Physiochemical Parameters Research Articles

Understanding the Impact of Industrialisation on Potable Water Quality in the Lower Shivalik Region of Himalayas and its Geographical Analysis

Shivalik region is well known for increasing industrialisation subjected to govt. policies and other factors for setup. Massive industrialisation has a serious impact on the natural resources and surroundings. In the study, the effect of these industries has been studied on water resources. Various physiochemical parameters viz. pH, conductance and others were determined to ensure the quality of water. The concentration of heavy metals was estimated through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A.A.S). Findings revealed shocking facts about the drastic change in the physiochemical parameters including metal-ion concentrations. The level of these metal-ions was found to be much higher than permissible limits and can be subjected to untreated effluent from the industries. Survey results have been merged liable on personal observations and the interaction with stakeholders.

Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone

The tremendous increase in the human population increase the stress on both surface and groundwater and it is believed that at the beginning of human civilization itself, groundwater was the most trusted form of drinking water because of the filtering effect of the aquifer however, in the present world drinking water directly from the source without proper treatment is very tough and risky for the health. Kenema District is a district in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, its capital and largest city is Kenema City, which is the third most populous city in Sierra Leone, after Freetown and Bo Both the physical and chemical Parameters investigated are within the WHO acceptable limits, except one of bioteriological parameters (non- faecal coliform). Tables 1, 3, and 4 show high statistical mean values for the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria in the hand dug wells. Diema Hand Dug Well (12.00 cfu/100ml), Ansarul Hand Dug Well (11.67 cfu/100ml) and the combined statistical mean value (10.78cfu/100ml) of the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria and all the values fell out of World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit. However, Islamic Hand Dug Well has a statistical mean value of 8.67 cfu/100ml of Non-Faecal Coliform Value which is within the WHO permissible limit (<10cfu/100ml). The combined statistical mean value for Diema, Islamic, and Ansarul hand dug well for the following physiochemical parameters (pH 7.14, Turbidity 2.46NTU, Conductivity 196.56, TDS 100.11mg, Ammonia 0.02mg/l, Nitrite 0.02mg/l, Nitrate 0.06mg/l, Phosphate 6.15mg/l, Cadmium 0.00gm/l, Copper 0.02mg/l, Iron 0.03mg/l and Zinc 2.67mg/l) are all within the World Health Organization permissible limits (Table 4). Non-faecal coliforms were discovered in all of the wells and boreholes examined and analyzed in a similar investigation to identify the bacteriological pollution of groundwater sources.

Microbial Diversity and Activity of Biofilms from Geothermal Springs in Croatia

Hot spring biofilms are stable, highly complex microbial structures. They form at dynamic redox and light gradients and are composed of microorganisms adapted to the extreme temperatures and fluctuating geochemical conditions of geothermal environments. In Croatia, a large number of poorly investigated geothermal springs host biofilm communities. Here, we investigated the microbial community composition of biofilms collected over several seasons at 12 geothermal springs and wells. We found biofilm microbial communities to be temporally stable and highly dominated by Cyanobacteria in all but one high-temperature sampling site (Bizovac well). Of the physiochemical parameters recorded, temperature had the strongest influence on biofilm microbial community composition. Besides Cyanobacteria, the biofilms were mainly inhabited by Chloroflexota, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. In a series of incubations with Cyanobacteria-dominated biofilms from Tuhelj spring and Chloroflexota- and Pseudomonadota-dominated biofilms from Bizovac well, we stimulated either chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic community members, to determine the fraction of microorganisms dependent on organic carbon (in situ predominantly produced via photosynthesis) versus energy derived from geochemical redox gradients (here simulated by addition of thiosulfate). We found surprisingly similar levels of activity in response to all substrates in these two distinct biofilm communities, and observed microbial community composition and hot spring geochemistry to be poor predictors of microbial activity in the study systems.

Allantoin improves salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis and rice through synergid activation of abscisic acid and brassinosteroid biosynthesis.

Soil salinity stress is one of the major bottlenecks for crop production. Although, allantoin is known to be involved in nitrogen metabolism in plants, yet several reports in recent time indicate its involvement in various abiotic stress responses including salinity stress. However, the detail mechanism of allantoin involvement in salinity stress tolerance in plants is not studied well. Moreover, we demonstrated the role of exogenous application of allantoin as well as increased concentration of endogenous allantoin in rendering salinity tolerance in rice and Arabidopsis respectively, via., induction of abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis pathways. Exogenous application of allantoin (10µM) provides salt-tolerance to salt-sensitive rice genotype (IR-29). Transcriptomic data after exogenous supplementation of allantoin under salinity stress showed induction of ABA (OsNCED1) and BR (Oscytochrome P450) biosynthesis genes in IR-29. Further, the key gene of allantoin biosynthesis pathway i.e., urate oxidase of the halophytic species Oryza coarctata was also found to induce ABA and BR biosynthesis genes when over-expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis. Thus, indicating that ABA and BR biosynthesis pathways were involved in allantoin mediated salinity tolerance in both rice and Arabidopsis. Additionally, it has been found that several physio-chemical parameters such as biomass, Na+/K+ ratio, MDA, soluble sugar, proline, allantoin and chlorophyll contents were also associated with the allantoin-mediated salinity tolerance in urate oxidase overexpressed lines of Arabidopsis. These findings depicted the functional conservation of allantoin for salinity tolerance in both plant clades.

Water Quality Assessment of Nigerian Port Authority Waterway in Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

The aim of this study is to assess the water quality of the Nigerian Port Authority Water way. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a composite sampling method, where three water samples were collected randomly from each station to ensure that the samples were representative of the entire station. Water samples were taken from four different locations along the waterway with new unused bottles, chosen based on the level of port activity in the area. The samples were thereafter analysed for physiochemical parameters, and heavy metal, and compared to the World Health Organization's Permissible Limits. Data analyses covered descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, Agglomerative hierarchy clustering, parallel coordinate plot and Water Quality Index computation. The results showed that most parameters were above the standards, indicating a potential risk of bioaccumulation. The water quality index for the station was found to range from 3192.635 to 5061.35 for the four stations, indicating that the waterway is of poor water quality and unsuitable for consumption, and irrigation purposes. The parallel coordinate plot identified Lead and Salinity as the main contaminant in the waterway.

Comprehensive assessment on groundwater quality, pollution characteristics, and ecological health risks under seasonal thaws: Spatial insights with Monte Carlo simulations

Groundwater pollution is a major environmental concern and may persist under diverse ecological conditions. This study describes the seasonal impacts on pollution characteristics coupled with the degree of human health risks in groundwater. For this purpose, a highly populated city of Pakistan, Lahore was planned and about 50 groundwater samples were collected during the summer and winter seasons in 2021 and 2022. Various physiochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, and hardness), cations, anions, and toxic metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Pb) were analyzed to evaluate the seasonal impacts on the groundwater quality. Besides, a Monte Carlo simulation model and sensitivity analysis were performed to obtain a high-level accuracy in cancer risk estimation. Results revealed that physiochemical parameters, cations, and anions in most of the samples were within the WHO limit. However, the heavy metals concentration was higher in winter than in summer season. Most metals showed a significant spatial variability were found in older settlements and densely populated areas of the city for both seasons. Factor analysis (FA) and cluster analysis (CA) revealed a significant anthropogenic contribution to Ni, Co, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Pb contaminations in groundwater. Drinking water quality indices (DWQI) and heavy metal pollution indices (HMEI) points in both seasons revealed a poor to moderated pollution pattern. Pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) indicated the medium pollution with low risks. Through Monte Carlo simulation at 95% confidence level revealed that carcinogenic risks associated with As, Cr, Cd, and Ni has exceeded from safer limits. Consequently, winter season was perceived more sensitive owing to the substantial increase of pollutants proclamation in groundwater and posturing a serious threat to humans. Hence, instant remedial actions are suggested to ensure safe drinking water.

Grafting enhances drought tolerance by regulating and mobilizing proteome, transcriptome and molecular physiology in okra genotypes.

Drought stress poses a serious concern to the growth, development, and quality of the okra crop due to factors including decreased yield, inadequate development of dietary fibre, increased mite infestation, and decreased seed viability. Grafting is one of the strategies that have been developed to increase the drought stress tolerance of crops. We conducted proteomics, transcriptomics and integrated it with molecular physiology to assess the response of sensitive okra genotypes; NS7772 (G1), Green gold (G2) and OH3312 (G3) (scion) grafted to NS7774 (rootstock). In our studies we observed that sensitive okra genotypes grafted to tolerant genotypes mitigated the deleterious effects of drought stress through an increase in physiochemical parameters, and lowered reactive oxygen species. A comparative proteomic analysis showed a stress responsive proteins related to Photosynthesis, energy and metabolism, defence response, protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis. A proteomic investigation demonstrated that scions grafted onto okra rootstocks increased more photosynthesis-related proteins during drought stress, indicating an increase in photosynthetic activity when plants were subjected to drought stress. Furthermore, transcriptome of RD2, PP2C, HAT22, WRKY and DREB increased significantly, specifically for grafted NS7772 genotype. Furthermore, our study also indicated that grafting improved the yield components such as number of pods and seeds per plant, maximum fruit diameter, and maximum plant height in all genotypes which directly contributed towards their high resistance towards drought stress.

Spatial Water Quality Characteristics of Kallayi River Basin in GIS Platform

Kallayi river is a small river situated in Kozhikode district of Kerala. It is well known for its timber business. This river is being polluted by these timber businesses and other human activities, disposal of sewage wastes and many other. This paper deals with the water quality analysis of river Kallayi River basin in post monsoon and premonsoon seasons in the year 2022-2023. GIS and WQI method had been applied to visualize the spatial pattern of the water quality in the study area. A total of 13pre- (March-2023) and post monsoon (December-2022) surface water and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD, COD, E coli and total coliform. It is very clear from the study that the surface water is highly polluted and it use for nothing, this is because of the human activities like timber business (for which Kallayi river is known), the disposal of sewage, septic wastes, industrial wastes slaughterhouse wastes etc., the ground water near to the downstream of the river is also polluted. Majority of the physio-chemical and biological parameters are higher during pre-monsoon than the post-monsoon. The effect of rain fall in monsoon and successive natural recharge in to the water bodies leads to dilution of the water. In this study some data related to physio chemical parameters of Kallayi River (Kothi) over the year 2012, 2019,2020, 2021,2022 and 2023 were collected and the water quality index is analyzed.

19 Relationship Between pH in Vagina and a Successful Pregnancy in Small Ruminant Recipients

Abstract Reproductive efficiency and efficacy are key components of economic return in small ruminant production, therefore utilization of assisted reproductive technologies has increased. Despite advances in assisted reproductive technologies, pregnancy rates per embryo culture and transfer still remain low. The physio-chemical parameter of pH within the female reproductive tract and its potential implications in pregnancy success in caprine remains to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate vaginal pH and compare pregnancy rate for embryos produced in-vivo and in-vitro in goats. Spanish and Spanish Boer Cross females (n = 78) were estrous synchronized using a progesterone vaginal insert protocol and gonadotropin was administered at time of removal. Embryo grade and stage for conventional fresh embryo transfer and in-vitro fertilization were recorded. Vaginal pH was measured post transfer. At d 45 pregnancy status was determined via trans-abdominal ultrasonography. Successful embryo transfer (ET) was determined by kidding percentages. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA with a multiple linear regression model in GraphPad Prism 9.4. It was found that vaginal pH of females receiving cultured embryos did significantly predict pregnancy detection at d 45 and kidding (P = 0.02). However, the vaginal pH in females receiving fresh embryos had no effect of pregnancy and kidding rates (P = 0.451). While vaginal pH had a correlation with successful kidding of cultured embryos, further research is warranted to determine the relationship between physio-chemical parameters, environmental factors and pregnancy rates in goats.

Bacterial Contamination Levels and Brand Perception of Sachet Water: A Case Study in Some Nigerian Urban Neighborhoods

Sachet water (SW) is a major source of drinking in most Nigerian homes, thus making it a possible conveyance medium for health risks due to contamination if persist rather than for replenishment of the body. This study collected SW from three busy neighborhoods in South-West Nigeria and investigated for the presence of indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Total Coliform (TC), Total Heterophilic Bacteria (THB), Staphylococcus (Staph)) and some physio-chemical parameters (total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and salinity). Multi-variable and exploratory statistical methods were applied to the results to determine correlations between bacterial contamination levels and perceived brand reputation. Bacteriological tests with raw SW samples appeared too numerous to count (TNC) and thus required serial dilutions. After seven-fold serial dilutions, results obtained revealed that SW brands with good reputations had no TC and E. coli and was statistically significant with groupings of other SW brands (χ2 = 12.28; p &lt; 0.05 and χ2 = 37.96; p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, SW brands with poor reputations had mean values of TC (19.7×108 cfu/mL; 14×108 cfu/mL 1.15×108 cfu/mL) and E. coli (18.2×108 cfu/mL; 38.7×108 cfu/mL,32.4×108 cfu/mL) exceeding the threshold value of zero set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Only one sample from a poor reputation brand tested positive for Staphylococcus and was not statistically significant (χ2 = 5.2191; p = 0.074). Principal Component Analysis (PCA)/Factor Analysis (FA) revealed that most of the SW had fecal contamination was the major source. Therefore, this study suggests that periodic cleaning of distribution lines, location-specific treatment, and other quality control (QC) measures should be enforced to reduce water security risk for SW consumption in the region.

A Study of Physical Parameters of Water Samples from Bhima River, Pune City and Their TDS, Conductivity

It is crucial to be aware of the drinking water resources' quality in rural areas. Hydro-geochemical studies are becoming more important for the use of groundwater because there has been a rise in the demand for water recently due to population growth and intensive agricultural operations. One of the major environmental health risks is the quality of drinking water. The use of clean drinking water is the cornerstone of controlling and preventing diseases that are transmitted by water. In this study, it has been determined whether the water quality of Bhima river is suitable for drinking purposes or not. Eight samples were collected from different Locations; each sample was examined for Physiochemical parameters. The Central Water Commission, World Health Organization, and CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board of India) protocols were followed for doing the water's Physiochemical Analysis. Water quality standards and a number of parameters, including pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Temperature, Specific Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solid, were examined. The pH ranged from being very basic to barely neutral in all of the samples. Among samples, there had been differences in TDS, temperature, pH, and conductivity. The investigation of the river water revealed that it cannot be used as potable water.

Geoelectrical, hydrochemical, and health risk assessment of groundwater quality in Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria

Geoelectrical method and physiochemical analyses were applied to obtain subsurface resistivity variation and water quality assessment respectively in Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State. A young academic institution with a measurable growing population is seriously concerned with the hygienic situation within its environment, especially water quantity and quality. The geophysical method was employed to determine the subsurface groundwater potentials via vertical electrical sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger array. Ten (10) water samples were collected from different locations within the study area and analyzed for physiochemical parameters and trace metals using standard procedure. Water quality index (WQI), exceedance, and human health risk index were determined. All parameters estimated were below the WHO permissible limits except the pH and iron concentration. WQI values of the ten collected water samples reflected 100% excellent grade for drinking. Chronic dietary intake (CDI) is in the order of Fe &gt;Zn &gt; Cu for both children and adults. The VES (9 location points were studied) data revealed four to five geo-electric layers which corresponded to the topsoil, lateritic clay, weathered layer, fractured basement, and fresh basement with thickness ranges of 0.5 to 39.6 m, while resistivity values vary from 27.5 to 5432.6 Ωm. The study observed and recommended that boreholes could be sunk at VES 1, 6, and 7 at depths between 26.1 to 39.6 m for exploitation of good quality water along with continuous monitoring of groundwater quality to maintain the good water quality area, hence the safety of the environment.

오디 탄산음료 제조를 위한 최적 품종 선발 및 제조된 탄산음료의 품질평가

Background: The study aimed to identify the optimal variety of mulberry for soft drinks production.BRMethods and Results: Fruity characteristics, minerals, and functional composition [total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, and 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ)] of 11 different mulberry varieties were investigated and compared. The ‘Iksu’ variety was optimal for soft drink production. Mulberry extracts and concentrated fruit were carbonated before evaluating different properties, including physicochemical (total soluble solid (TSS), titrable acidity, °Brix : Acid ratio, and total sugar) and sensory characteristics (color, flavor, taste, mouth feel, and overall acceptability) using different mulberry extract concentration in combination with various levels of additional sugar. Optimum physiochemical parameters were obtained with mulberry extract concentration level of 0.1112% with 12 °Brix (mulberry base formulation T7). Based on the hedonic sacale, the sensory evaluation identified the optimum combination of mulberry extract concentrates with the additonal sugar level. T7 contained superior sensory qualities. The T7 mulberry base carbonated at 120 psi pressure had the highest for sensory quality than those at 75 or 120 psi.BRConclusions: Ssoft drinks developed using the Iksu mulberry variety with the base formulation T7 were optimal for all physicochemical characteristics. This formula generally produced impressive sensory characteristics, providing a promising alternative to synthetic soft drinks.

Study on Solid Waste Management in TKR Educational Society -Hyderabad

India being an agricultural country has a present population of approximately 1,405.2 million with 29 states and 7 union territories. The hassle of SWM in India is growing noticeably because of rapid urbanization and population boom. Out of the total waste generated from the industrial, residential, commercial, and agricultural areas a massive amount of waste is generated from residential areas comprising municipal waste. Solid-waste management is the collection, handling, and disposal of solid waste that is thrown away after serving its purpose or becoming unusable. We collected all the information on the solid waste generation rate at the TKR Educational Society. We have studied information on solid waste generation in different months (December, January, and February). TKR Campus.The food waste is 15%,paper waste is 12%,plastic is 13%,concrete waste is 2.17%,vegetable waste is 35%,electric waste is 3.04% and wood waste is 4.3%.the highest percentage of food waste is more. The physio-chemical parameter like moisture content, bulk density, PH value, carbon, nitrogen, and carbon and nitrogen content find in different blocks K9 block, R9 block, boy hostel, pharmacy, and canteen. We find that the mean value of moisture content is 51.2, bulk density is 297.9, PH value is 6.4, Carbon is 52.58, Nitrogen is 6.5, and C/N is 8.

Characterization of groundwater aquifers using hydrogeophysical and hydrogeochemical methods in the eastern Nile River area, Khartoum State, Sudan

The primary goals of this research are to detect the spatial variation of the hydrogeological characteristics and evaluate the groundwater quality in the eastern Nile River, Khartoum state, Sudan, using geophysical and hydrochemical methods. Thirteen Vertical electrical soundings (VES), using Schlumberger configuration, were measured along three profiles to characterize the groundwater aquifer. VES findings denoted that the study area comprises two hydraulically connected aquifers. The upper aquifer of sand has an average thickness of 50 m, and the lower aquifer is composed of sandstone of a thickness of up to 300 m. The results of VES inversion were further used to measure aquifer characteristics, including transverse resistance, longitudinal conductance, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity. The detected average values of these parameters were 6690 Ωm2, 1.4 Ω−1, 264 m2/d and 4 m/day, respectively. In addition, regression analysis was performed to suggest local relationships for estimating aquifer characteristics within the study area. On the other hand, total longitudinal conductance was used to predict the protective strength of the hydrogeological columns, ranging from 1.7 to 5.8 Ω−1; as a result, the protective capacity of the aquifer ranged from good to very good, suggesting potable water quality. This result was subsequently confirmed by the groundwater quality index (GWQI) model. Eleven physiochemical parameters analyzed for nine boreholes were used in GWQI estimation to assess groundwater quality in the study area. The primary analysis of the hydrochemical parameters indicated that almost all parameters are below permissible limits prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The computed GWQI varies between 34.8 and 148, and the majority of groundwater samples, precisely 55.5%, are good water types, while 22.2% of the samples are in an excellent quality state. This research concluded that the groundwater aquifer in the study area is ideal for groundwater exploitation. However, applying a detailed geophysical and hydrochemical survey is recommended to reduce the uncertainty of the resulting models.

Pyrolysis Processes and Physiochemical Properties of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel from Waste Plastics

AbstractPyrolysis of blended waste plastics into valuable chemicals such as fuel by using various catalysts is a vital and successful method at 350–500 °C. Virgin plastic can be recycled in plastic products once or twice only due to the loss of mechanical properties. The pyrolysis process is an important method for minimizing waste plastics and the need for alternative fuel sources that can at least replenish petrochemical resources. The quality of liquid green fuel depends on the distillation method of plastics with a heating range. Physiochemical parameters determined the qualities of the fuel, and their results were found to be equal to commercial fuel. This green fuel can be used as a transportation fuel and chemical feedstock for refineries without any upgrading. Liquid petrochemicals as fuel from waste plastics have been found to have good density values.

Evaluation of Water Quality within and around Flood Prone area and Dumpsite Environment in Part of Benin Metropolitan city Southern, Nigeria

The study was carried out in Egor local government area, Dumpsite in Ovia North-East local government area of Edo state. The study areas are located between latitudes of 6°27'27.8''N to 6°27'44.6''N and longitudes of 5°35'58.7″E to 5°36'16.8''E in Egor local government area and the dumpsite is located with a latitude of 6°22´1.2''N to 6°27´51.3″N and longitudes of 5°36'42.3''E to 5°36´2.1″E in Ovia North-East local government area. A total of five (5) water samples were collected from an existing borehole at different locations within the study area. Physiochemical test, Major anion and cation concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Microbiological Parameters for all the water samples was also determined. The following are the physiochemical parameters, major cations and anions that was analysed from all the water samples collected: pH, EC, TDS, Na+, Ca+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3- , HNO3- , HNO3- , SO42- , Cr2-, Cd-, Ni-, and Pb2+ and the Microbiological parameter analysed for all the water samples are Coliform and E. Coli. The Microbiological parameter analysed for are Coliform and E. Coli as shown in Table 1. The results reveals that the study areas have average value of pH (4.89) which is below the WHO (2011) and NSQW (2007) standard permissible limit of 6.5-8.5 and this indicates that the water is slightly acidic probably due to the presence of decayed organic matter in high amounts and mineral acids produced during hydrolysis. The average values of E.C (121.86μS/cm), TDS (46.52mg/l), Na+ (1.48mg/l), Cl- (53.85mg/l), NO3- (1.17mg/l), HNO3- (0.39mg/l), SO42- (0.12mg/l), Cr2- (0.031), and Ni- (0.0074) conforms with the WHO (2011) and NSQW (2007) standard for drinking water expect some physiochemical parameters : Ca2+, Mg2+ Cd-, Pb2+, E.Coli and Coliform which has average values (4.49mg/l, 3.10mg/l, 0.027mg/l, 0.016mg/l, 1.36 X 103 (cfu/100mL)and 1.06 X 103 (cfu/mL) which do not conform with the WHO (2011) and NSQW (2007) for drinking water because of many factors and anthropogenic activities on the environment which contaminated the groundwater of the study areas. The results analysed from the three-study area reveals that the physiochemical parameters and microbiological parameters show similar trend. The water sample collected in the premises of University of Benin is more acidic compare to other water samples from the other locations. This probably due to the presence of decayed organic matter in high amounts and mineral acids produced during hydrolysis.

Effect of incorporation of cardamom powder on physiochemical, sensory attributes, and shelf life of a cow and buffalo milk paneer

Paneer is a nutritious, delectable acid-heat-coagulated indigenous dairy product, but it has a short shelf life due to its high moisture content. However, herbs are known for their qualities as antioxidants, preservatives, and flavor enhancers. Therefore, the current study examined the quality parameters such as (titratable acidity, lactose, moisture content, ash content, fat content, protein content, phenolic content, and sensory parameters) of herbal paneer produced by incorporating cardamom powder percentages in four different samples 0.15% with cow milk, 0.20% with cow milk, 0.15% with buffalo milk and 0.20% with buffalo milk and coded as (A, B, C, and D). The findings showed that the herbal paneer was superior in terms of organoleptic but had little to no impact on the paneer's proximate and physiochemical parameters. The herbal paneer samples slightly higher total phenolic content of buffalo milk paneer compared to the cow milk paneer. The 0.20% of cardamom with buffalo milk sample was effective overall. As a result, the study suggests that cardamom could be used to develop a novel functional dairy product with enhanced antioxidant properties and longer shelf life.&#x0D;

The Effect of Flood Regime on Water Quality and Plankton Distribution in Bosso Area, Minna, Niger State

Flooding endangers lives and property, and it can lead to surface water pollution, reducing access to potable water and destroying wildlife habitats. This study investigated the effect of flood on water quality and plankton in two selected water bodies in within Minna Metropolis, Niger state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physicochemical parameters and plankton identification using standard methods and procedures. Samples were collected for a period of six (6) months (April to September 2021). The result of the physiochemical parameters showed temperature (26.0-28.5°C), flow velocity (0.23 to 0.26 m/s), dissolved oxygen (6.4-10.0mg/l), turbidity (30-240 NTU), pH (7.21-7.53), TSS (0.04-0.04), electrical conductivity (69-228 µS/cm) and total dissolved solid (60-220 mg/l). Most of these parameters were within the WHO permissible limits. From all the parameters measured, temperature, DO, pH and TSS showed no significance difference (p&gt;0.05) between the water bodies while turbidity, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid exhibit significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the water bodies with Fadipe Pool recording higher values in most of the parameters. A total of 12 phytoplankton species were identified comprising of 3 families which are Bacillariophyceae (2), Chlorophyceae (6), and Cyanophyceae (4). For the zooplankton, a total of 11 species are made up of 3 taxa which are Cladocera (4), Copepoda (2), and Rotifera (5). In this study, several plankton species that serve as indicator organisms were identified which is indication of a disturbed water bodies.

Extraction of Cobalt and Cadmium in Municipal Dump Sites around Zaria, Kaduna State Using EDTA and Citrate as Complexing Agents

Heavy metals contamination of the soil is detrimental to the environment with implications for human health. This result from several anthropological activities, urbanization and industrialization. Cobalt and cadmium are among the heavy metals of interest in Nigeria.The labile fractions of cobalt and cadmium in the soil from two dumpsites using EDTA and Citrate as complexing agents was evaluated. The Physiochemical parameters and the total metal concentrations of the soil was determined, extraction with EDTA and Citrate were used to study the potential metal extraction capacity at different time intervals and the extraction rates of metal was released as a function of time . The relatively low levels of silt, clay, organic matter and CEC indicates high permeability, hence leachability of heavy metals in the soil and suggest that it might be amenable to remediation by soil washing. Thus result shows that EDTA yielded much more than citrate for both metals under consideration. Therefore extraction time plays a very important role in soil washing process and determines the optimum contact time for contaminants removal. Hence the removal of metals from the soil is a function of time and concentration. Cadmium was extracted more than cobalt, which suggests cadmium has been more labile in solution than cobalt and EDTA as a stronger complexing agent than citrate. Keywords: Extraction, Complexing agent, Mobility, Soil, Cobalt, Cadmium, Heavy metals. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/15-1-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2023