Physical Letters Research Articles

Women's experience of the information provided along with invitation to participate in BreastScreen Norway.

To explore how women aged 50-69 invited to BreastScreen Norway perceived the information provided along with the invitation letter, as well as time spent on reading this information. An anonymous questionnaire was sent, as a paper-based form along with a physical invitation letter, or as a link to a digital form in a digital invitation letter, to 84,543 women invited to BreastScreen Norway in 2022. The paper-based forms were handed in upon screening attendance. The women were invited to screening by physical or digital invitation including an information leaflet describing benefits and harms, or a link to similar information on a webpage. The questionnaire assessed women's perception of the information and time spent on reading it. Responses were presented by screening invitation type (physical/digital). A total of 9.9% (8355/84,543) of the women responded to the questionnaire. Among women invited by a physical letter, information about the screening examination and about benefits and harms was considered sufficient by 90% (4338/4797) and 89% (4246/4790), respectively, and 92% (4246/4790) reported the information to be sufficient to make an informed decision on participation. Among those invited digitally, the percentages were 83% (2788/3379), 78% (2618/3369), and 88% (2962/3370), respectively. About 59% (4807/8169) spent <5 min reading the information. Most of the respondents perceived the information received upon invitation to BreastScreen Norway sufficient to make an informed decision on participation and used <5 min to read the information. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the low response rate.

Nationwide registry-based trial of risk-stratified cervical screening.

In well-screened populations, most cervical cancers arise from small groups of women with inadequate screening. The present study aims to assess whether registry-based cancer risk assessment could be used to increase screening intensity among high-risk women. The National Cervical Screening Registry identified the 28,689 women residents in Sweden who had either no previous cervical screening or a screening history indicating high risk. We invited these women by SMS and/or physical letter to order a free human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling kit. The Swedish national HPV reference laboratory performed extended HPV genotyping and referred high-risk HPV-positive women to their regional gynecologist. A total of 3691/28,689 (12.9%) women ordered a self-sampling kit and 10.0% (2853/28,689) returned a sample for testing. Participation among women who had never attended screening was low, albeit improved. Up to 22.5% of women in other high-risk groups attended. High-risk HPV types were detected in 8.3% of samples. High-risk HPV-positive women (238/2853) were referred without further triaging and severe cervical precancer or cancer (HSIL+) in histopathology were detected in 36/158 (23%) of biopsied women. Repeat invitations gave modest additional participation. Nationwide contacting of women with high risk for cervical cancer with personal invitations to order HPV self-sampling kits resulted in high yield of detected CIN2+. Further efforts to improve risk-stratified screening strategies should be directed to improving (i) the precision of the risk-stratification algorithm, (ii) the convenience for the women to participate and, (iii) ensuring that screen-positive women are followed-up.

Rate-Dependent Formation Processes in Li-O2 Batteries: Phase-Field Modeling with the Marcus Kinetics

Lithium-oxygen batteries (Li-O2) present a compelling prospect for the next generation of batteries owing to their exceptionally high theoretical energy density.[1] Yet, the performance of Li-O2 batteries is significantly limited by the current-dependent morphology of insulating oxides.[2-3] Existing mathematical models using Butler-Volmer kinetics exhibit uncertainties and inaccuracies.[4-5] In this study, we propose the integration of Marcus kinetics with the existing phase-field model to resolve a few outstanding inconsistencies between theoretical predictions and experimental discoveries. Notably, utilizing the Marcus kinetics enables a quantitative assessment of the role of solvation energy in current-dependet particle growth as opposed to film growth. Experimental results further verify the new theoretical predictions. This research offers valuable insights for the future design of Li-O2 batteries.[1] Bruce, P. G., Freunberger, S. A., Hardwick, L. J., & Tarascon, J.-M. (2012). Nucleation and growth of lithium peroxide in the Li-O2 battery. Nature Materials, 11, 19–29.[2] Read, J. (2002). Characterization of the Lithium/Oxygen Organic Electrolyte Battery. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 149, A1190-A1195.[3] Kraytsberg, A., & Ein-Eli, Y. (2011). Review on Li–air batteries—Opportunities, limitations and perspective. Journal of Power Sources, 196, 886-893.[4] Lau, S., & Archer, L. A. (2015). Nucleation and growth of lithium peroxide in the Li-O2 battery. Nano Letters, 15(9), 6108–6114.[5] Horstmann, B., Gallant, B., Mitchell, R., Bessler, W. G., Shao-Horn, Y., & Bazant, M. Z. (2013). Rate-dependent morphology of Li2O2 growth in Li-O2 batteries. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 4(24), 4227–4232.

(Invited) Tunable Infrared Optoelectronics Achieved by the Reversible Intercalation of Ionic Liquid Anions in Multilayer Graphene in the Mid-Infrared Wavelength Range

We report the use of multilayer graphene (MLG) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approximately 75 layers (26 nm) thick configured in a simple electrochemical device. Applying a voltage of 3–4 V drives the intercalation of anion [TFSI-] (ion liquid diethylmethyl(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [DEME][TFSI]]) resulting in the reversible modulation of the properties of this optically dense material. Upon intercalation, we observe an abrupt shift of 35 cm−1 in the G band Raman mode, an abrupt increase in FTIR reflectance over the wavelength range from 1.67 to 5 μm (2000–6000 cm−1 ), and an abrupt increase in luminescent background observed in the Raman spectra of graphene. All of these abrupt changes in the optical properties of this material arise from the intercalation of the TFSI− ion and the associated change in the free carrier density (Δn = 1021 cm−3). Suppression of the 2D band Raman mode observed around 3 V corresponds to Pauli blocking of the double resonance Raman process and indicates a modulation of the Fermi energy of ΔEF= 1.1 eV. The thermal emissivity of the MLG device is also substantially modulated over the range from 7 – 14 µm. Using this device, have demonstrated free-space optical communication that utilizes ambient Planck radiation from a warm body and modulates the emitted intensity. We present an experimental demonstration achieving error-free communications at 100 bits per second over laboratory scales. We have also developed an AC Raman technique for measuring the Raman spectra during the intercalation−deintercalation half cycles in a multilayer graphene (MLG) device operating at 0.2−10 Hz. Raman spectra taken just 200 ms apart show the emergence and disappearance of the intercalated G band mode at around 1610 cm−1 . By integration of over hundreds of cycles, a significant Raman signal can be obtained. The intercalation/ deintercalation is also monitored with thermal imaging via voltage-induced changes in the carrier density, complex dielectric function ε(ω), and thermal emissivity of the device. “Dynamic Study of Intercalation/Deintercalation of Ionic Liquids in Multilayer Graphene Using an Alternating Current Raman Spectroscopy Technique” Zhi Cai, Haley Weinstein, Indu Aravind, Ruoxi Li, Sizhe Weng, Boxin Zhang, Jonathan L. Habif, and Stephen B. Cronin. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 14, 7223 (2023).“Gate-tunable modulation of the optical properties of multilayer graphene by the reversible intercalation of ionic liquid anions” Zhi Cai, Indu Aravind, Haley Weinstein, Ruoxi Li, Jiangbin Wu, Han Wang, Jonathan Habif, and Stephen Cronin. Journal of Applied Physics. 132, 095102 (2022).“Harvesting Planck radiation for free-space optical communications in the long-wave infrared band“ Haley A. Weinstein, Zhi Cai, Stephen B. Cronin, and Jonathan L. Habif, Optics Letters. 47, 6225-6228 (2022). Figure 1

Spatiotemporal Active Phase Evolution for CO2 Electrocatalysis

Transition-metal-based solid-state electrocatalysts undergo dynamic phase transformation governed by the local electrochemical environment during operation, e.g., oxygen evolution/reduction(1,2), hydrogen evolution(3), and carbon dioxide reduction(4). Electrochemical active species, often hidden before operation, can become evolved due to the applied electrochemical potential and/or surrounding chemicals. These species are stabilized under the local environment dynamically generated by the reaction product, e.g., proton (H+) or hydroxyl (OH-) group(5,6).Active species often account for a small fraction (i.e., minor motif) of the entire catalyst volume, and the nanoscale morphology and chemical composition of the electrocatalyst are inhomogeneous and continuously change during the electrochemical reaction. Thus, capturing the active species remains a major challenge. Spatiotemporal observation of the structural/chemical changes of the electrocatalyst and the correlation with the local electrochemical environment may reveal the active species and elucidate the governing step toward their formation. Furthermore, identification of the key intermediate step of catalyst phase transformation allows the redirection of low- to high-active catalysts; however, this remains challenging.During electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR), (hydr)oxide-derived Cu electrocatalysts experience significant phase transformation and show high activity and selectivity for carbon dimerization (C–C coupling)(7,8,9). The location and chemical composition of the active species evolving during electrochemical phase transformation may be strongly heterogeneous; however, these species have not been clearly determined. Recent studies have employed operando characterization techniques, e.g., fluorescence hard/soft X-ray(4,10), X-ray photoelectron(11), and Raman spectroscopy(6), to elucidate the active species responsible for high C–C coupling activity. However, although these techniques could track the changes in chemical composition of the electrocatalysts during operation, they did not reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of the active species or existence of minor motifs, owing to their inefficient chemical sensitivity. Thus, it is imperative to develop an operando analysis technique that can probe the nanoscopic chemical composition with high spatial/temporal resolution and sufficient detection limit.By observing the chemical and morphological evolution of highly efficient ECR catalysts during operation, we identified the key intermediate species toward highly active surfaces and significantly enhanced the C–C coupling activity. Operando transmission soft X-ray microscopy(1,12,13), which visualizes the nanoscale chemical composition distribution of Cu-based catalysts during ECR, revealed that partially evolved Cu+ phases and surface Cu2+ phases are responsible for the dynamic dissolution–redeposition process(4,8) and improvement of C–C coupling activity, respectively. We further demonstrated that the dissolution–redeposition process is electrochemically triggered by inducing Cu+ phases, which are redirected to copper-carbonate-hydroxide species(6,14,15) even under high cathodic potentials. DFT calculations suggest that these cationic Cu species potentially serve as active species and/or assistive sites for enhancing C–C coupling activity.(1) Mefford, J. T., et al. Nature 593(7857), 67-73 (2021)(2) Kreider, M. E., et al. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11(30), 26863-26871 (2019)(3) Zhai, L., et al. ACS Energy Letters 5(8), 2483-2491 (2020)(4) De Luna, P., et al. Nature Catalysis 1(2), 103-110 (2018)(5) Wang, Y., et al. Nature Catalysis 3(2), 98-106 (2020)(6) Henckel, D. A., et al. ACS Catalysis 11(1), 255-263 (2021)(7) Lee, S. Y., et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 140(28), 8681-8689 (2018)(8) Zhong, D., et al. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60(9), 4879-4885 (2021)(9) Lei, Q., et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 142(9), 4213-4222 (2020)(10) Eilert, A., et al. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 7(8), 1466-1470 (2016)(11) Arán-Ais, R. M., et al. Nature Energy 5(4), 317-325 (2020)(12) Lim, J. et al. Science 353, 566–571 (2016)(13) de Smit, E., et al. Nature 456(7219), 222-225 (2008)(14) Spodaryk, M., et al. Electrochimica Acta 297, 55-60 (2019)(15) Jiang, S., et al. ChemSusChem 15(8), e202102506 (2022) Figure 1

Structure–Activity–Stability Relationship of Ru-Ir-Ti Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Environmentally friendly strategies for energy conversion and storage are urgently needed to account for natural intensity variations of power generation by renewables and to ensure a stable electrical grid. Green hydrogen, produced by water electrolysis, can be considered as one of the most promising energy carriers since it can balance the energy demand in multiple energy sectors. Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE) are state of the art devices for on-site hydrogen production. Still, their upscaling is challenged by the corrosive acidic environment and sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which demand using noble metal based catalysts [1, 2]. Currently, Ir-based oxides are employed as OER catalysts in commercial PEMWE as they provide the best balance between activity and stability. Yet, the scarcity and high market price of Ir lead to poor cost-benefit factors. In the last years, Ir-Ru mixed oxides have attracted significant attention of the community due to their improved electrocatalytic activity [2, 3]. However, Ru degradation during the OER becomes challenging in conditions of long-term operation of the electrolyzer. Therefore, balancing stability and activity towards the OER at reduced Ir loading remains a significant challenge in PEMWE.Here, we examine the effect of low additions of Ti (1 to 6 at. %) on the catalytic activity and stability of Ru-Ir alloys towards the OER [4]. The catalysts are synthesized as ternary Ru-Ir-Ti thin film material libraries with Ir contents below 50 at. %. After the high-throughput screening of these libraries for desired electrocatalytic properties by online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the most promising alloy compositions are selected and tested in conditions of long-term electrolysis (Figure 1). The observed activity-stability trends are correlated with the electronic structure of the Ru-Ir-Ti catalysts derived from X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS). Furthermore, the structural changes in the near-surface regions of these catalysts induced by the OER, are investigated with the aid of atom probe tomography (APT). Our data reveal formation of Ir-Ru hydrous oxide layers in the course of the OER, providing high catalytic activity, while Ti additions promote stabilization of these reactive oxides in the near surface region. Our multidisciplinary approach of combining advanced electrochemical, spectroscopic and atomic-scale characterization methods provides insights on structure-function relationships in electrocatalysis, guiding the rational design of active and stable electrocatalysts.[1.] Carmo, M., et al., A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis. International journal of hydrogen energy, 2013. 38(12): p. 4901-4934.[2.] Kasian, O., et al., On the Origin of the Improved Ruthenium Stability in RuO2-IrO2 Mixed Oxides. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016. 163(11): p. F3099-F3104.[3.] Saveleva, V.A., et al., Uncovering the stabilization mechanism in bimetallic ruthenium–iridium anodes for proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. The journal of physical chemistry letters, 2016. 7(16): p. 3240-3245.[4.] Lahn, L., et al. Low Ti Additions to Stabilize Ru‐Ir Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ChemElectroChem, 2023, e202300399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202300399. Figure 1

Novel Fast-X-Ray Reflectivity Setup for Studying Electrochemical Interfaces

A fundamental understanding of atomic scale processes occurring at electrochemical interfaces is crucial for advancing the development of energy-related electrochemical systems such as ion batteries or fuel cells. For this purpose, operando experiments are imperative. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) is a non-destructive technique that enables operando analysis of buried structures with atomic resolution [1,2]. However, the time-resolution of typical XRR setups of minutes per XRR scan is limited by diffractometer motor motion and detector read-out times; this resolution is in many cases too slow to observe interfacial electrochemical phenomena [1,2].To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel fast-XRR setup, which employs a fast quasi-continuous rotation stage in combination with a stationary, high frame rate area detector. With this setup, the sample can be rotated with a frequency of up to 10 Hz, yielding sub-second time resolution for an individual XRR scan. In contrast to complementary fast-XRR setups [3,4], the presented setup can easily be combined with complex sample environments, as typically required for the investigation of electrochemical interfaces.We present first fast-XRR results obtained at PETRA III beamline P08 at DESY using 18 keV and a Dectris Eiger1M detector. We reached a time resolution below one second for an incident angular range between 0° – 6° (≙ 0 – 2 Å-1, i.e., covering the Fresnel XRR range). We measured several multilayer samples (e.g., 2 nm Ti / 20 nm Au coating on a Si substrate) and benchmarked the results to “standard” XRR measurements, where the measurements took several minutes. We find good agreement and conclude, that our novel setup provides significant XRR data within less than one second, demonstrating its usability for operando XRR measurements.Literature:[1] C. Cao, H.-G. Steinrück, Encyclopedia of Solid-Liquid Interfaces, 391–416, Elsevier, 2024.[2] C. Cao, H.-G. Steinrück et al., Nano Letters, 16, 12, 7394–7401, 2016.[3] M. Lippmann et al. Review of Scientific Instruments, 87, 113904, 2016.[4] H. Jorres et al., Applied Physics Letters, 114, 081904, 2019.

(Nanocarbons Division SES Young Investigator Award) Surface Chemistry of Nanocarbon Field-Effect Transistors: From Fundamental Physics to Biosensing

Conductive carbon nanomaterials are particularly well-suited to form field-effect biosensors (bioFETs) because they are stable in aqueous media and can be chemically coupled to biomolecules. Their reduced dimensionality, either 2D (graphene) or 1D (carbon nanotubes), is key to their sensitivity: because they are entirely surfaces, these materials present remarkable electrical transport properties that are easily altered by microscopic surface interactions. Biochemical processes occurring in close proximity to their surface can therefore be transduced as changes in their electrical conductance. Selectivity for specific biochemical events, however, must be engineered via functionalization of the nanomaterial, i.e. by modifying its surface with bioactive or biorecognition elements (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, enzymes, polymer layer). Our group recently analyzed a corpus of studies presenting graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) as bioanalytical sensors for the quantitative detection of biomarkers in the form of nucleic acids, proteins, ions or small molecules [1]. We found a striking variance in the reported sensing performance between these studies, that could not be explained by controlling for differences in graphene material, analyte type and for evolution over the years. Our hypothesis is that the lack of microscopic control on the biointerface is likely the most important source of variation in such bioFETs, highlighting the critical need to improve our knowledge and control of the functionalization of nanocarbon materials.In this talk, I will discuss our work investigating the interplay between surface chemistry and electrical properties in nanocarbon field-effect transistors. In the first part, I will focus on covalent additions using aryldiazonium salts. I will review what we have learned on the fundamental physics of this chemistry from experiments and simulations on carbon nanotube devices [2-5], in particular on its disruptive character because of the formation of sp 3 defects in the carbon lattice. More recently, we investigated this same chemistry on GFET devices and observed a heterogeneous response in their electrical conductance. Aiming to solve this, we developed a novel approach to precisely trigger and stop the reaction in situ using the applied gate voltage [6], enabling unprecedented control on the functionalization rate and yield on GFETs. In the second part, I will describe our ongoing efforts to characterize and control the biofunctionalization of GFETs through non-covalent pyrene derivatives, using a combination of electrical measurements, microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, and theoretical simulations. Finally, I will discuss our ongoing translational projects in oncology, on adapting nanocarbon-based bioFETs in cancer diagnostics applications.[1] Béraud et al, Analyst 146 (2), 403-428 (2021)[2] Bouilly et al, Applied Physics Letters 101 (5), 053116 (2012)[3] Bouilly et al, ACS nano 9 (3), 2626-2634 (2015)[4] Bouilly et al, Nano Letters 16 (7), 4679-4685 (2016)[5] Côté et al, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 24 (7), 4174-4186 (2021)[6] Bazan et al, Nano Letters 22 (7), 2635-2642 (2022)

Seeding and Growing Plain Li-Metal Surfaces - New Approaches to Increase the Coulombic Efficiency of Anodeless Lithium-Metal Batteries

In the pursuit of higher energy densities, lithium-ion batteries with lithium metal anode appear as one particular promising technology. Especially the option to plate non-dendritic, superficially even Li-layers [1] directly onto the current collector of the negative electrode without the use of an anode active material (“anode-less battery design”) should enable gravimetric energy densities of up to 400 Wh/kg [2] and 1200 Wh/l [3] in future cell systems [4].In the presented work, Swagelok-cells in “anode-less” configuration, comprising a NMC 811-cathode and an ether-based electrolyte containing 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) in 1.2:3 molar ratio, 1.5 M LiFSI [2] were cycled under the application of pressure (up to 400 kPa) onto the cell stack.As the proper formation of Li-nuclei (number, morphology, etc.) and the even growth of lithium-layers onto the Cu-based anode (Figure 1) seems from great importance to plate and stripe Li-metal at high coulombic efficiencies, several charging programs with presumably Li-nucleation promoting effects were tested in a cycling experiment along 50 full cycles (Figure 2). As a promising result and as clear improvement compared to standard charging processes (e.g. 0.1 C), average coulombic efficiencies as high as 99.2 % together with low capacity fading were observed.Due to the design-related limitation of Swagelok-based cells and a noticeable diffusion of air fractions (N2, O2, H2O) across the PFA-seals into the cell, in a second experimental part the influence of ambient air on the cycling performance was tested under three conditions (Figure 2, left, middle and right diagram): a) Cells cycling in common (humid), laboratory air, b) under dry air (P2O5) in sealed steel-containers and c) inside an argon filled glovebox (< 0.1 ppm H2O, < 0.1 ppm O2). As a result, a strong sensitivity of operating Li-metal cells not solely versus traces of ambient, humid air, but also versus P2O5-dried nitrogen and oxygen was obvious. Reference s [1] Fang, C.; Lu, B.; Pawar, G.; Zhang, M.; Cheng, D.; Chen, S.; Ceja, M.; Doux, J.-M.; Musrock, H.; Cai, M.; Liaw, B.; Meng, Y. S., Pressure-tailored lithium deposition and dissolution in lithium metal batteries. Nature Energy 2021, 6, (10), 987-994.[2] Niu, C.; Liu, D.; Lochala, J. A.; Anderson, C. S.; Cao, X.; Gross, M. E.; Xu, W.; Zhang, J.-G.; Whittingham, M. S.; Xiao, J.; Liu, J., Balancing interfacial reactions to achieve long cycle life in high-energy lithium metal batteries. Nature Energy 2021, 6, (7), 723-732.[3] Louli, A. J.; Eldesoky, A.; Weber, R.; Genovese, M.; Coon, M.; deGooyer, J.; Deng, Z.; White, R. T.; Lee, J.; Rodgers, T.; Petibon, R.; Hy, S.; Cheng, S. J. H.; Dahn, J. R., Diagnosing and correcting anode-free cell failure via electrolyte and morphological analysis. Nature Energy 2020, 5, (9), 693-702.[4] Li, Q.; Yang, Y.; Yu, X.; Li, H., A 700 W⋅h⋅kg−1 Rechargeable Pouch Type Lithium Battery. Chinese Physics Letters 2023, 40, (4), 048201. Figure 1

(Invited) Strategic Cutoff Potential Selection Enables Safe and Long Cycle Life Li4Ti5O12/LiNi0.9Mn0.05Co0.05O2 Batteries for Behind-the-Meter Storage Applications

Behind-the-meter storage (BTMS) encompasses storage and distribution systems that bypass the electric grid. For example, energy stored in BTMS stationary batteries can be used for various purposes including electric vehicle charging or lowering the cooling load demands for large buildings. Many previous studies have focused on Li4Ti5O12/LiMn2O4 (LTO/LMO) batteries for BTMS applications1–3 rather than the more conventional electric vehicles comprised of graphite anodes paired with LiFePO4 or layered oxide materials. LTO/LMO batteries are appropriate for BTMS because they provide a favorable balance of cost, safety, and cycle life, which are the most important criteria for BTMS batteries. LTO’s minimal strain, high operating voltage, and relatively earth abundant materials promote cyclability, safety, and reasonable cost.4 LMO is very attractive to pair with LTO for BTMS applications due to abundancy of Mn, safety, and relatively high operating voltage to enable a higher voltage when paired with LTO.5 While LTO/LMO fulfills many requirements for BTMS applications, the high voltage of LTO and the low capacity of LMO limit energy density and specific energy. Improving energy density has the potential to decrease cost in addition to enabling a smaller battery footprint for space-constrained BTMS applications.With the goal of increasing the cathode capacity at high voltage to improve the BTMS battery energy density relative to LTO/LMO, we investigated LTO paired with LiNi0.90Mn0.05Co0.05O2 (NMC90-5-5). We selected NMC90-5-5 for its low Co content to minimize the impact of the cost volatility and supply chain challenges with Co in accordance with BTMS program goals. We investigated long term cycle life and rate capability of LTO/NMC90-5-5 coin cells with two different N/P ratios and two different charge termination potentials. Without the risk of Li plating at high LTO potentials, the cathode can be safely oversized in LTO systems (N/P < 1) such that the excess cathode capacity provides additional Li inventory to overcome losses during cycling and enables longer cycle life. We compared cells fabricated with N/P < 1 with N/P > 1 and we found that cells with N/P < 1 provided higher cell capacity during 1000 cycle tests. We also varied the full cell termination charge potential (2.6 V versus 2.7 V) for each N/P condition. While the 2.7 V termination potential enabled higher capacity, the 2.6 V termination enabled more stable cycling during 1000 cycle tests. Furthermore, because high Ni content layered oxide systems typically exhibit safety challenges,6,7 we also fabricated 18650 LTO/NMC90-5-5 full cells for accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) testing. ARC testing revealed a significantly lower heating rate as well as a higher temperature where the max heating rate occurred for cells cycled to 2.6 V versus 2.7 V. These data suggest that the termination potential in NMC90-5-5 is critical for optimizing these cathodes for the long cycle life and safety required for BTMS applications.This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. This work was performed, in part, at Sandia National Laboratories, a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) under contract DE-NA0003525. Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office under the Behind-the-Meter Storage (BTMS) Consortium directed by Samuel Gillard and managed by Anthony Burrell. The electrodes used in this manuscript are from Argonne's Cell Analysis, Modeling and Prototyping (CAMP) Facility, which is fully supported by the DOE Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO). The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.(1) Y. Ha et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2023, 170 (5), 050520.(2) Y. Ha et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2021, 168 (11), 110536.(3) Y. Ha et al., Energy Storage Materials 2021, 38, 581–589.(4) G. Xu et al., Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2017, 343, 139–184.(5) Z. Radzi et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2022, 116623.(6) L. Gan et al., Applied Physics Letters 2022, 121 (20).(7) J. Lamb et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2021, 168 (6), 060516.

(Invited) Photoluminescence Properties of Single InAsP Quantum Dots Embedded in InP Nanowires

Non-classical light emitters that can generate single photons with a negligible multiphoton probability are one of the key components for quantum information technologies. Deterministically grown III-V semiconductor nanowires containing quantum dots are gaining interest as a viable platform for quantum key distribution applications. In this talk, we will report on our recent development of the fabrication of InAsP single quantum dots embedded within InP photonic waveguide nanowires. In particular, we outline the importance of the photonic waveguide design for optimum photon generation and coupling to external optics [1]. The measured count rate dependence on normalized wire diameter, D/λ (figure 1) of the nanowire sources is consistent with calculations of the spontaneous emission rate into the fundamental HE11 nanowire waveguide mode (ΓHE11). Manipulating dot growth conditions and engineering the band structure around the dot (dot-in-a-rod configuration) are applied [2] to enhance the photoluminescence emission rate at 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Single photon emission with very low multiple photon probability is demonstrated at O- and C-band [3,4]. Temperature dependent, second-order correlation measurements on the 1310 nm source show that these nanowire sources can generate single photons up to temperatures of 220 K [3].[1] S. Haffouz, et al., Nano Letters, 18, 3047 (2018).[2] S. Haffouz, et al., Applied Physics Letters, 117, 113101 (2020).[3] P. Laferriére, et al., Nano Letters, 23, 962 (2023).[4] A.N. Wakileh, et al., arXiv:2309.13381 (2023). Figure 1

Pathfinding Process Development for the Realization of Atomic Precision Advanced Manufacturing (APAM)-Based Vertical Tunneling Field Effect Transistors for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Since the end of Dennard scaling, where metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) operating frequency and energy efficiency improved with shrinking device dimensions [1], increasing transistor density is predicted to increase the total power consumption of a system [2]. A key limitation for MOSFETs is that the minimum rate of turn-on, or subthreshold swing (SS), is ~60 mV/decade at room temperature because of the Boltzmann statistics that dictate charge density. Thus, maintaining constant electric field without increasing energy consumption (i.e. gate bias) requires decreasing the SS by investigating alternative materials or device designs, like tunnel FETs (TFETs) [3]. Recent advances in atomic-scale control promise to provide control over quantum mechanical degrees of freedom which have hindered TFET performance in practice. These considerations make atomic precision advanced manufacturing (APAM) an appealing platform to realize a proof-of-concept TFET with atomic scale features [4,5].APAM can produce a 2D sheet of dopants in silicon beyond the solid solubility limit that can be patterned in-plane and capped with epitaxial silicon for strong carrier confinement in the out-of-plane direction (Figure 1). Indeed, improvements to planar TFETs that effectively have 1D channels with low on:off current ratios have been proposed by changing to a vertical geometry that leverages the carrier confinement afforded by 2D materials to create a 2D channel [6], though these materials are not typical in a silicon foundry. In contrast, APAM provides this carrier confinement while exclusively using materials and chemicals that are used in silicon foundries and with compatible processes [7]. In the APAM TFET (Figure 1.8.), a gate bias induces a layer of holes at the oxide/silicon interface that extends from the source, enabling tunneling between the 2D phosphorus-doped layer that comprise the drain and the 2D induced hole layer.As tunnelling occurs vertically through the epitaxial silicon cap, it becomes critical to determine the optimal growth temperature, to keep the dopants in a 2D sheet at low temperatures versus producing low-defect silicon at higher temperatures. Similarly, for optimal electric field control, it becomes critical to determine the optimal processing temperature to maintain the 2D dopant sheet and produce a low-defect gate oxide. The electronic thickness of the dopant layer can be measured using weak localization and the segregation of dopants out of the 2D sheet can be measured using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Our intial attemps at evaluating the electrical quality of the epitaxial silicon cap used PMOS transistors made with an ALD gate dielectric on APAM material without the buried phosphorus layer. Intuitively, we expect material grown at a higher temperature to produce a lower density of defects and therefore more performant PMOS, but find instead that the initial results demonstrate no systematic trend. These results potentially indicate there is an unknown variable obscuring the intentionally changed variable of growth temperature. Here, we propose several possible causes for this observation – both the variability from APAM processing or low-temperature microfabrication could mask an underlying trend.In summary, an APAM TFET provides a path toward increasing energy efficiency of transistors by decreasing SS compared to MOSFETs. The process tradeoffs that produce tightly confined 2D doped layers compared to low defect materials are starting to be explored using PMOS devices. Here, we report on the impact of process variability in drawing conclusions from these devices toward the realization of an APAM TFET.SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525.[1] R. H. Dennard et al., “Design of ion-implanted MOSFET's with very small physical dimensions”, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 9, 256 (1974).[2] https://irds.ieee.org/[3] J. Koga et al., “Negative differential conductance in three‐terminal silicon tunneling device”, Applied Physics Letters, 69, 1435 (1996).[4] T.-M. Lu et al., “Path towards a vertical TFET enabled by atomic precision advanced manufacturing”, 2021 Silicon Nanoelectronics Workshop (2021).[5] X. Gao et al., “Modeling and Assessment of Atomic Precision Advanced Manufacturing (APAM) Enabled Vertical Tunneling Field Effect Transistor”, 2021 SISPAD, 102 (2021).[6] H. Lu et al., “Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors: State-of-the-Art”, IEEE J. Electron Device Society, 2, 44 (2014).[7] S. Misra et al., “Method of chemical doping that uses CMOS-compatible processes”, U.S. Patent 11,798,808. Figure 1

A Density Potential Functional Approach for Mesoscopic Metal-Solution Interfaces

Mesoscopic metal-solution interfaces (MSI) are found at nanostructured electrodes in myriad electrochemical devices. Resolving the local reaction environment for electrochemical reactions occurring in mesoscopic MSIs requires a constant-potential, computationally economic method that properly treat both quantum mechanical metal electrons and almost classical electrolyte components. We have been developing a density potential functional theory (DPFT) to meet these harsh requirements [1-4]. Our DPFT method combines an orbital-free density functional theory of quantum mechanical metal electrons, a statistical field theoretic description of classical electrolyte ions and solvent, and Morse potentials describing short-range interactions between the two parts that are parameterized using first-principles based computations. In this talk, I will introduce the theoretical framework, its relationship to other similar methods including the jellium model and implicit solvation model, its parameterization and benchmark with experimental and ab initio simulation data, and recent applications to understand solvent effects on potential of zero charge, mechanoelectrochemistry of MSIs, and supported nanoparticle catalysts. The emerging opportunities, future development needs, and important caveats of the DPFT method will be discussed. Reference Huang J, Zhang Y, Li M, Groß A, Sakong S. Comparing Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and a Semiclassical Grand Canonical Scheme for the Electric Double Layer of the Pt (111)/Water Interface. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2023 Feb 27;14:2354-63.Huang J. Density-Potential Functional Theory of Electrochemical Double Layers: Calibration on the Ag (111)-KPF6 System and Parametric Analysis. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 2023 Jan 18.Huang J, Chen S, Eikerling M. Grand-canonical model of electrochemical double layers from a hybrid density–potential functional. Journal of chemical theory and computation. 2021 Mar 31;17(4):2417-30.Huang J. Hybrid density-potential functional theory of electric double layers. Electrochimica Acta. 2021 Sep 1;389:138720. J.H. is supported by the Helmholtz Young Investigators Group Leader Program.

Mesoporous Carbon Supported Catalyst for Heavy Duty Fuel Cells

The interaction between the catalyst and the carbon support is crucial to both the performance and durability of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Local oxygen transport resistance (RO2) has shown to be a significant contributor to the overpotential loss in the catalyst layer.1 Utilizing mesoporous carbon supports has shown to reduce RO2 compared to high surface area carbon and prevent ionomer poisoning of Pt inside the pores.2 Engineered catalyst supports (ECS) synthesized through templated organic precursor provides improved control of resulting carbon morphology.3 This work presents a detailed study of the performance and durability of the ECS supported catalyst. Effect of Pt weight percentage on the carbon support, ionomer loading, and the ionomer type on the catalyst performance and durability is presented. Figure 1 shows the performance at beginning of life (BOL) and end of life (EOL) after 90000 cycles, using US DOE’s electrocatalyst protocol, for MEAs with different ionomer loadings. Polarization curve, Pt accessibility through CO stripping, and RO2 from limiting current will be presented are measured at different intervals between BOL and EOL. Characterization of the Pt particle and catalyst layer structure performed at BOL and EOL will also be presented. This study highlights the value of the morphological and electrochemical evaluation to provide detailed insights into the catalyst and mesoporous carbon support interaction. Acknowledgement This research is supported by Technology Readiness Gross Receipts Tax Credit through New Mexico Legislature. This research is supported by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, through the Million Mile Fuel Cell Truck Consortium (M2FCT). References 1 Kongkanand, A. et al. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 7, (7), 1127-1137, 2016.2 Ramaswamy, N. et al. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167, (6), 064515, 2020.3 Ramaswamy, N. US DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program: 2020 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Report, 2020. Figure 1

Selection of Electrolyte Additives for Enhanced Mg-Air Battery Performance Supported By Data-Driven Approach

A Mg-air battery is a primary aqueous battery with high theoretical voltage and specific energy density. They have attracted much attention due to their high theoretical energy density, long shelf life, and safety. They consist of magnesium anode coupled to an air electrode. However, the performance of aqueous Mg-air batteries is relatively poor due to: a large overvoltage caused by formation of insoluble discharge products (MgO and Mg(OH)2); and fast self-corrosion of Mg anodes in aqueous electrolytes. Two main strategies have been developed to address these shortcomings – alloy development [1, 2] and electrolyte modification [3, 4]. Electrolyte additives are an effective way to control interfacial processes. They are inexpensive and straightforward methods for controlling self-corrosion of Mg. As was previously shown electrolyte additives can also improve the discharge performance of aqueous primary Mg-air batteries by changing the surface of Mg anode.Here, we investigated the mechanism of action of several Mg2+ complexing agents as electrolyte additives for aqueous Mg-air batteries [5, 6]. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements during discharge and real-time hydrogen evolution measurements were used to elucidate the mechanisms of action. We found that Mg2+ complexing agents at optimal concentration greatly slowed the formation of insoluble discharge products and decreased the voltage drop in Mg-air batteries. Additionally, anodic hydrogen evolution experiments quantified the effect of Mg2+ complexing agents on self-corrosion of the Mg anode during discharge. These results suggest that Mg2+ complexing agents increase the battery utilization efficiency by inhibiting self-corrosion and decreasing the non-uniform dissolution of the Mg anode. This work showcases the promise of computer-assisted methods for rapidly and efficiently screen large numbers of organic compounds as potential electrolyte additives. Two data-driven quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) machine learning models were trained and used for in silico searches for promising battery performance-boosting candidates [7].[1] M. Deng, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, D. Snihirova, M.L. Zheludkevich, Mg-Ca binary alloys as anodes for primary Mg-air batteries, J. Power Sources, 396 (2018) 109-118.[2] M. Deng, L. Wang, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, P. Jiang, D. Snihirova, N. Scharnagl, M.L. Zheludkevich, Ca/In micro alloying as a novel strategy to simultaneously enhance power and energy density of primary Mg-air batteries from anode aspect, Journal of Power Sources, 472 (2020) 228528.[3] D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, B. Vaghefinazari, T. Braun, R.P. Petrauskas, M. Fichtner, M.L. Zheludkevich, Performance boost for primary magnesium cells using iron complexing agents as electrolyte additives, Scientific Reports, 8 (2018) 7578.[4] B. Vaghefinazari, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, D. Snihirova, M.L. Zheludkevich, Tailoring the Mg-air primary battery performance using strong complexing agents as electrolyte additives, J. Power Sources, 453 (2020) 227880.[5] D. Snihirova, L. Wang, S.V. Lamaka, C. Wang, M. Deng, B. Vaghefinazari, D. Höche, M.L. Zheludkevich, Synergistic Mixture of Electrolyte Additives: A Route to a High-Efficiency Mg-Air Battery, Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, (2020) 8790-8798.[6] L. Wang, D. Snihirova, M. Deng, B. Vaghefinazari, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, M.L. Zheludkevich, Enhancement of discharge performance for aqueous Mg-air batteries in 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate-containing electrolyte, Chem. Eng. J., (2021) 132369.[7] T. Würger, L. Wang, D. Snihirova, M. Deng, S.V. Lamaka, D.A. Winkler, D. Höche, M.L. Zheludkevich, R.H. Meißner, C. Feiler, Data-driven selection of electrolyte additives for aqueous magnesium batteries, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 10 (2022) 21672-21682.

Direct Wafer Bonding of 128° Y-Cut LiNbO3: A Pathway to High Frequency (50 GHz) Filter Applications

In this work, room temperature direct wafer bonding of complementarily oriented 128° Y-cut LiNbO3 substrates is achieved with an interfacial layer less than 1 nm thick. This compares well to commercially available structures with thickness of 3 nm and this interfacial width is particularly important for eventual multilayer bonding sequences with each layer on the order of only tens of nm. The (0114) indices describe the surface plane of 128° Y-cut LiNbO3 wafers; and the wafers were bonded such that their in-plane [055.12] directions were antiparallel. Due to its trigonal crystal structure, this zone axis has 1-fold symmetry and therefore is crystallographically distinguishable from either side of the bonded interface. The wafers were cleaned with standard cleaning protocols and subsequently brought in contact face-to-face and bonded. The bonding was performed in ambient atmosphere and the applied pressure was on the order of ~kPa. The bonded pair was then annealed at 200 °C for 10 h in order to strengthen the bond, which is fully compatible with exfoliation of He-implanted LiNbO3 layers. Limited literature has been reported for direct bonding of LiNbO3 to LiNbO3 and even fewer investigate the atomic structure of the bonded interface.1-3 Tomita et al., observe structurally disordered bonded interfaces after annealing at high temperatures (up to 1000 °C). High resolution transmission electron microscopy of the interface presented here reveal an abrupt interface (≤ ~1 nm) and a φ X-ray scan has confirmed a relative twist of ~180° between substrates. This is a follow-up work for what has previously been achieved by our group demonstrating direct wafer bonding and layer transfer of LiNbO3 to substrates such as sapphire and oxidized silicon.4 Combining these latest results will enable the fabrication of a multilayer structure of complementarily oriented LiNbO3 thin films on a sapphire substrate, which has applications for high frequency (50 GHz) filters. Similar structures using a different LiNbO3 orientation (X-cut) have been demonstrated to maintain high quality factor (Q) at 15.8 GHz.5 The authors would like to acknowledge the support from DARPA through the Compact Front-end Filters at the ElEment-level (COFFEE) program.[1] Tulli, D., Janner, D. and Pruneri, V., “Room temperature direct bonding of LiNbO3 crystal layers and its application to high-voltage optical sensing.” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 21(8), p.085025 (2011).[2] Tomita, Y., Sugimoto, M., & Eda, K., “Direct bonding of LiNbO3 single crystals for optical waveguides.” Applied physics letters, 66(12), 1484-1485 (1995).[3] Berini, P., Mattiussi, G., Lahoud, N. and Charbonneau, R., “Wafer-bonded surface plasmon waveguides.” Applied physics letters, 90(6), p.061108 (2007).[4] Liao, M. E., Matto, L., Huynh, K., and Goorsky, M. S., “Direct Wafer Bonding of 128° Y-Cut LiNbO3 to Sapphire”. WaferBond ’22, Presentation (2022).[5] Lu, R., and Gong, S., 2021 Joint Conf. EFTF/IFCS, 1 (2021). Figure 1

Localized Electrochemical Deposition Using Copper Pyrophosphate-Based Electrolyte

Additive manufacturing (AM) has gained popularity across various industries due to its cost-effectiveness, low material consumption, and minimal environmental impact. Localized electrochemical deposition (LECD), as one of the AM methods, has the capability to produce microcomponents or structures at an microscale in a specific position as designed, without the need for any mask or support material[1]. By reducing copper ions in the local area according to the position of the micro-wire, 3D structures could be produced. This electrochemical deposition process has a significant advantage in that it is a low-temperature process and has lower costs compared to other processes[2].Using the LECD process, the micrometer of copper columns was conventionally deposited in copper sulfate-based electrolyte[3]. However, this electrolyte has the possibility to cause damage to the metal substrate used as the cathode due to its low pH, resulting in metal dissolution. The utilization of copper pyrophosphate-based electrolyte, which is a solution with a pH close to neutral, can solve this problem. Also, copper pyrophosphate-based electrolyte offers an advantage over conventional alkaline-based electrolytes in that it removes cyanide pollution of the environment and hazards to human health.[4]In this study, the microanode was employed using a platinum wire(100 μm in diameter), while a copper substrate was employed as the cathode in the electrochemical deposition process. The micrometer copper columns were deposited using copper pyrophosphate-based electrolyte by varying the main electrochemical deposition factors, such as applied potential and pulse duty cycle. In addition The surface morphology of the deposited micrometer-scale copper columns was observed through scanning electron microscopy.REFERENCES[1] Suryavanshi, Abhijit P., and Min-Feng Yu. "Probe-based electrochemical fabrication of freestanding Cu nanowire array." Applied Physics Letters 88.8 (2006): 083103.[2] Madden, John D., and Ian W. Hunter. "Three-dimensional microfabrication by localized electrochemical deposition." Journal of microelectromechanical systems 5.1 (1996): 24-32.[3] Lin, J. C., et al. "Localized electrochemical deposition of micrometer copper columns by pulse plating." Electrochimica Acta 55.6 (2010): 1888-1894.[4] Chen, C-C. "A New Process for Cyanide-Free Copper Plating."Electroplating and Pollution Control 23.4 (2003): 10-11.

Investigation of Growth Sectors in Gallium Nitride Substrate Wafers from Ammonothermal and Patterned Hvpe Growth Methods

Gallium Nitride (GaN) is a wide band gap semiconductor material that has the potential to replace silicon (Si) in power electronics. However, the quality and availability of bulk GaN substrates is currently limiting its use in high-performance power electronics. Several methods have been developed to grow bulk GaN crystals, including physical vapor transport (PVT) [1, 2], Na-flux [3], ammonothermal [4, 5], and hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) [6]. Additionally, patterned HVPE growth methods have been developed to produce GaN substrates with reduced dislocation densities [7]. Ammonothermal and patterned HVPE growth methods have shown promise in producing high-quality GaN crystals for use in power devices [8-10]. Ammonothermal-grown GaN has an overall low dislocation density of 1000 cm-2, while patterned growth can concentrate dislocations into small areas, leaving the rest of the crystal relatively dislocation-free (< 102 cm-2). Besides dislocations, the overall homogeneity of these wafers is also important for devices. Recent synchrotron X-ray topography studies revealed domain features in both ammonothermal and patterned HVPE GaN wafers. Using synchrotron X-Ray Plane-Wave Topography (SXPWT, previously known as synchrotron X-Ray Rocking Curve Topography), these domain features that have enclosed diamond or quadrilateral shapes are found to have relative compressive strain values (~ 10-5) (Figure 1b). These features are visible on SEM micrographs using a Robinson detector (RBSD) (Figure 1c). The origin of these strains is likely the different impurity incorporation rates in different growth sectors.In the patterned HVPE growth method, growth sectors have been reported to exist due to growth along different directions [11]. It is likely that a similar situation exists for ammonothermal substrates, although no studies have been reported on this. Understanding the nature of these domain areas is important for device fabrication as the inhomogeneities will likely be replicated into active regions. SIMS measurements are currently being conducted to characterize the differences in impurity concentrations in these domains. These results will be used to confirm the origin of the strain.Figure 1. (a) Synchrotron monochromatic beam X-ray topograph of a selected area on a patterned HVPE grown GaN substrate; (b) Cropped strain map of the same area obtained by SXPWT; (c) SEM image of the same area with RBSD contrast. All three images show contrast from the domains defined by the growth sectors.[1] H. Wu, J. Spinelli, P. Konkapaka, M. Spencer, MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive 892 (2005).[2] D. Siche, D. Gogova, S. Lehmann, T. Fizia, R. Fornari, M. Andrasch, A. Pipa, J. Ehlbeck, Journal of crystal growth 318 (2011) 406-410.[3] M. Aoki, H. Yamane, M. Shimada, S. Sarayama, F.J. DiSalvo, Journal of crystal growth 242 (2002) 70-76.[4] R. Dwiliński, R. Doradziński, J. Garczyński, L. Sierzputowski, A. Puchalski, Y. Kanbara, K. Yagi, H. Minakuchi, H. Hayashi, Journal of Crystal Growth 310 (2008) 3911-3916.[5] T. Hashimoto, F. Wu, J.S. Speck, S. Nakamura, Journal of Crystal Growth 310 (2008) 3907-3910.[6] H.P. Maruska, J. Tietjen, Applied Physics Letters 15 (1969) 327-329.[7] T. Nakamura, K. Motoki, GaN substrate technologies for optical devices, IEEE, vol 101, 2013, p. 2221.[8] B. Raghothamachar, Y. Liu, H. Peng, T. Ailihumaer, M. Dudley, F.S. Shahedipour-Sandvik, K.A. Jones, A. Armstrong, A.A. Allerman, J. Han, H. Fu, K. Fu, Y. Zhao, Journal of Crystal Growth 544 (2020) 125709.[9] Y. Liu, B. Raghothamachar, H. Peng, T. Ailihumaer, M. Dudley, R. Collazo, J. Tweedie, Z. Sitar, F.S. Shahedipour-Sandvik, K.A. Jones, Journal of Crystal Growth 551 (2020) 125903.[10] Y. Liu, H. Peng, T. Ailihumaer, B. Raghothamachar, M. Dudley, Journal of Electronic Materials 50 (2021) 2981-2989.[11] K. Motoki, T. Okahisa, S. Nakahata, N. Matsumoto, H. Kimura, H. Kasai, K. Takemoto, K. Uematsu, M. Ueno, Y. Kumagai, Journal of Crystal Growth 237 (2002) 912-921. Figure 1

High-order SUSY-QM, the quantum XP model and zeroes of the Riemann Zeta function

Abstract Making use of the first- and second-order algorithms of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY-QM), we construct quantum mechanical Hamiltonians whose spectra are related to the zeroes of the Riemann Zeta function ζ(s). Inspired by the model of Das and Kalauni (DK) A Das and P Kalauni (2019 Physics Letters B 791, 265-269) which corresponds to this function in the strip 0 &lt; Re [ s ] &lt; 1 , and taking the factorization energy equal to zero, we use the wave function ∣x∣−S , S ∈ C , as a seed solution for our algorithms, obtaining XP-like operators. Thus, we construct SUSY-QM partner Hamiltonians whose zero energy mode locates exactly the nontrivial zeroes of ζ(s) along the critical line Re [ s ] = 1 / 2 in the complex plane. We further find that unlike the DK case, where the SUSY-QM partner potentials correspond to free particles, our partner potentials belong to the family of inverse squared distance potentials with complex couplings.

E-office implementation to support office administration activities

Office Administration is a science that deals with planning, organising, implementing, and controlling all matters relating to the life cycle of business and business information in the company. And very closely related to correspondence or correspondence, archives, and communication skills. With the existence of e-office, it can manage and integrate computer-based such as digital archives, or correspondence that does not require physical letters or paperless. Therefore, due to the development of technological disruption, the purpose of this research is how to build a system and application of e-office¬ for office administration and find out the advantages of implementing e-office. This research uses the literature study method by reviewing books, journals, and related research.