electrospun fiber-based high-performance flexible multi-level micro-structured pressure sensor: Design, development and modelling

• Template-assisted electrospinning is applied to fabricate the multi-level microstructure TPU membranes. • The pressure sensor shows ultralow detection limit, high sensitivity and wide sensing range. • The building block approach is creatively applied in FEA. • The pressure sensors enable real-time human physiological signals. Geometric microengineering is an effective approach to improve the comprehensive performance of pressure sensors. Unfortunately, the design of multi-level microstructure and the development of industrially relevant technology remain challenging. In this study, template-assisted electrospinning is applied to fabricate the multi-level microstructured TPU membranes with both regularly distributed knoll-like microstructures on the surface and randomly distributed fiber-network structures inside, which serve as the active layers of the pressure sensor. The assembled pressure sensor shows exceptional performance, including ultralow detection limit of 0.7 Pa, high sensitivity of 63.93 kPa −1 , a wide sensing range of 0–160 kPa and excellent durability of >10000 cycles. The sensing mechanism is further investigated based on the equivalent circuit diagram analysis and finite element analysis (FEA). In FEA, the building block approach is adopted to simulate the electro-mechanical performance between complex fiber networks. These results reveal that the knoll-like microstructures and fiber-network structures lower the effective elastic modulus and increase the contact points/areas or conductive path upon loading, thereby responsible for the exceptional sensing performance. Real-time monitoring of human physiological signals is demonstrated. The industrial relevance of the template-assisted electrospinning technology for fabricating pressure sensors is highly scalable, thus industrially relevant.

Porous fiber paper and 3D patterned electrodes composed high-sensitivity flexible piezoresistive sensor for physiological signal monitoring

Porous fiber paper and 3D patterned electrodes composed high-sensitivity flexible piezoresistive sensor for physiological signal monitoring

A Flexible, Wearable, and Wireless Biosensor Patch with Internet of Medical Things Applications.

Monitoring the vital signs and physiological responses of the human body in daily activities is particularly useful for the early diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we proposed a wireless and flexible biosensor patch for continuous and longitudinal monitoring of different physiological signals, including body temperature, blood pressure (BP), and electrocardiography. Moreover, these modalities for tracking body movement and GPS locations for emergency rescue have been included in biosensor devices. We optimized the flexible patch design with high mechanical stretchability and compatibility that can provide reliable and long-term attachment to the curved skin surface. Regarding smart healthcare applications, this research presents an Internet of Things-connected healthcare platform consisting of a smartphone application, website service, database server, and mobile gateway. The IoT platform has the potential to reduce the demand for medical resources and enhance the quality of healthcare services. To further address the advances in non-invasive continuous BP monitoring, an optimized deep learning architecture with one-channel electrocardiogram signals is introduced. The performance of the BP estimation model was verified using an independent dataset; this experimental result satisfied the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and the British Hypertension Society standards for BP monitoring devices. The experimental results demonstrated the practical application of the wireless and flexible biosensor patch for continuous physiological signal monitoring with Internet of Medical Things-connected healthcare applications.

Electrospun bifunctional MXene-based electronic skins with high performance electromagnetic shielding and pressure sensing

With the rapid development of intelligent wearable electronics, flexible shielding electronic skin is highly desired to monitor physiological signals and protect human beings from electromagnetic radiation. One primary concern is the synergetic improvement of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness and piezoresistive sensitivity that meet the demands above. Here, we report a bifunctional electrospun nanofiber membrane decorated with MXene nanosheets and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) that possess desired properties. Notably, this electrospun composite membrane (thicknesses of 33 μm) demonstrates excellent specific shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) of 9212.1 dB cm2 g−1 in a broad waveband range (8–26.5 GHz), owing to the combined effects of favorable porous structure, magnetic loss from Fe3O4 NPs and dielectric loss from MXene. The bifunctional membrane exhibited high sensitivity of 5.53 kPa−1 in a broad pressure regime (0–2.5 kPa), with a rapid response time and long-term stability. This pressure sensor can achieve noninvasive health monitoring of pulse, laryngeal movement, and other physiological signals. This work provides a new avenue toward wearable electromagnetic wave protection and human-machine interfaces.

Ultrathin Stretchable All-Fiber Electronic Skin for Highly Sensitive Self-Powered Human Motion Monitoring

Advances in the technology of wearable electronic devices have necessitated much research to meet their requirements, such as stretchability, sustainability, and maintenance-free functioning. In this study, we developed an ultrathin all-fiber triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based electronic skin (TE-skin) with high stretchability, using electrospinning and spraying, whereby the silver nanowire (Ag NW) electrode layer is deposited between two electrospinning thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous layers. Due to its extraordinary stretchability and prominent Ag NW conductive networks, the TE-skin exhibits a high sensitivity of 0.1539 kPa−1 in terms of pressure, superior mechanical property with a low-resistance electrode of 257.3 Ω at a strain of 150%, great deformation recovery ability, and exceptional working stability with no obvious fluctuation in electrical output before and after stretching. Based on the outstanding performances of the TE-skin, an intelligent electronic glove was fabricated to detect multifarious hand gestures. Moreover, the TE-skin has the potential to record human motion for real-time physiological signal monitoring, which provides promising applications in the fields of flexible robots, human-machine interaction, and multidimensional sports monitoring in next-generation electronics.

Multifunctional skin-compliant wearable sensors for monitoring human condition applications

Wearable sensors and devices capable of simulating human somatosensation are highly desirable to develop the next generation of electronic skins (e-skins), human-machine interfaces, and soft robotics. Herein, the design of flexible and skin-compliant capacitive pressure sensors for monitoring human motion and physiological signals by electrical signal conversion is reported. The introduction of air chambers into elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate led to the development of pressure sensors with high sensitivity (0.82 kPa−1, up to 20% strain), capable of detecting both static and dynamic mechanical stimuli (17 nm/s), with a low Limit of Detection (LOD) of 1 Pa. Furthermore, the pressure sensors present an ultra-fast rise time (31.2 ms) and bandwidth (11.2 Hz), negligible hysteresis, and excellent cycling stability (> 10,000 cycles). Successful monitoring of human movement (e.g., arms bending), haptics, and physiological signals like heart and respiratory rates, demonstrate the potential of these sensors for wearable biosensing applications.

Design and Implementation of an Indoor Warning System with Physiological Signal Monitoring for People Isolated at Home.

Due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, many people have faced in-home isolation, as every suspected patient must stay at home. The behavior of such isolated people needs to be monitored to ensure that they are staying at home. Using a camera is a very practical method. However, smart bracelets are more convenient when personal privacy is a concern or when the blood oxygen value or heart rate must be monitored. In this study, a low-cost indoor positioning system that uses a Bluetooth beacon, a smart bracelet, and an embedded system is proposed. In addition to monitoring whether a person living alone is active in a specific environment and tracking the heart rate or blood oxygen value under particular conditions, this system can also send early warning signals to specific observation units or relatives through instant messaging software.

An All‐Nanofiber‐Based, Breathable, Ultralight Electronic Skin for Monitoring Physiological Signals

AbstractElectronic skins (e‐skins) are a promising design paradigm for health care systems and human–machine interactions. Piezoresistive sensors made with simple structures, high sensitivity, mass production methods, light weight, and comfort for long‐term wearing and physiological signal monitoring remain a challenge and are urgently desirable. Here, a breathable and lightweight all‐nanofiber piezoresistive (ANFP) sensor is presented, which is composed of three layers of electrospun nanofibers (NFs). A specific interpenetrating network of conductive polyvinylpyrrolidone NFs coated by polypyrrole (PVP@PPy) and insulating polyacrylonitrile NFs is constructed by controlling the vapor growth position of PPy to enhance the sensitivity. The ANFP sensor can achieve the real‐time monitoring of multiple parts of physiological signals, and a wireless detection system is designed for the online monitoring of human pulses. The NF network endows excellent breathability and heat dissipation to the ANFP sensors during practical application, which ensures comfort and device stability during long‐term wearing. Finally, a pressure sensing array with 5 × 5 pixels is fabricated to demonstrate the potential applications in spatial pressure detection. This work provides a viable strategy to improve the wearability of e‐skins, which can promote health care and human–machine interaction applications.

Enhanced electromechanical conversion via in situ grown CsPbBr3 nanoparticles/poly(vinylidene fluoride) fibers for physiological signal monitoring

Mechanical energy conversion based on piezoelectric principle has received much attention due to its promising applications in sustainable power supply systems and sensor technology. Ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) combines the advantages of both good electromechanical coupling and easy processability, yet the low piezoelectric coefficient limits its output performances thus cannot meet the increasing requirements for power generation and sensing. Here, inorganic metal halide perovskite CsPbBr3 (CPB) nanoparticles have been incorporated into the PVDF fibers via electrospinning technique, where an in situ crystallization and growth process of CPB nanoparticles have been established. Meanwhile, both the CPB nanoparticles and PVDF fibers are poled by the electric field during electrospinning process, which promotes the formation of polar phase of PVDF and the distortion of CPB lattice, resulting in greatly enhanced piezoelectric performances of CPB/PVDF composites. The output performances under external force of the flexible generator developed from electrospun CPB/PVDF films are significantly enhanced compared with neat PVDF film, with the maximum Voc value 8.4 times higher; while the measurements on the microscopic piezoelectric responses unambiguously reveal that the increased polar phase mainly contributes to the enhanced electromechanical coupling. The functions of CPB/PVDF film as physiological signals monitoring sensor have been performed, demonstrating its potential applications as flexible piezoelectric generator and wearable health monitoring electronics.

Highly sensitive and fast response strain sensor based on evanescently coupled micro/nanofibers

Flexible strain sensors play an important role in electronic skins, wearable medical devices, and advanced robots. Herein, a highly sensitive and fast response optical strain sensor with two evanescently coupled optical micro/nanofibers (MNFs) embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is proposed. The strain sensor exhibits a gauge factor as high as 64.5 for strain ≤ 0.5% and a strain resolution of 0.0012% which corresponds to elongation of 120 nm on a 1 cm long device. As a proof-of-concept, highly sensitive fingertip pulse measurement is realized. The properties of fast temporal frequency response up to 30 kHz and a pressure sensitivity of 102 kPa⁻¹ enable the sensor for sound detection. Such versatile sensor could be of great use in physiological signal monitoring, voice recognition and micro-displacement detection.

An ultrastretchable, high-performance, and crosstalk-free proximity and pressure bimodal sensor based on ionic hydrogel fibers for human-machine interfaces.

The traditional human-machine interaction mode of communicating solely with pressure sensors needs modification, especially at a time when COVID-19 is circulating globally. Here, a transparent, stretchable, resilient, and high-performance hydrogel fiber-based bimodal sensor is fabricated by using a polyacrylamide-alginate double network hydrogel, which features high sensitivity (3.17% cm-1), wide working range (18 cm), fast response/recovery speeds (90/90 ms) and good stability in proximity sensing, and impressive pressure sensing performance, including high sensitivity (0.91 kPa-1), short response/recovery time (40/40 ms), low detection limit (63 Pa) and good linearity. Moreover, the response switch between proximity/pressure modes is measured and non-interfering dual-mode detection is achieved. Notably, the stretchable bimodal sensor is capable of working under 100% tensile strain without degrading the sensing performance. Specifically, the proximity sensor shows good immunity to the strain, while the pressure sensitivity is even promoted. Furthermore, the sensor is tough enough to work normally after punctures from a knife and strikes from a wrench. Notably, the sensor can be used for gesture recognition and subtle pressure detection, such as small water droplets (10 mg), wrist pulse, etc. A 3 × 3 array is further shown for accurate spatial sensing and location identification, verifying the feasibility of its practical application.

High-Sensitivity Electric Potential Sensors for Non-Contact Monitoring of Physiological Signals

The paper describes highly-sensitive passive electric potential sensors (EPS) for non-contact detection of multiple biophysical signals, including electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration cycle (RC), and electroencephalogram (EEG). The proposed EPS uses an optimized transimpedance amplifier (TIA), a single guarded sensing electrode, and an adaptive cancellation loop (ACL) to maximize sensitivity (DC transimpedance <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$= 150\,\,\text{G}\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) in the presence of power line interference (PLI) and motion artifacts. Tests were performed on healthy adult volunteers in noisy and unshielded indoor environments. Useful sensing ranges for ECG, RC, and EEG measurements, as validated against reference contact sensors, were observed to be approximately 50 cm, 100 cm, and 5 cm, respectively. ECG and RC signals were also successfully measured through wooden tables for subjects in sleep-like postures. The EPS were integrated with a wireless microcontroller to realize wireless sensor nodes capable of streaming acquired data to a remote base station in real-time.

Lead-Free and Highly Stable Cs3bi2i9-Pvdf Composite Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerator for Physiological Signal Monitoring and Piezo-Phototronic Aided Strained Modulated Photodetector

Lead-Free and Highly Stable Cs3bi2i9-Pvdf Composite Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerator for Physiological Signal Monitoring and Piezo-Phototronic Aided Strained Modulated Photodetector

Stretchable, breathable, and highly sensitive capacitive and self-powered electronic skin based on core–shell nanofibers

Fiber-based nanostructures are greatly desired for the improvement of wearable/flexible electronics, which are expected to bestretchable, conformable, flexible, and long-term. Herein, an ultra-stretchable, breathable, and highly sensitive flexible capacitive tactile sensor and triboelectric effect core-shell nanofibers are proposed. In particular, core-shell ionic TPU/PVDF-HFP nanofibers are effectively prepared by an electrospinning approach. The core-shell ionic TPU/PVDF-HFP nanofibers exhibit high performance as a capacitive flexible sensor with high sensitivity (0.718 kPa-1) in a low linear pressure range (0-1.2 kPa), an ultralow detection limit (7 Pa), a rapid response and recovery time, and excellent stability. Moreover, we assembled a self-powered pressure sensor, which has a sensitivity of 0.071 V kPa-1 in the high linear pressure range of 90 kPa to 400 kPa. The increase in the inductive charges of the nanofiber layer allows it to work as an energy harvester with a high power density (1.6 W m-2) that can light up 100 LEDs instantly. These remarkable results allow the capacitive flexible devices to be applied in various applications, such as spatial pressure mapping, bending angle detection, soft grabbing, and physiological signal monitoring.

Test-Retest Reliability of Home-Based Fitness Assessments Using a Mobile App (R Plus Health) in Healthy Adults: Prospective Quantitative Study.

BackgroundPoor physical fitness has a negative impact on overall health status. An increasing number of health-related mobile apps have emerged to reduce the burden of medical care and the inconvenience of long-distance travel. However, few studies have been conducted on home-based fitness tests using apps. Insufficient monitoring of physiological signals during fitness assessments have been noted. Therefore, we developed R Plus Health, a digital health app that incorporates all the components of a fitness assessment with concomitant physiological signal monitoring.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the test-retest reliability of home-based fitness assessments using the R Plus Health app in healthy adults.MethodsA total of 31 healthy young adults self-executed 2 fitness assessments using the R Plus Health app, with a 2- to 3-day interval between assessments. The fitness assessments included cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, flexibility, mobility, and balance tests. The intraclass correlation coefficient was computed as a measure of the relative reliability of the fitness assessments and determined their consistency. The SE of measurement, smallest real difference at a 90% CI, and Bland–Altman analyses were used to assess agreement, sensitivity to real change, and systematic bias detection, respectively.ResultsThe relative reliability of the fitness assessments using R Plus Health was moderate to good (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.8-0.99 for raw scores, 0.69-0.99 for converted scores). The SE of measurement and smallest real difference at a 90% CI were 1.44-6.91 and 3.36-16.11, respectively, in all fitness assessments. The 95% CI of the mean difference indicated no significant systematic error between the assessments for the strength and balance tests. The Bland–Altman analyses revealed no significant systematic bias between the assessments for all tests, with a few outliers. The Bland–Altman plots illustrated narrow limits of agreement for upper extremity strength, abdominal strength, and right leg stance tests, indicating good agreement between the 2 assessments.ConclusionsHome-based fitness assessments using the R Plus Health app were reliable and feasible in young, healthy adults. The results of the fitness assessments can offer a comprehensive understanding of general health status and help prescribe safe and suitable exercise training regimens. In future work, the app will be tested in different populations (eg, patients with chronic diseases or users with poor fitness), and the results will be compared with clinical test results.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000030905; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50229