Physiologic Solution Of Sodium Chloride Research Articles

Signal characteristics of x-ray contrast media and their interaction with gadolinium-DTPA in MRT

T1 and T2 weighted signals derived from various radiological contrast media were studied during MRT spin-echo sequences. In addition, the interaction between radiological contrast media and Gadolinium-DTPA concerning T1 signals was evaluated. Ionic (ioxitalaminic acid) and non-ionic radiological contrast media (Iopromid, Iotrolan) were used in diagnostic concentrations. Measurements were carried out with a superconductive magnet of 1.5 Tesla. Radiological contrast media produced significantly higher signals than a physiological sodium chloride solution in T1-weighted spin-echo sequences. Even small amounts (15% of total volume) of radiological contrast media during T1-weighted spin-echo sequences led to a significant reduction (about 25%) of the signal intensity of a 2 mM Gadolinium-DTPA solution. This may lead to diagnostic problems, as was shown in a series of 25 MR arthrograms of the shoulder. It is recommended than an interval of at least 6 hours should elapse between the use of a radiological contrast medium and an MRT examination.

Zur Regeneration des Zilienschlages humaner Flimmerzellen

The influence of an isotonic, alkaline saline solution (diluted "Emser Sole" or brine from the spa of Bad Ems) on the ciliary beat of isolated cultured human ciliated cells of the upper respiratory tract was investigated. The ciliary beat was observed via an inverted phase contrast microscope (Zeiss Axiomat IDPC) and measured microphotometrically under physiological conditions and after the damaging influence of 1% propanal solution. Under physiological conditions the saline solution had a positive, although statistically not significant influence on the frequency of the ciliary beat. After damage of the cultivated cells by 1% propanal solution, the saline solution had a significant better influence on the regeneration of the cultured cells than a physiological sodium chloride solution. It is concluded that diluted brine from Bad Ems has a positive effect on the ciliary beat of the respiratory epithelium and accelerates its regeneration after damage by viral and bacterial infections, surgery or inhaled noxae.

Theophylline antagonizes diazepam-induced psychomotor impairment.

Eight healthy men received an oral dose of 0.25 mg/kg diazepam followed 40 min later by an intravenous infusion of 100 ml physiological sodium chloride solution, with or without 4.4 mg/kg theophylline. Psychomotor function was assessed after each blood sampling up to 5 h post-infusion. Thirty min after diazepam psychomotor performance measured by Card Sorting test and Digit Symbol Substitution test was impaired and subjects felt sleepy and could think less clearly (two factors of the Clyde Mood Scale). Theophylline antagonized the diazepam-induced impairment statistically significantly for up to 5 h and subjects felt less tense and less apprehensive (State Anxiety Inventory). Since pharmacokinetic parameters of diazepam seemed not to be different after theophylline, interaction at receptor level can be assumed.

Ureteral motility in sheep.

Ureteral motility was studied in twenty-five sodium pentobarbital-anaesthetized sheep. Mean frequency of the peristaltic waves was 15 per min and the range was 11-19. Frequency was the same throughout the length of the ureter. Mean contraction pressure (cm H2O) was 40 in the upper ureter, 35 in the middle ureter and 31 in the lower ureter. Mean concentration time was 1 sec and range was 0.6-1.5. Mean relaxation time was 1.1 sec and range was 0.7-1.5. Diuresis induced by rapid intravenous administration of physiologic sodium chloride solution abolished the peristaltic activity.

Blood flow through different tissues under clonidine in rabbits (author's transl)

The effect of i.v. administered clonidine on the blood flow through different tissues was investigated in six rabbits which had been anaesthetized with NembutalR. Six additional animals served as controls and received an equal quantity of a physiological sodium chloride solution. The blood flow was determined by means of radioactively labelled microspheres just before as well as 15, 30 and 45 min after the administration of the drug or the placebo respectively. In most of the investigated tissues a considerable decrease in blood flow was observed 15 min after the injection of clonidine, whereas no effect was to be seen after administration of sodium chloride. For the first time after 30 min, and even more after 45 min the blood flow diminished as well in the control group. The flow-decreasing effect of clonidine occured in lung, skin, choroid, the small intestine, the triceps muscle, the ciliary body, iris, and white matter, whereas the opposite reaction was observed in liver (hepatic artery), retina and the optic nerve.

A simple method for automatic counting of rabbit spermatozoa.

Institute of Zoophysiology, S-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden (Received 25th November 1974) Automatic counting of spermatozoa in ejaculates from rabbits by means of electronic methods is complicated by the occurrence of numerous small particles in the seminal fluid, many of them being of the same size as the spermatozoa. A synthetic washing material has been used to eliminate these particles (Kihlström & Fjellström, 1967). Recently, however, this washing material was observed partly to destroy the cell structures, especially after treatment for some hours, thereby considerably disturbing the counts recorded. An alternative method of eliminating these particles with a minimum of damage to the spermatozoa is reported below. Semen was collected from eighteen sexually mature rabbits, most of them of the Bourgogne Breed, by means of an artificial vagina. Semen (0·1 ml) was thoroughly mixed with 4·9 ml physiological sodium chloride solution containing 2% chloramine T. Of the suspension thus obtained, 0·2

Platelet adhesiveness and serum lipids during and after Intralipid infusions.

(1) A significant reduction in platelet adhesiveness averaging 15% can be measured during infusion of 500 ml of 20 percent Intralipid® using the Hellem method. The initial degree of adhesiveness is reestablished to a large extent 4 h after termination of the infusion. (2) The platelet count does not change significantly during Intraplipid® infusion. (3) The serum lipids reach maximum concentration at the end of the infusion period. These concentrations drop rapidly after termination of infusion, they are almost back to the starting point after 4 h. (4) Control infusion using a physiological sodium chloride solution or a 5-percent glucose solution produces consistent fluctuations in the lipids except an expected decrease of FFA during glucose infusion. There is no significant change in adhesiveness. (5) In contradistinction to tests carried out in vivo, the in vitro tests show a significant increase in platelet adhesiveness after the addition of Intralipid® to whole blood. (6) The results together with the clinical experience indicate that the parenteral administration of the fat emulsion Intralipid® is a safe procedure.

STUDIES ON THE CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING ACTIVITY OF SYNTHETIC OXYTOCIN

ABSTRACT The ACTH-releasing activity of synthetic oxytocin has been investigated in male rats, using adrenal ascorbic acid depletion as an indication of ACTH release. In acute experimental conditions synthetic oxytocin caused a highly significant adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in normal animals, as compared both to intact controls and to controls injected with physiological sodium chloride solution. It did not however, produce any adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in animals blocked by means of prednisolone. Administered as daily injections, synthetic oxytocin no longer caused any significant adrenal ascorbic acid depletion after six to nine days of treatment. It has been concluded that the ACTH-releasing activity of synthetic oxytocin is non-specific and thus is not the hypothalamic neurohumoral substance causing ACTH release from the anterior pituitary gland. The nature of this substance has been discussed in the light of previous results and of those obtained in the present investigations.

Acute experimental hemorrhagic shock in the dog treated with subcutaneous hyaluronidase-dextran solution.

SummarySeventy-nine dogs were exsanguinated to respiratory arrest and, after 60 to 90 seconds, reinfused with 25% of hemorrhaged blood. Twenty-four control dogs received no further treatment and half of this number survived 24 hours. Physiologic sodium chloride solution with hyaluronidase (PSH) was administered subcutaneously to 27 animals and 6% dextran in physiologic sodium chloride-hyaluronidase (DSH) to the remaining 28. 93% of the dogs treated with physiological saline-hyaluronidase were alive after 24 hours, whereas only 50% survival was recorded for the dextran group.

Specificity of auto-antibodies in hemolytic anemia.

The facts that an individual may produce antibodies against his own red blood cells and that such hemolyzing and agglutinating antibodies may be responsible for hemolytic anemia have been known since the beginning of the century. Donath and Landsteiner described in 1904 hemolysins for the patient's own red cells in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Soon afterward, Widal, Abrami and Brul6,' Chauffard and Troisier, and Chauffard and Vincent incriminated so-called auto-antibodies for some hemolytic anemias. A review of the literature during 30 years following the significant observations of the French investigators reveals only occasional reports on the role of auto-antibodies in hemolytic anemia. The difficulty in demonstrating these antibodies seems to have been the reason. The subject remained dormant until Dameshek and Schwartz revived it by their ingenious experimental studies. They produced hemolytic anemia in guinea pigs with a rabbit immune serum containing hemolytic antibodies against guinea-pig red cells. From these results and from clinical observations, Dameshek and Schwartz postulated the responsibility of an antigen-antibody reaction for certain forms of hemolytic anemia in man. The next important event was the discovery in the middle forties by workers in the Rh field of so-called incomplete antibodies capable of reacting demonstrably only in a favorable environment, provided by a suitable diluent and temperature of incubation. Clumping of red cells becomes manifest in the presence of large molecular diluents (albumin, serum, certain synthetic compounds such as dextran and polyvinylpyrrolidone), but not when one employs physiologic solution of sodium chloride, the time-honored reagent for dilution of antibody containing serum and for suspension of red blood cells. Most significant for the study of auto-antibodies in hemolytic anemia was the introduction by Coombs of the antiglobulin test, the principle of which was discovered by Friedberger and Moreschi.' Another step forward was the demonstration of increased sensitiveness of test red blood cells treated with proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, papain, etc.). The various methods for detection of auto-antibodies are listed in Table 1.

On Intrathecal Irritation Produced by Penicillin and Physiologic Sodium Chloride Solution

On Intrathecal Irritation Produced by Penicillin and Physiologic Sodium Chloride Solution

EFFECT OF CERTAIN CHOLINE DERIVATIVES ON ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE CORTEX

The present report deals with the results and interpretation of a series of experiments on the effect of three choline derivatives on the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex of cats. The three compounds tested were acetylcholine chloride, acetylbetamethylcholine chloride (mecholyl chloride) and carbamylcholine chloride (doryl).1 METHOD Adult cats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injections of dial; both cerebral hemispheres were widely exposed and the dura removed. A total of 57 animals was used. The electrical activity of various cortical areas was recorded with a multichannel Grass electroencephalograph. The stages of amplification in this instrument are condenser coupled, and the recorder writes in ink on a paper tape. This instrument records all frequencies between 2 and 70 per second. Unipolar leads were employed, the stigmatic electrode being formed by a cotton wool wick soaked in physiologic solution of sodium chloride, one end of which rested on the surface of the

URIC ACID PARTITION IN GOUT AND IN HEPATIC DISEASE

The problem of solubility of uric acid and urates in body fluids has been the subject of extensive studies. Uric acid is weak and dissolves in water in small amounts only. Sodium urate is more easily soluble,1but its solubility is depressed by the addition of sodium chloride. A physiologic solution of sodium chloride dissolves only one tenth of the amount soluble in distilled water.2The solubility of sodium urate in body fluids is much higher, however, than the determination of its solubility in physiologic solution of sodium chloride would suggest. Schade and Boden3observed that sodium urate solutions were characterized by properties specific for colloidal solutions, such as opalescence, gel formation and the Tyndall phenomenon (see also Bechhold and Ziegler4). This suggested the existence of a colloidal form of uric acid in body fluids (compare, however, Hoeber5). Freundlich and Farmer-Loeb6examined the electrical conductivity of sodium

APPLICATION OF SULFONAMIDE SOLUTIONS TO NOSE

To the Editor:— Dr. Russell Fletcher (The Journal, Oct. 4, 1941, p. 1204) has cautioned against the local application of sulfonamide drugs on chronically inflamed sinuses. His view is based on his own experience with an unusual case of odontogenous antritis and also on an opinion by Dr. M. L. Tainter, a pharmacologist, who stressed the caustic action of these drugs and ascribed this effect to their alkalinity. Briefly, Dr. Fletcher's case revealed an extremely foul exudate emanating from a fistulous tract in the mouth. Osteomyelitis in the vicinity of the tooth socket was present with loosening of the adjacent tooth. Frequent irrigations of the usual kind were of no avail and the use of 5 to 10 per cent sodium sulfathiazole in physiologic solution of sodium chloride —according to the procedure of Dr. F. M. Turnbull of Los Angeles—was instituted. However, surgical intervention finally had to be instituted and

PROPHYLACTIC INTRAPERITONEAL INTRODUCTION OF CRYSTALLINE SULFANILAMIDE

The intraperitoneal use of crystalline sulfanilamide (powder) in the treatment of generalized peritonitis has aroused considerable interest in the past year. This is evidenced by the recent reports of Dees, 1 Thompson, Brabson and Walker 2 and Mueller, 3 all enthusiastic over the possibilities of this form of treatment. After a thirty-six year survey of the mortality from peritonitis following appendicitis, Nassau, Lorry and Pulaski 4 reported a sharp decrease in the mortality and attributed this to the use of sulfanilamide. Ravdin and his associates 5 have found a lower mortality in peritonitis associated with appendicitis since the subcutaneous use of crystalline sulfanilamide in physiologic solution of sodium chloride was instituted. In accord with the ever increasing use of the local application of sulfanilamide in the treatment of peritonitis and other infections, we thought it advisable to determine whether sulfanilamide is as valuable in preventing peritonitis as it is in

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE pH OF NASAL SECRETIONS IN SITU: FURTHER STUDIES

In a previous communication I1maintained that nasal vasoconstrictors with an unusually highpHvalue may (1) disturb the normalpHlevel of nasal secretions in situ in the clinically normal nose, (2) enhance irritation of the nasal mucous membrane and (3) postpone the return of the nasal mucosa from a pathologic alkaline status to a normal, slightly acid status. It has been suggested that during acute rhinitis, acute rhinosinusitis and the more active stages of allergic rhinitis the employment of a nasal vasoconstrictor which lowers the alkalinepHto a normal acid level, between 5.5 and 6.5, is most desirable. The fact that 1 per cent ephedrine hydrochloride in physiologic solution of sodium chloride—a nasal vasoconstrictor almost universally acceptable to rhinologists—has apH(5.9) that practically cleaves the midpoint between 5.5 and 6.5 furnishes adequate testimony to the truth of this concept. It has been suggested further that there

GONOCOCCIC CONJUNCTIVITIS

In the past few years so many articles have appeared in the ophthalmic journals concerning the treatment of gonococcic conjunctivitis with sulfanilamide that one hesitates to burden the literature with any further reports. However, considerable difference of opinion still exists as to the best method of using the drug. While most observers have used the sulfonamides orally, several have reported their experiences with the drugs used locally in the eye. Rein and Tibbetts¹employed a 0.5 per cent solution of sulfanilamide in physiologic solution of sodium chloride as an irrigation every fifteen minutes night and day. They reported good results in 15 cases, in which negative smears were obtained on an average of six and eight-tenths days. Panneton²has recently published an interesting account of treating this disease in 10 cases by the insufflation of the conjunctival sac with the powdered drug every three hours. In 8 he

REMOVAL OF SOFT CATARACT BY SUCTION

We present a new combined irrigating and suction tip which greatly simplifies the technic for extraction of soft cataract. It consists of a double-barreled needle for injecting solution into the anterior chamber while oral suction is maintained through the second, or larger, barrel. E. The double-barreled suction tip ( A ) is inserted into the anterior chamber ( E ) through the keratome incision ( FF ). The contents of the lens are drawn up into the glass trap ( B ) by oral suction ( C ). Physiologic solution of sodium chloride is simultaneously injected into the anterior chamber by means of the syringe ( D ). A narrow keratome picks up the conjunctiva 3 mm. back of the limbus and enters the anterior chamber. The anterior capsule is slit in the ninetieth meridian by the point of the keratome. The doublebarreled needle is inserted and the lens cortex aspirated. Fluid is then injected and the aspirating continued until the Hildreth

JAUNDICE IN INFANTS AND IN CHILDREN

In a previous study 1 we obtained equal values for the icteric index of a series of specimens of cord blood and of blood from normal newborn infants by the water and by the acetone method. Since the values obtained by the two methods for several patients with congenital hemolytic icterus examined at that time were similar, we concluded that this test might be useful in differentiating the hemolytic type of jaundice from other types. Further studies were made, and 13 patients with hemolytic jaundice and 6 with nonhemolytic icterus caused either by intrinsic hepatic disease or by biliary obstruction were examined. METHOD The icteric index, a simple quantitative method for studying the degree of jaundice, was introduced by Meulengracht 2 in 1920. The serum is diluted directly with a physiologic solution of sodium chloride or water and matched with arbitrary standards of potassium dichromate solution. Hemolysis, which may be

THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC SINUSITIS

The treatment of sinusitis cannot be prescribed in hard and fast rules. Individualism in therapy is as essential here as in any other branch of medicine. The following general rules are given but may be adjusted to the individual needs of the patient: THE GENERAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE PANSINUSITIS In acute pansinusitis the patient should be kept in bed in a room with a warm even temperature day and night. Nasal shrinkage should be accomplished with either ephedrine or neosynephrine in warm physiologic solution of sodium chloride. The spray should be repeated in from ten to fifteen minutes in order to reach the superior nasal regions. In fulminating cases with threatening orbital complications, cocaine or epinephrine may have to be used. Even though the secondary reaction from the use of these drugs may be marked, the added shrinkage obtained may cause the offending sinus to evacuate itself and prevent complications.