Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters Research Articles

Interpretation of Diverse Physico-Chemical Water Quality Parameters of Jaipur (Rajasthan) Sampling Sites for Plantation, Irrigation and Fluorosis Concern

The present study is aimed to evaluate the hydro chemical characteristics and quality of groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected from selected sampling sites like Shivdaspura (S1), Mansarovar (S2), Tonk Phatak (S3) and Chand pole (S4) in Jaipur District, Rajasthan and analyzed for major physico-chemical parameters. Such as Colour vis, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Lead, Cadmium, Chloride, Fluoride, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity, Total Solids, Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids, Taste and Odour, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Magnesium, pH, Nitrate, Calcium, Sulphate Were analysed fora period from 29March 2021 to 09 December 2021. Fluoride content in the water samples of study area varied from 0.57mg/l to 7.97mg/l. Due to the higher fluoride levels in drinking water of Shivdaspura area showing dental fluorosis in which the teeth of the children were damaged and characterized by brown and black stains.

Possible Pollution of Surface Water Bodies with Tequila Vinasses

The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality in two streams of the Valles region of Jalisco, Mexico and fully determine if they are being used as tequila vinasse disposal sites. Three sampling campaigns were carried out at eight different points of the two streams that run near tequila factories (TFs). Different physicochemical parameters of water quality were measured: chemical oxygen demand (COD); biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5); total suspended solids (TSSs); total phosphates; fats, oils, and grease (FOG); Kjeldal nitrogen; nitrite; nitrate; pH; conductivity; temperature; dissolved oxygen (DO); and turbidity. Also, the analysis of samples of tequila vinasses (TVs) diluted with tap water were carried out to have a reference for the level of pollution in the streams. Furthermore, due to the fact that COD could be considered the main indicator of pollution with TVs, a linear regression was performed between COD concentrations and the percentage of dilution of TVs (with tap water). A positive correlation was found between these two variables, and based on this analysis, the vinasse content was estimated at each sampling point of the streams. It was found that on average, a volume of 8.5 ± 6.3% and 11.5 ± 4.9% of TVs were present in each sampling point of the Atizcoa and Jarritos Streams, respectively. Additionally, it was found that, in general, the concentration of pollutants increased as the streams passed through the TFs, particularly the Atizcoa Stream. According to the Water National Commission criteria, most of the points would be classified as highly polluted, since they reach concentrations of COD and BOD5 up to 6590 mg/L and 3775 mg/L, respectively, temperature values up to 37 °C, and DO values of 0.5 mg/L. Therefore, it was confirmed that the streams are being used as tequila vinasse disposal sites. Due to the above, there is an urgent need for tequila companies to implement treatment systems for the vinasse generated, since under current conditions, the monitored streams are practically devoid of aquatic life.

Assessment of Physico-chemical Parameters of water quality of Ground Water, Almanagil town, Gezira State, Sudan

The current study was conducted to evaluate physical and chemical parameters of water quality taken from some of ground wells in Almanagil town, Gezira State, Sudan. The efforts, in this work, included a collection of different groundwater samples from Managil town. Many groundwater samples were collected from different wells distributed throughout the area of study. From all these groundwater samples, only eight samples were selected, to exclude repetition, and subjected to physico-chemical analysis. The physical characteristics including: conductivity (EC) of the collected samples were determined. The values of different chemical parameters as: pH, total dissolved salts (TDS) were measured according to the standard methods of analysis. In addition, the concentration of many anions (chloride, nitrite, nitrate) were determined. Results showed that EC between 440 -601 (ppm), GH 1000 (mg/L) all, NO3 and NO2 0.00 (mg/L) , Cl2 range between 0.7-3.58 (mg/L) ,KH 120- 362.667 (mg/L) ,salts 18.0-20.0 % , pH has values ranged from 8.0 – 8.5 while the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS (mg/L)) between 6.67 – 12.0 (mg/L) whereas (TDS (ppm)) between524.33- 653.67 . The results revealed significant different at (P≤ 0.01) with exception of (NO3) value zero so (NO2) and GH (1000mg/L) were not significant at P> 0.05). The findings show validity of certain samples for human uses.

Using hydrogeochemical facies and signatures for groundwater characterization and evolution assessment in aquifers with contrasting climate and geology in Tanzania

This study aimed at characterizing groundwater evolution using hydrogeochemical facies and signatures in two basins with contrasting climate and geology, one in the central part and the other in the eastern coast of Tanzania. The Kimbiji (humid, unconsolidated) aquifer is covered by an unconfined layer in the upper parts and a confined layer in the lower parts, with strong artesian flow characteristics while groundwater in the Singida (semi-arid, consolidated) aquifer occurs in weathered shallow layers and in fractures of basement rocks. Fieldwork involved water sampling from precipitation, deep and shallow boreholes, springs and surface water from rivers and lakes in the two study areas. These were specifically conducted for hydrogeochemical analyses to unravel hydrogeochemical facies and signatures in the two aquifers. Physico-chemical water quality parameters [i.e., pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS)] were measured in situ using HANNA HI 9829 Multiparameter Analyzer. Standard procedures for water sampling, preservation, transportation, and chemical analyses of major ions were conducted as documented in previous studies. Samples were carried and stored at 4 °C prior to their shipping and analyses at Water analysis and testing in environmental regions (WATER) laboratory in Iringa, Tanzania. The mechanism controlling groundwater geochemistry were revealed by assessing the reactions between groundwater and aquifer minerals. Chloro-Alkaline indices (CAIs) were used to study cation exchange processes between the groundwater and its host environment at stagnancy and/or during groundwater travel. The Gibbs ratio 1 values were found to range from 0.26 to 0.94 and Gibbs ratio 2 values ranged from 0.11 to 0.95. The majority of the samples irrespective of the contrast in climate and geology were observed to fall in the rock–water interaction zone. This is attributed to chemical weathering processes where the dissolution of rock forming minerals takes place. Some samples exhibited replacement of Na+ by Ca2+ or Mg2+ (S18), loss of Na+ through precipitation of evaporate rocks (S11, S13, S16, S19), and water flowing through crystalline rocks (S1, S2, S4, S6, S8, S10, S12, S13, S14, S21). The ratio Na+: Ca2+ > 1.0 (S1, S4, S8, S10, S12, S14, S17, S18, S19, S21) explains base ion exchange while the ratio < 1 implies a reverse ion exchange (S2, S6, S11, S13, S16).The Ca2+: SO42− + HCO3− ratio < 1.0 connotes groundwater flowing through a normal hydrological cycle (S1, S4, S8, S10, S12, S14, S17, S18, S2, S6, S11, S13, S21) and a ratio greater than 1 is an indication of Ca2+–Cl− brines (S16, S19). The HCO3−: Cl− hydrogeochemical signatures divided the Singida aquifer into upper water flow course, where groundwater recharge occurs (S52, S54, S56, S57, and S58) and the discharge zone, (S53, S59, S60, S61) which is a lower groundwater flow course. Interestingly, the Mg2+ + Ca2+: Na+ + K+ ratios as well confirmed that the Singida aquifer is a lower groundwater flow course (discharge zone). The greater than 1 Na+: Ca2+ ratios confirm the dominance of base ion exchange in the Singida aquifer as it has been explained by the CAIs and the Piper diagram. The Gibbs diagrams revealed that the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the Kimbiji and Singida aquifers are mainly in the rock weathering region, affirming that there is high dissolution with rock forming minerals. This is thus one of the main controls of groundwater mineralization in the two study areas. The similarity of hydrogeochemical signatures between a distant surface water body, Lake Inkhanoda and Mwankoko borehole in the Singida aquifer is an indication that there is a discernible interaction between groundwater and surface water, further revealing that the Singida aquifer is fed by sub-regional and regional groundwater flow systems.

Application of Water Quality Index and Water Suitability for Drinking of the Euphrates River within Al-Anbar Province, Iraq

In this study water quality was indicated in terms of Water Quality Index that was determined through summarizing multiple parameters of water test results. This index offers a useful representation of the overall quality of water for public or any intended use as well as indicating pollution, which are useful in water quality management and decision making. The application of Water Quality Index (WQI) with ten physicochemical water quality parameters was performed to evaluate the quality of Euphrates River water for drinking usage. This was done by subjecting the water samples collected from seven stations within Al-Anbar province during the period 2004-2010 to comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The ten physicochemical parameters included: pH value, Alkalinity (ALK), Orthophosphate (PO4-3), Nitrate (NO3-),Sulphate (SO4-2), Chloride (Cl-), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The average annual overall WQI was found to be 107.59 through the study period. The high WQI obtained is a result of the high concentrations of Orthophosphate and Magnesium which can be attributed to the various human activities taking place along the river banks. From this analysis the quality of the Euphrates River is classified as "very poor quality" ranging poor water at the river upstream near station (E1) and unsuitable for drinking at the river downstream near station (E7) with an annual minimum WQI of 89.34 in 2008 and maximum 112.44 in 2009. The present study demonstrated the application of WQI in estimating and understanding the water quality of Euphrates River. WQI appears to be promising in water quality management and a valuable tool in categorizing pollution sources in surface waters

Assessment of Wastewater Characteristics of Treatment Units in some Hospitals in the City of Basra

This paper presents the results of the flowing water characteristics from the sanitation system studied in targeted hospitals in the city of Basra, Iraq, in four sites from the 1st of December 2021 to the 1 st of March 2022, including two major sites for government hospitals and two main sites for private hospitals. Statistical analysis of a set of physicochemical water quality parameters of flowing water collected directly from hospitals and water flowing before mixing with public sewage was conducted to investigate the efficiency of a hospital wastewater treatment plant in Basra, Iraq. The study concluded that the operational capacity in the selected treatment stations is commensurate with the hospital’s absorptive capacity and that all stations from different global origins operate as efficiently. The efficiency of removing Al–Saadi Hospital is 44.7% higher than other hospitals (Al–sader teaching, Al Mawanee, and Al–Mawadda) the efficiency of removing was (43.06%, 41.35%, 37.73%) respectively that have been studied. It is necessary to provide government and private hospitals with biological treatment stations to achieve the water environment in a city that suffers from severe pollution of water resources.

Depth profile of reservoir water quality in the Southwest of Ethiopia

The objective of this research was to investigate the variation of water quality parameters at different depths of the Gilgel Gibe I reservoir in Oromia Jimma zone during wet seasons. Five stations within the reservoir were selected, and water quality parameters were determined at four different depths (surface, 5 m, 10 m, and 15 m). Water quality parameters were analyzed on-site using a HACH, HQ40d portable multi-meter, and turbidity was measured using Wag tech turbidity meter and in the laboratory using the standard method. Comparison of water quality parameters among depths were conducted using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's pairwise comparisons with 5% significance level. The probable contributing source of the investigated physicochemical water quality parameters at different depth was identified using Principal components analysis. The results show that depth wise except for total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) the rest showed statistically significant difference at p < 0.05 level. Negative correlations were found between depth and dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, pH, nitrate (N03-) and chlorophyll a (Chl.a) while positive correlations were found between electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), turbidity and N03-. The study revealed that the release of nutrients associated with increased concentration of BOD5 at the bottom depth caused low concentration of dissolved oxygen due to oxygen consumption. This was further aggravated through the decomposition of organic matter, indicating organic pollution resulting from runoff from the catchment. The presence of dense masses of blue-green algae in the pelagic zone of Gilgel Gibe I reservoir suggested the presence of ample nutrients for its blooming and significant reduction of water quality, indicating possible eutrophic conditions. Therefore, catchment management is required to protect aquatic life and the reservoir function as a whole from reservoir water quality degradation.

Assessment of the monsoonal impact of air pollutants and meteorological factors on physicochemical water quality parameters using remote sensing

Abstract With growing urbanization, water contamination has become a problem. The water quality is assessed using physicochemical parameters and requires manual collection. Moreover, physicochemical parameters are insufficient for water quality monitoring as heavy rainfalls and abundance of air pollutants cause water pollution. Thus, considering natural factors as influencing parameters and the latest technology for easy and global coverage for sampling, water quality monitoring is modified. This study investigates Rawal watershed with (a) physicochemical, (b) air pollutants like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and (c) meteorological variables like wind speed for June 2018 to September 2022. Correlation and regression analysis are performed. The results show negative correlations for NO2 with total dissolved solids (TDS) (ranging, 0.51–0.85), turbidity (range, 0.53–0.65), pH (range, 0.5–0.75), and dissolved oxygen (DO) (range, 0.5–0.82), and positive correlation with electric conductivity (EC) (range, 0.54–0.85). The regression analysis with LightGBM, multi-layer perceptron (MLP), and support vector machine (SVM) is applied with air pollutants, and meteorological parameters taken as independent variables giving root-mean-square error (RMSE) (ranging, 0.015–0.18). MLP gave an RMSE of 0.18 and 0.003 for TDS and pH, respectively. SVM performed well for DO, turbidity, and EC with RMSE ranging from 0.015 to 0.027. Moreover, floods on August 2022 are taken as a case study.

Hydrogeochemical Quality of Groundwater used for Irrigation in Ziban Region, Algeria

The present study focuses on the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in order to assess their irrigation suitability. The samples collected from 28 boreholes intended for irrigation chosen from two localities (El Outaya and Ain Naga) in the Ziban region (Algeria), were analyzed for nine different physicochemical water quality parameters (which include EC, pH, Ca2+, Mg2+ , Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-and HCO3-). The laboratory results indicate that most of the groundwater samples of the both locations show high value of EC which exceed as per FAO Standards. The classification of hydrochemical facies by Piper diagram shows dominance of chloride and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) and magnesium groundwater type (in Ain Naga) and potassium chloride water type (in El Outaya). The majority of groundwater samples analyzed of the both location are unsuitable for irrigation purpose according to the interpretation of graphical plots such as Wilcox and US Salinity Laboratory for the classification of groundwater. In Ain Naga location, the better class of water quality is C3S1 with only 14.28%.The rest is unsuitable for irrigation C4S1 (71.42%) and C4S2 (14.28%). However, all groundwater samples analyzed of El Outaya location are unsuitable for irrigation with C4S2 (28.57%), C4S3 (28.57%) and C5S3 (42.85%).

Evaluation of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface water in urban settings and its applicability to SDG 6: The case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

In this study, an analysis of physicochemical and microbiological water quality parameters was carried out to evaluate the water quality status of the city from the two major reservoirs that supply drinking water to the city. Unlike most studies which only report on the water quality from the source or final treated water, this study assessed the water quality from the raw water source, the treatment plant as well as the treated water from taps. The analysis was conducted in accordance with the American Public Health Association's recommended procedures. Silica varied between 8.85–15.1 mg/l for Legedadie reservoir which is less than the stipulated limit of 25 mg/l and 72.2 to 111.77 mg/L for Gefersa. With the exception of turbidity, total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen which recorded mean values of 252.4 NTU, 2.76 mg/l and 5.46 mg/l respectively, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total soluble solids, total alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature were discovered to be within the WHO permitted range with mean values of 0.36 mg/l, 0.11 mg/l, 0.067 mg/l, 0.01 mg/l, 53.13 mg/l, 8.14 mg/l, 148.9 μS/cm and 18.57 °C respectively. Total coliforms were found in all waters samples whilst faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli were recorded in the range 20–3000 CFU/100 mL. Ammonia, turbidity, pH and electrical conductivity were found to significantly influence microbial densities in the drinking water. Filtered and treated water sample recorded a 0 CFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms value which indicates that the water is in conformity to water quality standards. However, total coliforms in the range of 3000 to 5000 CFU/100 mL were found in all water samples indicating contamination hence treatment is recommended before drinking it. In contemporary times of increased urbanization and water pollution, this research will assist in the effort to provide safe water and sanitation for all city residents.

Assessment of Water Quality Index and Water Suitability of the Tigris River for drinking water within Baghdad City, Iraq

In this study water quality was indicated in terms of Water Quality Index that was determined through summarizing multiple parameters of water test results. This index offers a useful representation of the overall quality of water for public or any intended use as well as indicating pollution, water quality management and decision making. The application of Water Quality Index(WQI) with sixteen physicochemical water quality parameters was performed to evaluate the quality of Tigris River water for drinking usage. This was done by subjecting the water samples collected from eight stations in Baghdad city during the period 2004-2010 to comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The sixteen physicochemical parameters included: Turbidity, Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), pH value, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sulphate (SO4 -2), Chloride (Cl-), Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Nitrite (NO2-), Nitrate (NO3-), Ammonia (NH3), and Orthophosphate (PO4-3). The average annual overall WQI was 224.32 through the study period. The high value of average annual overall WQI obtained is a result of the high concentrations of turbidity, total hardness, electrical conductivity, and total solids which can be attributed to the various human activities taking place at the river banks. From this analysis the quality of the Tigris River is classified as "very poor quality" ranging poor water at the river upstream near Al-Karhk WTP and unsuitable for drinking at the river downstream near Al-Wahda WTP and would need further treatment. The present study demonstrated the application of WQI in estimating and understanding the water quality of Tigris River. WQI appears to be promising in water quality management and a valuable tool in categorizing pollution sources in surface waters.

Rhizofiltration potential of floating aquatic macrophytes (FAMs) in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) tanks

Currently additional sustainable ways to mitigate the degradation of water quality are being researched all over the world. Phytoremediation is one of the serious efforts towards sustainability. The main objective of this study was to assess the rhizofiltration potential of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), common duckweed (Lemna minor) and mosquito fern (Azolla pinnata) on the removal of total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) in circular outdoor tanks. Physico-chemical water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and pH were also monitored. It was observed that the mean initial TAN concentration in all treatments were statistically comparable. In the final TAN concentration, tank with L. minor had the highest TAN concentration which was significantly different to tanks with P. stratiotes and A. pinnata. Likewise, tanks with L. minor had the lowest removal efficiency. For the DO concentration, it was observed that DO in all treatments was depleted in the first one week of the study. However, on the ninth day of the study, DO started to rise. Tanks with P. stratiotes had shown the highest trend among treatments. Mean temperature and pH in all treatments were statistically comparable. For the relationship of root length and TAN removal efficiency of floating aquatic macrophytes, it was observed that there was a strong positive correlation. These results show that the utilization of these floating aquatic macrophytes as bioremediator in small-scale tilapia production are feasible. In addition, other physico-chemical water quality parameters such as phosphorus, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, and nitrite can be conducted.

Effect of land use and environmental variables on phytoplankton community structure in high-elevation river, upper Yangtze river, China

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an ecologically fragile region. The changes in physicochemical parameters of water quality [PPOWQ] and land use types [LUT] in different regions will affect the phytoplankton community in rivers, thus threatening the ecosystem. Taking the phytoplankton community as an indicator variable, it is of great significance to study the relative influence of symbiotic factors on regulating human activities and river ecological protection. The results showed that the proportions of Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta, and Chlorophyta were &amp;gt;84% in the phytoplankton community of taxa composition. The abundance of the phytoplankton community varied from 1.47 × 105 to 7.58 × 105 cells/L. Bacillariophyta had the highest average abundance (&amp;gt;82%). The results of the variance partitioning analysis showed that PPOWQ was the main variable affecting the changes in the phytoplankton community. Redundancy analysis showed that local factors (total nitrogen, salinity, water temperature) and regional factors (forestland, grassland, unused land) (p &amp;lt; 0.05) were the main factors causing the changes in community structure and abundance of dominant algae. The analysis of structural equation models showed that LUT had the least direct impact on the abundance of the phytoplankton community, mainly through changing nutrients and physical parameters. Water temperature and nutrients are still the main factors affecting phytoplankton community abundance. Farmland and forestland are the main sources of total nitrogen in rivers. In general, in the ecologically vulnerable area, it is of guiding significance for the ecological monitoring and management of plateau rivers. In addition to considering water quality, it is also necessary to reasonably plan the LUT around rivers.

Spatio-temporal investigation of physico-chemical water quality parameters based on comparative assessment of QUAL 2Kw and WASP model for the upper reaches of Yamuna River stretching from Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur district to Cullackpur, North Delhi districts of North India

An accurate investigation of bio-physical and chemical parameters as proxy of in situ water quality conditions in the Himalayan region is highly challenging owing to cumbersome, strenuous, and physically exhausting sampling exercises at high altitude locations. The upper stretches of Yamuna River in the Himachal Pradesh are typical examples of such sampling locations that have rarely been examined in the past studies. A widely accepted and recognized QUAL 2Kw model is applied for estimating the water quality parameters on the upper segment of the Yamuna River from Paonta Sahib to Cullackpur. These water quality indicators mainly included electric conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, carbonaceous biological oxygen demand (CBOD), inorganic suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and alkalinity, which were systematically investigated for predicting the spatio-temporal trends during the year 2018. A total of 12 distantly located river sites were identified for sample collection and data validation using QUAL 2Kw model. The present investigation attempts to reveal long-term degraded impact of untreated wastewater and biased agricultural practices on the water quality conditions over the upper stretches of Yamuna River. The QUAL 2Kw-derived values for selected variables were inter-compared with in situ values, and any deviation from measured values was ascertained based on meaningful statistical measures. The lower error of RMSE, MRE, and BIAS, corresponding to < 15%, ± 10%., ± 20%, and ~ 1 slope evidently indicated better matchup of values, wherein, higher slope correlation coefficient (R2) of ~ 90% indicated the robust performance of the QUAL 2Kw algorithm in accurately predicting the chosen variables. A comparative assessment of QUAL 2Kw and WASP has been performed to justify aptness of water quality model in scenarios of lean flow.

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of ground water Quality in Agra City

The minimum to maximum temperature value was observed 22ºC to 25.2ºC while pH value ranged between 7.2 (P-9) to 7.9 (P-1) . The minimum to maximum Turbidity value was observed 5 (P-7) to 17.9 (P-11) NTU. The minimum to maximum TDS value was observed 1540 (P-10) to 4950 (mg/l (P-4). The minimum and maximum Total Hardness value was observed 240 (P-3) to 1250 mg/l (P-7) . The minimum to maximum Calcium Hardness value was observed 75(P-3) to 436 mg/l (P-9). The minimum to maximum Magnesium Hardness value was observed 25.6 (P-6) to 139 mg/l (P-9). The highly positive correlated value were found between total hardness and Magnesium (0.944) , TDS and Chloride (0.913). Highly negatively correlated value were, pH and (-0.640).The result comes out of study shows that the ground water in some area are unfit for drinking purposes .

Cypermethrin insecticide residue, water quality and phytoplankton diversity in the lychee plantation catchment area

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Lychee plantation areas are typically located at varying elevations on mountains to ensure proper drainage. This placement has direct effects on stream and river water flows and consequently influences pesticide residue, water quality and aquatic biodiversity. This research aims to examine the relationships between cypermethrin residue, water quality and phytoplankton diversity in the lychee plantation catchment area in Phayao Province, Thailand, from January to May 2022. The study area was divided into six sampling sites. Water samples were collected for the investigation of cypermethrin residual, physicochemical and biological water quality parameters. The water quality index was used as an overall measurement of water quality. The study also examined the diversity of phytoplankton species and the relationship among cypermethrin residue, water quality and phytoplankton diversity were studied using canonical correspondence analysis. The findings revealed an increasing trend of cypermethrin residue, with the maximum concentration reaching 29.43 mg/L in March. The trend of decreasing water quality scores from Station S1 to Station S5 indicated the influence of land use changes and human activities, especially in the community area (S5), which was characterized by deterioration of water quality. A total of 174 phytoplankton species were categorized into 5 divisions, with Chlorophyta accounting for 61.49% of the total, followed by Bacillariophyta (28.16%) and Cyanophyta (6.32%). The highest Shannon's diversity index and evenness were observed at Stations S3 and S4, respectively. The canonical correspondence analysis revealed an interesting relationship among cypermethrin residue, ammonia nitrogen, chlorophyll a and three algal species: &lt;italic&gt;Pediastrum simplex&lt;/italic&gt; var. &lt;italic&gt;echinulatum&lt;/italic&gt;, &lt;italic&gt;Pediastrum duplex&lt;/italic&gt; var. &lt;italic&gt;duplex&lt;/italic&gt; and &lt;italic&gt;Scenedesmus acutus&lt;/italic&gt; at Station S3. This research implies that pesticide residue and water quality have a direct impact on phytoplankton distribution, illustrating the environmental challenges that occur in various geographical areas. This information can be applied to assist in the development of future sustainable land use management initiatives.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Food and feeding habits analysis ofSperata seenghala collected from Tapi River, Gujarat in relation to physicochemical water quality parameters

Food and feeding habits analysis ofSperata seenghala collected from Tapi River, Gujarat in relation to physicochemical water quality parameters

Assessment of Surface Water Quality by using Multivariate Statistical Techniques of Various Lakes of Kancheepuram District in Tamil Nadu, India.

Multivariate statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis/Factor analysis (PCA/FA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were used to characterize spatial and temporal variations and to find out the pollution source of 11 lakes of the Kancheepuram district, a northeast district of Tamilnadu in India. Sampling events were conducted during the northeast monsoon (Dec 2015 &amp; 2016) and Pre-monsoon (Oct 2016). The 20 physicochemical water quality parameters were used to analyze the collected water samples.In PCA, four components were demonstrated up to 73.12% of the total variance in the data set. It clarifies that variations in water quality parameters concentration are mainly identified with agricultural, industrial, domestic wastes, and natural factors. The CA showed the formation of three clusters based on the water quality variation at different locations. From the CA data, sampling sites were classified into high, moderate, and least polluted. Among these sites, Kolavai, Nattapettai and Uthiramerur were highly polluted because of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, these areas need some effective measures to enhance the quality of water.

Assessment of Surface Water Quality by using Multivariate Statistical Techniques of Various Lakes of Kancheepuram District in Tamil Nadu, India.

Multivariate statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis/Factor analysis (PCA/FA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were used to characterize spatial and temporal variations and to find out the pollution source of 11 lakes of the Kancheepuram district, a northeast district of Tamilnadu in India. Sampling events were conducted during the northeast monsoon (Dec 2015 &amp; 2016) and Pre-monsoon (Oct 2016). The 20 physicochemical water quality parameters were used to analyze the collected water samples. In PCA, four components were demonstrated up to 73.12% of the total variance in the data set. It clarifies that variations in water quality parameters concentration are mainly identified with agricultural, industrial, domestic wastes, and natural factors. The CA showed the formation of three clusters based on the water quality variation at different locations. From the CA data, sampling sites were classified into high, moderate, and least polluted. Among these sites, Kolavai, Nattapettai and Uthiramerur were highly polluted because of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, these areas need some effective measures to enhance the quality of water.

Physico-chemical analysis of the quality of sachet water and their source point sold in Bwari Area Council Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Monitoring of the physicochemical water quality parameters plays a vital role in assessing the water environment, and restoring water quality. This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of four brand of sachet water, and their source points using standard methods of American Public Health Association (APHA). The values for physical parameters which include temperature, colour, turbidity, total dissolved solid, and conductivity were all within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for both the source of water and sachet water. Chemical parameters include pH, chloride ion, electrical conductivity and alkalinity were also all within the WHO limit except total hardness which had a value of 222 mg/L for source of water (brand A) which was above the 200 mg/L limit of the WHO. The analysis of the heavy metals showed that iron and cadmium were not detected in all the samples analyzed, chromium was only found in brand A, with 0.10mg/mL for the source of water and 0.12 mg/L for the sachet water and this was above the WHO maximum contamination level of 0.05 mg/ml. Copper was found in all the samples ranging from 0.19 - 0.27 mg/ml for the source of water while a range of 0.15 - 0.24 mg/ml was recorded for the sachet water. There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in the values of heavy metals obtained. The values recorded for the source of water in this study was higher than the values for sachet water for most of the physicochemical parameters analyzed which could indicate that there is an effect of the treatment process on the sachet water.