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Abstract
Advances in the technology of wearable electronic devices have necessitated much research to meet their requirements, such as stretchability, sustainability, and maintenance-free functioning. In this study, we developed an ultrathin all-fiber triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based electronic skin (TE-skin) with high stretchability, using electrospinning and spraying, whereby the silver nanowire (Ag NW) electrode layer is deposited between two electrospinning thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous layers. Due to its extraordinary stretchability and prominent Ag NW conductive networks, the TE-skin exhibits a high sensitivity of 0.1539 kPa−1 in terms of pressure, superior mechanical property with a low-resistance electrode of 257.3 Ω at a strain of 150%, great deformation recovery ability, and exceptional working stability with no obvious fluctuation in electrical output before and after stretching. Based on the outstanding performances of the TE-skin, an intelligent electronic glove was fabricated to detect multifarious hand gestures. Moreover, the TE-skin has the potential to record human motion for real-time physiological signal monitoring, which provides promising applications in the fields of flexible robots, human-machine interaction, and multidimensional sports monitoring in next-generation electronics.
Highlights
With the current rapid progress in the fields of the Internet of Things [1] and artificial intelligence [2,3], various kinds of wearable and portable electronics have recently attracted intensive research, with different potential applications in human healthcare monitoring [4–6], smart robots [7,8], human motion sensing [9,10] and human–machine interaction [11–13], etc
Considering that the properties of the triboelectric layer are crucial to the sensing capability of the TE-skin, a commercial thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) that is widely used for clothing fabric, with good wearability, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity was selected for the top encapsulation layer and the bottom sensing layer [38]
0.0415 g, respectively (3 × 3 cm2, Figure 1d and Supplementary Figure S1), showing a mechanical deformations, such as stretching, twisting, and bending, indicating its relatively light and thin all-fiber structure that can cope with various kinds of complex excellent mechanical properties (Figure 1e)
Summary
With the current rapid progress in the fields of the Internet of Things [1] and artificial intelligence [2,3], various kinds of wearable and portable electronics have recently attracted intensive research, with different potential applications in human healthcare monitoring [4–6], smart robots [7,8], human motion sensing [9,10] and human–machine interaction [11–13], etc. Li et al [15] developed a closed-loop system that is fully integrated with a microneedle platform and wearable electronics, which could concurrently monitor and treat diabetes in situ These devices were generally powered by a sustainable and reliable power supply; this power comes from sources such as batteries with the disadvantages of a limited lifespan, high recharging costs and increasingly serious environmental problems. By integrating with a deep neural network, a deep-learned skin-like sensor system was developed to obtain data from different areas of the wrist; the system was applied to the pelvis to generate dynamic gait motions in real-time, realizing the measurement of human motion remotely. The outstanding performance of the developed TE-skin, including substantial stretchability, light weight, large-scale production feasibility, and high sensitivity promises future applications in human–machine interaction, multidimensional sports monitoring, and flexible robots
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