Physicochemical Studies Research Articles

Seasonal Compositions of Size-Fractionated Surface Phytoplankton Communities in the Yellow Sea

Little information on the phytoplankton community in the Yellow Sea (YS)—especially size-fractionated phytoplankton—is currently available, in comparison to the various physicochemical studies in the literature. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size-fractionated phytoplankton communities were seasonally investigated in the YS in 2019. In the study period, diatoms (55.0 ± 10.2%) and cryptophytes (16.9 ± 9.3%) were the dominant groups. Due to the recent alteration in inorganic nutrient conditions reported in the YS, the contribution of diatoms was lower than in previous studies. The large-sized phytoplankton group (>20 µm) was dominated mostly by diatoms (89.0 ± 10.6%), while the small-sized phytoplankton group (<20 µm) was also dominated by diatoms (41.9 ± 9.1%), followed by cryptophytes (19.2 ± 9.8%). The contributions of small-sized diatoms (<20 µm) have been overlooked in the past, as they are difficult to detect, but this study confirms significant amounts of small-sized diatoms, accounting for 62.3% of the total diatoms in the YS. This study provides an important background for assessing the seasonal variations in different-sized diatom groups in the YS. Further detailed studies on their potential ecological roles should be conducted, in order to better understand marine ecosystems under future warming scenarios.

Gynmema sylvestre - A Potentional Medicinal Herb

Gymnema sylvestre (Gs) is a well proven anti diabetic plant and used in Indian system of medicine for long period. A new variant of Gs was identified having hairy leaf. This Gs hairy variant species was subjected for pharmacognostical studies and screened for phytochemical analysis and correlated with the previous work done normal non hairy species. The leaves were analyzed for macroscopic and microscopic characteristics by taking microtome sectioning and stained for viewing in slides. The dried powdered leaf was subjected to fluorescent study using chemical reagents and viewed under visible and UV light to study the coloring pattern of the powdered particles interacting with the reagents. The powder was subjected for physicochemical studies using Indian Ayurvedic Pharamacopoeia procedure. The different extractions were done by using 100%, 50% ethanol and water. These extracts were subjected for preliminary qualitative analysis, quantitative estimation of terpenoides, alkaloids and marker compound Glycemnic acid.

Veterinary and sanitary examination of deer milk of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Reindeer husbandry is one of the main branches of animal husbandry in the north of the Russian Federation. Reindeer products offer dietary, biologically complete meat; high-quality milk; leather and fur raw materials with high thermal insulation properties; antlers contain biologically active substances, endocrine-enzyme and special raw materials. Also the use of reindeers as transport mode ensures the survival of small peoples in extreme living conditions. She-reindeer milk represents a sensitive multicomponent balanced system with high nutritional, immunological and bactericidal properties. The purpose of our work was to conduct a veterinary and sanitary examination of 20 samples of deer milk from Anabar and Neryungri districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological studies were carried out. Organoleptic studies were conducted according to the technical specifications TU-9861-015-00670203-2007 "Frozen reindeer milk - raw materials" and "TU-9861-014-00670203-2007 "Natural deer milk - raw." Physico-chemical studies were conducted according to the TU-9861-015-00670203-2007 "Frozen reindeer milk - raw materials" and TU-9861-014-00670203-2007 "Natural deer milk - raw." According to organoleptic indicators, samples of deer milk (Anabar district), (Neryungrinsky district) corresponded to the indicators of normative and technical documentation. According to the results of physico-chemical studies, it was established that all samples comply with regulatory and technical documentation. Concerning milk samples from the Anabar district, the fat content was found to be 0.7% higher than in deer milk samples from the Neryungri district. According to the results of microbiological studies, all samples corresponded to the regulatory and technical documentation. According to the results of comparative studies of samples, it was found that all samples had the best taste qualities and meet the requirements of technical specifications. After processing, deer milk can be used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. After ingestion by leaven micro-organisms with sugar and wild berries, deer milk can be used for the production of sour milk beverages for direct consumption, as well as for curd, sour cream and cheese. Deer milk is a unique dairy product that must comply with the biological safety.

Physico-chemical characterization studies of collagen labelled with Ru(II) polypyridyl complex

The rich luminescence behaviour exerted by transition metal complexes has found significant role in the development of biomolecular and cellular probes. The conjugation of fluorophore to a protein has its own advantage over the label-free system due to its high sensitivity. While numerous proteins have been labelled with either organic or inorganic fluorophores, the conjugation of luminescent transition metal complexes with collagen has not yet been attempted. Here, in this study, the conjugation of a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex with collagen was carried out and its physico-chemical characterization was studied. The conjugation of Ru(II) to collagen was characterized by UV-Visible, fluorescence and ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy. The conjugation of Ru(II) did not alter the triple helical structure of the collagen as evidenced from CD spectral data. The luminescence behaviour of the Ru-tagged collagen was found to be similar to that of the commercially available fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) tagged collagen with increase in luminescence upon addition of collagenase. Gel-based collagenase assay showed that the digestion of collagen can be vizualized using UV light due to intrinsic fluorophore tag without carrying out the staining-destaining processes. Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX) confirms the presence of Ru in Ru-collagen fibrils. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the conjugation of a Ru(II) complex with the fibrous protein collagen that exhibits similar property as of FITC-collagen and can be used as an alternative.

Substantiation of the composition and development of technology of granules based on the Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. herbal extract

Aim. To develop the optimal composition and technology, determine the quality indicators of granules based on a dry extract of Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. herb.
 Materials and methods. A dry extract of Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. herb, excipients and granules based on the extract studied were chosen as the study objects. For the analysis of recent research and publications, methods of scientific analysis were used; they contributed to the comparison, analysis, generalization and systematization of literature data. To achieve the aim, the generally accepted physical, physico-chemical and pharmaco-technological methods were used; they contributed to the objective assessment of the quality of the drug obtained.
 Results. According to the results of the studies conducted, the composition of granules based on the dry extract of Alchemilla subcrenata Bus. herb (the extractant – 70 % ethanol) was substantiated, and the technology of their production was developed. During the experimental studies, the optimal excipients for the production of granules, namely saccharin, sorbitol, ascorbic acid and 1 % methylcellulose solution, were selected. The granules developed meet the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 by their organoleptic indicators and technological parameters, and are stable during storage.
 Conclusions. The optimal composition of such dosage form as granules under the conditional name “Alchemin” has been substantiated, and the technology of their production has been developed. According to the results of pharmaco-technological and physico-chemical studies, the compliance of the granules developed with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 has been proven.

Tailoring functional spray-dried powder platform for efficient donepezil nose-to-brain delivery

Shortcomings of oral donepezil administration in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease have paved the way for ongoing investigations towards more efficient and safe donepezil nose-to-brain delivery. Herein we present the development of advantageous powder platform for donepezil nose-to-brain delivery, coupling careful design of chitosan and mannitol-based carrier matrix with spray-drying technology advantages and early consideration of adequate nasal administration mode, employing QbD approach. Unprecedentedly, ultrasonic nozzle was used to atomise the drying feed in response to size-related requirements for nasal aerosol particles. The optimised spray-drying process resulted in free-flowable dry powder with a great majority of particles larger than 10 µm, ensuring localised nasal deposition upon aerosolization, as evidenced by using 3D-printed nasal cavity model. QbD approach coupling formulation, process and administration parameters enabled optimisation of drug deposition profile reaching tremendously high 65.5 % of the applied dose deposited in the olfactory region. The leading formulation exhibited favourable swelling, mucoadhesion, drug release and permeation-enhancing properties, suiting the needs for efficient brain-targeted delivery. Results of in vitro biocompatibility and physico-chemical stability studies confirmed the leading formulation potential for safe and efficient donepezil nose-to-brain delivery. The obtained results encourage extending the study to an appropriate in vivo model needed for the final proof-of-concept.

Electrospun nanofibrous membrane functionalized with dual drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for the potential treatment of otitis externa

External ear canal infections and inflammation (called otitis externa) represent considerable health and psychological problem. It is commonly treated via an ointment combination of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and dexamethasone (DEX). The ointment application has a shorter residence time, could fail to reach the target area, and their uncontrolled use could perforate the eardrum and promote superbugs infections. Therefore, current studies aimed to modulate drug release, drug performance, targeted drug delivery, and optimized single application of dual drugs based β-cyclodextrin (βCD) inclusion complex. Herein, polymer-free (βCD-CIP and βCD-DEX) and polymer-based (βCD-CIP/polycaprolactone and βCD-DEX/polycaprolactone) nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning in multilayered form. The surface of the inclusion complex entrapped nanofibers was coated with catechol-functionalized adhesive nanofibers. The morphological, physicochemical, thermo-mechanical, crystalline, and contact angle studies confirm the entrapment of inclusion complex in nanofibers. The studied polymer-based nanofibers were mechanically stable, convenient for storage, integrated and ensured amorphous distribution of both drugs, possessed initial burst, and then sustained drug release, and better inhibited bacterial growth. The surface adhesiveness and tunable biophysical properties could prolong drug residence and expand nanocomposite applicability. Overall, the designed nanofibrous system could enable single application-based dual drug delivery to treat ear canal infections.

Optimum chemical states and localized electronic states of SnO2 integrated PTh– SnO2 nanocomposites as excelling emissive layer (EML)

Luminescent PTh–SnO2 nanocomposite was synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization technique in presence of thiophene monomer with varying concentrations of SnO2 nanoparticles. The physico-chemical and morphological studies revealed the integration of SnO2 nanoparticles in the polythiophene matrix of PTh–SnO2 nanocomposites. Particle size of the derived nanocomposite laid in the 16–31 nm range and it was examined using HR-TEM. The optimized binary nanocomposite (15% PTh–SnO2) showed inflated thermal stability than pure PTh due to integration of SnO2 nanoparticles in PTh matrix. Further, it exhibited reduced optical band gap of 2.07 eV that was attributed to the inserted SnO2 nanoparticles which formed the localized electronic states in the optical band gap of PTh. Highest photoluminescence emission intensity was recorded for yellow-green band (∼562 nm) of 15% PTh–SnO2 and three emission bands (∼451 nm, ∼468 nm and ∼620 nm) of notable intensities were also observed. Photometric analysis of 15% PTh–SnO2 sample finally gives the emission color in blue-green region (near to white light) which enabled it to be used as successful emissive layer for its application in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Pharmacognostical investigation of Clitoria ternatea L. leaves

Clitoria ternatea L. (Family: Fabaceae) is also commonly known as Aparajita or Shankapushpi. The folklore claims the use of whole plant for curing various ailments. The leaves are used for hepatic problems, otalgia and eruptions. Pharmacognosy is an indispensable aid in standardization of herbal drugs. For the present investigation, pharmacognostical evaluation of C. ternatea L. leaf is carried out for quality standards. The study involves the following parameters like macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical analysis, powder microscopy, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical analysis. The keystone characteristic of microscopic studies under light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of sclerenchyma ring around the vascular bundle in the midrib region and; two types of non-glandular bicellular trichomes, first type is smooth walled with curved apex, and second type is warty walled with blunt apex. The presence of wax crystalloids on the surface of the leaflets was clearly observed in ESEM. Powder study goes concurrent with microscopy. The physicochemical studies revealed i.e. total ash (8.15 %), water soluble ash (6.58 %), acid insoluble ash (1.88 %) and sulphated ash (9.05%); water soluble extractive value (14.92%) and alcohol soluble extractive values of (9.66%) which are comparatively higher to other solvents. The preliminary phytochemical and histochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids etc. In the current studies, pharmacopeial standards are laid down for the leaves of C. ternatea L.

Spectroscopic Evidence of Thermal Changes in Plant Oils during Deep-Frying-Chemical and Infrared Studies.

For this study, the thermal degradation of palm, coconut, rice bran, and rapeseed (canola) oils was studied. Products formed during deep-frying were identified using chemical methods and these results were verified with those derived from FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) studies. Mathematically processed spectral data were analyzed in terms of the breaking of double bonds, the decomposition of the carotenoids, and the reduction of the C=O carbonyl group. Clearly visible changes in the position and intensity of some bands were used for explaining the structural changes in the studied oils. These changes prove that during the heating of the oils, decomposition of the plant fat into fatty acids appears, together with the reduction of the number of certain bonds (e.g., C=C, =C-H, and C=O) and cracking of the acylglycerol chains. The iodine values of the heated oils, determined from the FT-IR spectra measurements, show a significant decrease in their degree of unsaturation level. These effects, visible in the FT-IR spectra, confirm the chemical and structural changes derived from the chemical and physicochemical studies of the plant oils. The influence of heating time on the band intensity of proteins was also studied.

Development and Evaluation of Polymer Drug Delivery System (PDDS) for Delivery of Boswellia seratta

Boswellia seratta (BS) is the best herbal medicine to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. Delivering BS through an oral drug delivery system has been in effective, because of its enzymatic degradation within the Gastro-Intestinal (GI) tract. In this paper, we develop a gastro retentive approach for delivering BS to avoid high hepatic first pass metabolism and optimized buccal patch based on the drug delivery characteristics. There are seven different formulated buccal films of BS that were prepared by the solvent casting method, using mucoadhesive polymers, Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), and Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (SCMC). These with drug formulation can be represented as PCB. The prepared films were evaluated by various physicochemical properties and characterization studies. Results obtained from physico-chemical properties, in-vitro and ex-vivo studies among all seven patches, PCB5 shows better drug-releasing characteristics. This was further confirmed by FT-IR and XRD characterization studies. Also, the data was statistically analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Physicochemical Studies on the Effect of Hexamine Addition and Ratio on the Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

AbstractThe effect of hexamine (HA) addition on the morphological, thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites has been considered. In this regard, HA was composited with NBR in different part percentages. The prepared formulations were characterized by using ATR‐FTIR and mapped with AFM for their topographical features which revealed multiple protrusions and showed that HA was distributed in the form of clustered crystals on the rubber surface and within the rubber matrix. The investigated data revealed that the tensile strength, elongation, and shore A hardness were improved with addition and increasing HA ratio till 50 phr then reneged. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a graduated decreasing effect on the thermal stability by addition of HA. Moreover, upon increasing the proportion of HA in the composite, the electrical resistivity was dropped by several orders of magnitude at a critical filler concentration. The conductivity through composite material is described as a transport mechanism that involves electrons tunneling through the gaps founded in between of the two discontinuous conducting elements and a continuous conducting network forming. Experimental and calculated values of electrical resistivity showed close similarity only at higher HA loading ratios.

Transformation of ZnS microspheres to ZnO, their computational (DFT) validation and dye-sensitized solar cells application

ZnO spheres were synthesized by solid state oxidation of ZnS microspheres at different oxidation temperatures of 600 and 700 °C in an ambient atmosphere. The high temperature transformation of ZnS microspheres into hexagonal structured and highly crystalline ZnO microspheres comprising interconnected nanoparticles facilitating efficiently electron transport as well as charge collection through an intended path in the solar cell. The comparative physico-chemical and photovoltaic studies were done for synthesized ZnO microspheres. The structural study by x-ray diffraction of ZnO confirmed the hexagonal ZnO; the UV–Visible spectroscopy study showed λmax varying from 410 to 413 nm and 397 to 407 nm for ZnO microspheres synthesized by heating at 600 and at 700 °C, respectively. Additionally, crystalline and electronic structures were validated by density functional theory studies. The computational studies also revealed growth of hexagonal ZnO, where the bandgap varied with the oxidation temperature. The photovoltaic properties of ZnO microspheres synthesized at 600 °C exhibited better performance than the ones synthesized at 700 °C due to high surface roughness leading to enhanced dye loading and favorable charge collection. Dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated from ZnO microspheres synthesized at 600 and 700 °C exhibited the maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.38% and 3.06% correspondingly.

Prolate carbon architecture as a novel Li-ion battery anode with kinetic study

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance can be tailored by controlling the structure, texture, defects, dopants, and architecture of carbon-based anodes. In this publication, a novel prolate carbon-shape with dual short-ordered graphite-like and turbostratic arrangements was studied for the first time in LIB anodes which delivered a promising reversible capacity of 271 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. The novel prolate carbon was synthesized by dry autoclaving avocado oil, utilizing autogenic pressure to ensure a homogeneous sample. The novel prolate carbon demonstrated stable, promising performance by leveraging graphite-like layers towards the surface and a highly amorphous bulk. Physico-chemical and extensive electrochemical studies were conducted to elucidate the Li-ion storage mechanism of the novel architecture: the anode was found to rely on 70% of its lithium to be stored via capacitance, and its apparent lithium-ion diffusion coefficients were estimated in the range between 10−9 and 10−12 cm2 s−1.

A Study of the Content of Pesticide Residue in Agricultural Soils Around Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State Nigeria

In this study, the assessment of levels of pesticide residue in agricultural soil in farmlands around Federal University Gusau was carried out. The objectives of this study are to determine soil parameters such as pH, moisture content, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, water holding capacity, identify the pesticide residues within the study area and assess the level of pesticide residue in the soil within the area. The sampling area covered arable farmland to the north, south, west and eastern boarders of the university campus. Analyses of cleaned sample extracts were performed using Gas Chromatography equipped with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). A total of twelve agricultural soil samples were taken from the location at a depth of 20cm from the topsoil. The result obtained showed the presence of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides. Seventeen pesticide residues and derivatives were detected. These include; 2,4 dichloro, Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Endosulfan, Aldrin, p,p' -DDD, g- chlordane, Profenofos, Carbofuran (a carbamate), DDVP, Dichlorvos, Heptachlor, t-nonachlor, Isopropylamine, Glyphosate, Biphenyl, Dichlorobiphenyl and Lindane. Physicochemical studies of the samples gave a pH that ranges from slightly acidic to slightly basic. The results when compared with IAEA/FAO/CODEX Alimentarius guideline are observed to be within the maximum residue limit. Keywords: Pesticides, Agricultural soil, Gusau , Gas chromatography, FAO DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-7-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

Ceramic granite production wastes use for enhancement asphalt concrete construction and technical properties

Bitumen concrete construction and technical properties improvement when used as refuse finely-fragmented layer inorganic material formed in production of ceramic granite, ceramic construction material, is conditioned by its phase composition and structure. The set of physicochemical studies has established that the high physical and technical properties of ceramic granite are associated with its microstructure, which presents glassceramic composite consisting of amorphous glass phase permeated with mullite crystals and silica-containing phases of quartz and cristobalite, that provides low material porosity. The density of natural granite containing only β-quartz in an amount of about 35% with its density and the density of other minerals in the granite, in particular field spars, is 2.6… 2.7 g/cm3. The density of ceramic granite decreases due to less dense β-cristobalite, but at the same time its porosity decreases due to glass crystal structure. Use of non-porous refuses of ceramic granite as finely-fragmented inorganic material reduces amount of bitumen in bitumen concrete mixture, increases water resistance, compressive strength, shear resistance of bitumen concrete, which can increase service life of road surface.

THE POSSIBILITY OF USING VANADIUM WASTE IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF WALL CERAMICS

A complex of physico-chemical studies was carried out: X-ray phase analysis, differential thermal analysis, chemical analysis of vanadium production waste. It has been established that these wastes containing 17.39 % Mn2O3 in their composition are promising raw materials for the production of volumetric wall ceramics. The effect of heat treatment at 200, 500, 600 and 700 ?C on the phase composition of vanadium production waste has been studied.

Experimental research on the development of the composition of the transdermal therapeutic system of anti-inflammatory action based on composition of natural substances

The aim of the work is to develop the composition of the transdermal therapeutic system of anti-inflammatory action based on active pharmaceutical ingredients of natural origin. Materials and methods. Selection of adhesive materials, plasticizers and solvents, the effect of introduction to the base of active pharmaceutical ingredients, determination of optimal temperature and drying time, pharmacological screening was performed by physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and biological research methods. Results. The composition of the hydrophilic adhesive composition, which includes polyvinylpyrrolidone, eudragit (adhesives), PEO-400 (plasticizer), isopropyl alcohol (solvent) 50: 8: 12: 30, respectively. This composition has excellent organoleptic properties, is easily applied to the polymer base, holds its shape well (does not flow beyond the base), is applied in a thin layer and evenly distributed on the base. The optimal mode of drying of the adhesive composition based on PVP is 75 °C for 30 min, based on PVA – 75 °C for 35 min, the composition containing eudragit - 50 °C for 10 min. It is established that the addition of active substances to the adhesive composition does not adversely affect its properties. The study of antiexudative activity using different combinations of substances of natural origin as API and found that the best anti-inflammatory properties (25 %) have a sample No. 4, which includes dry extracts of white willow bark and sage leaves and quercetin 3:1:3 in accordance. Conclusions. Based on physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and pharmacological studies, the composition of the transdermal therapeutic system of anti-inflammatory action with active pharmaceutical ingredients of natural origin has been developed

DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE BIOCHAR PRECURSOR AS ALTERNATIVE FOR ENABLING ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL AREAS

This study aims to determine suitable biochar precursor for local production of biochar as an alternative low-cost solution to address the persistent water supply issue in rural areas in Sarawak. A series of physicochemical characterization and adsorption studies were conducted for biochar pyrolysed from bamboo, dried leaves, wood shavings, rice husk, tree branch and wood chip, in a stainless-steel canister (without oxygen) at 600oC for three hours using a muffle furnace. Bamboo was the only precursor which fulfilled the requirements for water treatment in rural areas, i.e., biochar yield, structural integrity in water and adsorption characteristics. The pyrolysis of bamboo achieved a biochar yield of 32.8%, which attributed to the high fixed carbon content of 70.9% required for adsorption. The biochar consisted of homogeneous carbon structures with BET surface area of 317 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.189 cm3/g and micropores averaging 1.218 nm, which demonstrated favourable adsorption characteristics. The selection of bamboo as precursor is practical in rural areas as it is easily obtained and safe to be pyrolyzed into biochar. The application of biochar for water treatment helps to overcome the water supply issues and promote sustainable biomass waste management in rural areas.

Facile synthesis, physico-chemical studies of Ocimum sanctum magnetic nanocomposite and its adsorptive application against Methylene blue

This research work investigates the synthesis of Ocimum sanctum-Fe3O4 hybrid magnetic nanocomposite, OSIO, by using economical and facile co-precipitation technique. The synthesized nanocomposite has been characterized, and used for adsorptive removal of Methylene blue dye from its solution. The thermodynamics, kinetics of the sorption process have been investigated and the adsorption mechanism for the MB sorption onto the surface of OSIO has been proposed. The systematic characterization including, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, TEM, VSM, BET, Zeta potential and XPS of the nanocomposite were carried out to study the structural and morphological properties. Futhermore, the sorption parameters, like initial MB dye concentration, OSIO dosage, temperature, contact time, and pH of solution had been optimised to acquire maximum efficiency. The OSIO showed high allurement for the MB dye with Qmax = 23.80 mg/g at 303 K which further escalated to 31.25 mg/g on increasing the temperature up to 323 K, indicating the process of adsorption to be an endothermic one. Furthermore, the negative value of ΔG suggested the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Isotherm studies of the MB sorption onto OSIO showed best fitting of the data to Freundlich isotherm, while reaction kinetics followed pseudo-second order within the studied temperature range.