Physical Trapping Research Articles

Physicochemical Confinement Effect Enables High-Performing Zinc-Iodine Batteries.

Zinc-iodine batteries are promising energy storage devices with the unique features of aqueous electrolytes and safer zinc. However, their performances are still limited by the polyiodide shuttle and the unclear redox mechanism of iodine species. Herein, a single iron atom was embedded in porous carbon with the atomic bridging structure of metal-nitrogen-carbon to not only enhance the confinement effect but also invoke the electrocatalytic redox conversion of iodine, thereby enabling the large capacity and good cycling stability of the zinc-iodine battery. In addition to the physical trapping effect of porous carbon with good electronic conductivity, the in situ experimental characterization and theoretical calculation reveal that the metal-nitrogen-carbon bridging structure modulates the electronic properties of carbon and adjusts the intrinsic activity for the reversible conversion of iodine via the thermodynamically favorable pathway. This work demonstrates that the physicochemical confinement effect can be invoked by the rational anchoring of a single metal atom with nitrogen in a porous carbon matrix to enhance the electrocatalytic redox conversion of iodine, which is crucial to fabricating high-performing zinc-iodine batteries and beyond by applying the fundamental principles.

CO2 Sequestration Overview in Geological Formations: Trapping Mechanisms Matrix Assessment

This review focuses on the consequences of the early and rapid deployment of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) technologies, which is currently recognized as a critical problem in fulfilling climate change mitigation objectives and as a viable alternative for countries throughout the world. Currently, the geological storage of CO2 is the most effective and, in many cases, the only viable short- to medium-term alternative for considerably moving towards CO2 sequestration in geological sinks and, thus, lowering net carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Furthermore, this review explores the global and environmental measurements of CO2 emissions, as well as the emphasis behind more efficient energy usage. The components of the CCS system are briefly examined, with an emphasis on the technologies that have been developed by previous scholars to support carbon capture, as well as the kinds of carbon geological formations that are suitable sinks for CO2. Additionally, the importance of carbon interaction and sequestration in unconventional formations are examined through case studies that are applied to coalbed seams and shale gas reservoirs. Numerous trapping processes are grouped and introduced in a constructive matrix to easily distinguish the broad trapping mechanisms, which are (1) chemical, (2) physicochemical, and (3) physical trapping, and each of these categories are further classified in depth based on their contribution to CO2 storage.

The Effect of Binder on the Structure and Performance of Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a reliable energy storage technology that have been used in various applications such as portable devices and power tools. However, the specific capacities of the electrode materials in the current LIB technology are approaching their theoretical limits which impedes their utilization in a variety of emerging applications such as long-range electric vehicles, next-generation mobile devices, and grid level energy storage and delivery. Therefore, alternative electrode materials with high specific capacity beyond the conventional LIB electrode materials are needed 1.Sulfur has been touted as a promising alternative cathode material in recent years. Sulfur offers superior theoretical capacity, and a high practical energy density when it is paired with a Li metal anode in so called Li-S batteries2. Non-toxicity, low cost and high natural abundance also make Sulfur environmentally and economically appealing. However, achieving the desired high energy density and long cycle life in Li-S batteries have been proven difficult because of the: (1) insulating nature of the two end products of charge and discharge; S8 and Li2S, (2) electrode degradation due to the volumetric change during cycling, and (3) dissolution of the Sulfur discharge products, Li-polysulfides (LiPSs), in the ether-based electrolyte, resulting in the “shuttling effect” that leads to capacity decay over extended cycling 3,4.In this work, new insights are presented on how the binder, its solvent, and dissolution process affect the electrode microstructure and performance. The Sulfur cathodes were prepared using commercially available Sulfur powder, carbon black and various binders and solvents. The cathode structures prepared using different binder and solvent combinations were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cycling performance of the Sulfur cathodes were tested in coin cells. The results showed considerable structural and performance variations between cathodes with similar binders but different solvents, or different treatment conditions with the same solvent. In particular, when binders were minimally dissolved in N-Methylpyrrolidone a porous shell-like structure was observed around the sulfur particles that evolved to a denser sponge-shape structure upon excessive dissolution. The porous shell structure resulted in enhanced performance and cycle life. Using spectroscopic data, it is possible that enhanced cycle life might be attributable to physical trapping of the LiPSs and providing a buffer for the volumetric change during discharge. Thus, a new perspective will be presented that the binder/solvent interaction can impact the performance of sulfur cathodes by manipulating both its structural and chemical behavior. These results are expected to provide a new understanding regarding the effect of binder and its processing on the performance of Li-S batteries and help to write a new narrative regarding electrode chemistry and preparation techniques for future applications.References M. Zhao et al., ACS Cent. Sci., 6, 1095–1104 (2020).A. Manthiram, Y. Fu, S.-H. Chung, C. Zu, and Y.-S. Su, Chem. Rev., 114, 11751–11787 (2014).A. Manthiram, Y. Fu, and Y.-S. Su, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 1125–1134 (2013).W. Ren, W. Ma, S. Zhang, and B. Tang, Energy Storage Mater., 23, 707–732 (2019).

Meringue-derived hierarchically porous carbon as an efficient polysulfide regulator for lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have garnered considerable attention as next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems because of their high theoretical energy density, natural abundance, and environmentally benign sulfur active material. However, the commercialization of Li-S batteries is still hampered by pronounced capacity fading over long-term cycling owing to lithium polysulfide shuttling behavior and parasitic reactions on the surface of the Li metal anode. Herein, nitrogen-doped porous carbon with a high specific surface area was derived from the sucrose-driven pore generation of bio-sustainable and low-cost meringue to overcome the abovementioned limitations and expedite the redox kinetics of sulfur species. After pyrolysis, carbon materials with a hierarchical pore structure were developed and utilized to coat the surface of the separators, denoted as the meringue-derived hierarchical porous carbon (MHPC) interlayer as polysulfide regulator. The experimental results demonstrate that the meringue-derived porous carbon interlayer effectively suppresses lithium polysulfide shuttling through physical and chemical trapping and facilitates redox reactions, leading to improved electrochemical performance. This work highlights a promising approach for converting sustainable biomass into energy storage materials.

SARS-CoV-2 wildlife surveillance surrounding mink farms in British Columbia, Canada.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect many wild and domestic animal species. Farmed American mink (Neovison vison) are particularly susceptible to infection. Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in farmed mink on three mink farms in British Columbia (BC), Canada between December 2020 and May 2021. In BC, mink farm density and proximity to wildlife habitats increase transmission risks from infected farmed mink. The objective of this study is to investigate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 spreading to and from wildlife in the area surrounding infected mink farms in BC, Canada, as well as to compare the effectiveness of physical and camera trapping surveillance methodologies. A combination of physical and camera trapping was used on and around three BC mink farms with active SARS-CoV-2 infections between January 22, 2021, and July 10, 2021. Samples from trapped animals, including escaped farmed mink, were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Camera images from one mink farm were reviewed to determine species and proximity to the mink barn. Seventy-one animals of nine species were captured and sampled. Three captured mink tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction and serology; the remaining samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2. Genotyping of the three positive mink indicated these were domestic (vs. wild) mink. A total of 440 animals of 16 species were photographed at the one farm where cameras were deployed. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in escaped farmed mink is concerning and demonstrates the potential for transmission from farmed mink to wildlife, particularly given the observation of wildlife known to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 near infected mink farms. Combined use of physical and camera trapping contributed to the breadth of the results and is strongly recommended for future surveillance.

Unexpected high suppression of ammonia volatilization loss by plastic film mulching in Korean maize cropping system

Plastic film mulching (PFM) as an agronomic practice was rapidly expanded to improve crop yield and quality, mainly due to improving soil water and temperature condition. PFM has been known to increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but its influence on ammonia (NH3) volatilization loss was not properly studied. To determine the impact of PFM on NH3 emission loss, PFM and no-mulching were designed as the main treatment. In addition, chemical (NPK) and organic fertilization plots as the sub-treatment were placed under the same mulching condition. In the NPK, the recommendation level (N-P2O5-K2O=186–35–74 kg ha-1) of chemical fertilizers was only applied for maize cultivation. In the organic fertilization, the mixture of barley and hairy vetch was cultivated during the fallow season and its whole biomass as green manure was incorporated for maize cultivation. PFM considerably improved average soil water and temperature regimes during cropping season by 0.02–0.05 m3 m-3 and 0.8–1.4 ℃ over no-mulching, respectively. These improved soil properties enhanced maize grain yield by around 95–270 and 80–300% in NPK and organic fertilization plots over no-mulching, respectively. The emission loss of NH3 gas which is highly water-soluble was 70–215% higher in NPK than organic fertilization under the same mulching. However, PFM significantly decreased seasonal NH3 emission loss by approximately 40–45% over no-mulching, probably due to physical trapping in water drops under the plastic film. To verify the suppression mechanism of NH3 emission loss by PFM, the emission rates of nitrous oxide (N2O) which is a water-insoluble gas were simultaneously monitored using the closed chamber method. Different from NH3 emission loss, PFM slightly increased N2O emission without a statistical difference, regardless of fertilization background. In conclusion, PFM could be a very useful cropping practice to decrease NH3 emission loss, as well as improve soil properties and crop productivity.

Coherent Light Shift on Alkaline-Earth Rydberg Atoms from Isolated Core Excitation without Autoionization

New experimental quantum simulation platforms have recently been implemented with divalent atoms trapped in optical tweezer arrays, with promising performance. The second valence electron also brings about new prospects through the so-called isolated core excitation (ICE). However, autoionization presents a strong limitation to this use. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a new approach to applying a sizable light shift to a Rydberg state with close-to-resonant ICE while avoiding autoionization. In particular, we investigate the ICE of ytterbium atoms in 1S0 Rydberg states. Spectroscopic studies of the induced autoionization and the light shift imparted to the Rydberg states are well accounted for with multichannel quantum defect theory. Such control over the inner electron without disturbing the Rydberg electron brings about a new tool for the targeted coherent manipulation of Rydberg states in quantum simulation or quantum computing experiments performed with alkaline-earth atoms.Received 1 November 2021Revised 15 February 2022Accepted 24 March 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.020327Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasAtom & ion trapping & guidingAutoionization & Auger processesPhysical SystemsRydberg atoms & moleculesAtomic, Molecular & OpticalQuantum Information

Multimodal Capturing of Polysulfides by Phosphorus‐Doped Carbon Composites for Flexible High‐Energy‐Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (Small 21/2022)

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries In article number 2200326, Kang-Jun Baeg, Jun-Woo Park, an co-workers develop high-energy-density flexible lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with high-loading, free-standing cathodes and chemically functionalized carbon mixture interlayers. The multimodal capturing effect via simultaneous physical trapping and strong chemical interactions is highly efficient for immobilizing the polysulfide. It leads to significantly improved electrochemical performance for flexible/portable electronics and electric vehicles.

Evaluation of the potential of glauconite in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin for large-scale carbon dioxide mineralization

Geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) storage is an essential and economical measure to mitigate global climate change. CO2 storage potential in sedimentary reservoirs is commonly passed over in favor of more reactive rock formations, such as basalts, because the latter offer rapid, permanent storage as carbonate minerals while the former are thought to only offer less permanent physical trapping of CO2. Nevertheless, recent research has demonstrated that carbonation reactions in glauconitic sandstones are favorable under realistic reservoir conditions, although the overall availability of glauconite for carbonation has not yet been quantified. Here, we use calculations based on 11,652 well logs to show that glauconitic sandstones offer significant and previously overlooked potential for sedimentary reservoir-based mineral carbonation. Our results demonstrate that hundreds of gigatons of CO2 could be sequestered by carbonating the immense quantity of glauconite underlying Alberta, Canada alone. Importantly, these glauconitic sandstones, and others worldwide, have long been exploited for their favorable hydrocarbon production capacity. Thus, global societies eager to limit greenhouse gas emissions may need to look no further than the reservoirs they are already exploiting. Moreover, because the requisite injection infrastructure is oftentimes still active, glauconitic sandstones may present the highest priority, lowest capital cost substrate for mineral carbonation worldwide.

Development of chitosan-based oleogels via crosslinking with vanillin using an emulsion templated approach: Structural characterization and their application as fat-replacer

In this study, we aimed to develop chitosan-based oleogels via crosslinking with vanillin using an emulsion-templated approach to allow the physical trapping of oil in the chitosan matrix. The role of Tween®60 to modulate the gelled network strength and the use of oleogels as a shortening substitute in cookies was also investigated. Four oleogels were structured using 0.75% chitosan by emulsion templates exclusively when vanillin was used (1.0% or 3.0%), resulting in a network able to entrap oil via the formation of Schiff bases with chitosan. All chitosan-oleogels presented adequate moisture (<3%), lipid content (>92%), high thermostability and moderate oil binding capacity (OBC). At 3.0% vanillin, the chitosan-oleogel displayed a more open microstructure and resulted in a weaker gel (↓G′) with lower OBC and mechanical resistance than the chitosan-oleogel with 1.0% vanillin. Tween®60 led to unstable oleogels during shearing, despite their higher hardness and adhesiveness due to a more compact microstructure. Chitosan-oleogel with 1.0% vanillin (without Tween®60) exhibited the best performance as a shortening substitute in cookies. Therefore, the emulsion-templated approach combined with the crosslinking modification of chitosan by vanillin enabled chitosan to form an edible oleogel to provide processed foods that are trans -fat-free with potential health-promoting properties. • Chitosan crosslinked with vanillin structured oleogels by emulsion-template approach. • Chitosan-oleogels show good mechanical strength, shear-thinning behavior and high thermostability. • Strength of oleogels was influenced by vanillin and Tween®60 contents. • Chitosan oleogel with 1.0% vanillin stood out as solid fat replacer in cookies.

High Specific Capacity of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Carbon Black/Chitosan- and Carbon Black/Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Coated Separators

In this research, the shuttle effect and the low sulfur activation of lithium–sulfur batteries were mitigated by coating the cathode side of Celgard 2400 separators with mixtures of carbon black/chitosan or carbon black/polyvinylidene fluoride using the simple slurry technique. Carbon nanoparticles and the polar groups of the polymers were responsible for boosting the reaction kinetics of sulfur and the chemical and physical trapping of lithium polysulfides. The adsorption of sulfur species in the coated separators was confirmed by the morphologic changes observed in the AFM and SEM images and by the new elements presented in the EDX spectra after 100 charge/discharge cycles. The high intensity of the peaks in the cyclic voltammograms and the long plateaus in the discharge profiles support the improvement in the reaction kinetics. The batteries with the carbon black/chitosan- and carbon black/polyvinylidene fluoride-coated separators reached high specific discharge capacities of 833 and 698 mAhg−1, respectively, after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. This is promising for this kind of technology, and detailed results are presented in the article.

Erratum: Dispersive optical detection of magnetic Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases [Phys. Rev. A 96 , 022705 (2017)

Received 13 February 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.105.029901©2022 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasAtom & ion trapping & guidingBose gasesLaser spectroscopyScattering of atoms, molecules, clusters & ionsUltracold collisionsAtomic, Molecular & Optical

Attachment of positively and negatively charged submicron polystyrene plastics on nine typical soils

Microplastics (MPs) have attracted increasing concern as emerging contaminants of global importance in recent years. Soil is considered an important sink for MPs. Due to environmental weathering, MP surfaces are often charged, but there are limited studies on the interaction of differentially charged MP with soils. This study constructed Derjaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek (DLVO) potential energy profiles, investigated the interaction mechanism of polystyrene MPs (0.2 µm) with positive (MP+) and negative (MP-) charges on nine typical soils through quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity. The attachment of MPs to different soils fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. The attachment isotherm data of MP+ fitted the linear model better, while the MP- data fitted the Langmuir model. The attachment capacity of MPs was significantly correlated with the zeta potential of soils. These results, as well as the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images of soils, indicated that electrostatic interactions and physical trapping were the dominant mechanisms for MP attachment to soils. These results showed a strong affinity for MPs attachment on soil and gave insights to predict the transport, fate and ecological effect of different charged MPs in soil.

Extent of Information Utilization Behaviour of Vegetable Growers Regarding Integrated Pest Management Practices

The study was undertaken in the Jaipur district of Rajasthan. Chomu and Amber tehsil were selected for the research purpose as Chomu and Amber have the maximum number of vegetable growers in the Jaipur district. List of villages in the selected tehsils were prepared, out of which, eight villages had the maximum number of vegetable growers from the two identified Tehsils. From each selected villages a sample of 15 respondents was selected randomly making a total of 120 respondents. It is evident from the study that the highest level of utilization was found in respect of the application of Cultural practices as summer ploughing followed by crop rotation. In Mechanical/ physical practices mass trapping of pests followed by use of pheromone traps was majorly utilized. Among Biological practices, use of predators followed by use of beneficial insects and among Chemical practices, uses of pesticides followed by safe application of pesticides were the major practices utilized.

Effect evaluation and benefit analysis of different trapping methods for fruit flies on sugar oranges

&lt;p&gt;Citrus fruit flies are a major kind of quarantine pest that spreads with a potential outbreak in citrus producing areas in Zhaoqing. A variety of fruit flies can be monitored and controlled by physical methods. However, there is a lack of effect evaluation of trapping fruit flies during production. In this study, the effects of different physical trapping methods were tested for bactrocera minax (b. minax) and bactrocera dorsalis (b. dorsalis) in the sugar orange orchards in Zhaoqing. The result showed that in a non-fruiting orchard and fruiting orchard respectively, the numbers of bactrocera dorsalis trapped by sex pheromones were 110 and 32, 25.7 and 6 by food attractants, and 24 and 5 by yellow sticky boards. While the number of bactrocera dorsalis trapped by sex pheromones was significantly higher than that by food attractants and yellow sticky boards, the number of species and quantity of insects trapped by food attractants and yellow sticky boards were, however, higher than by sex pheromones, and bactrocera minax were also trapped. From October to December, there were two peaks of trapped numbers of bactrocera dorsalis, while the number of the bactrocera minax remained stable. In terms of cost per mu, the costs for the first trapping cycle were 55, 40 and 40 yuan per mu by sex pheromones, food attractants and yellow sticky boards respectively, and 15, 40 and 40 yuan per mu after the second trapping cycle. None of the three methods involved contact between lethal chemicals and the fruit. In light of the yearly outbreak due to the life cycles of these two fruit flies, a variety of trapping methods with comprehensive prevention and control measures should be applied starting from the management of non-fruiting orchards, so as to promote pesticide reduction and green plant protection.&lt;/p&gt;

Trapping analytes into dynamic hot spots using Tyramine-medicated crosslinking chemistry for designing versatile sensor

HypothesisDue to the intrinsic nature of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the detection of molecules with weak binding affinities toward metal substrates is critical for development of a universal SERS sensing platform. We hypothesized the physical trapping of small pesticide molecules for active hot spot generation using tyramine-mediated crosslinking chemistry and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) enhances SERS detection sensitivity. ExperimentsTyramine-mediated crosslinking chemistry for sensor application was validated by ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Raman spectroscopy. SERS sensing platform using tyramine-mediated crosslinking reaction was systematically studied for detection of 1,4-dyethylnylbenzene as a model analyte. This sensor system was applied to detect two other pesticides, thiabendazole and 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene, which have different binding affinities toward metal surfaces. FindingsThe SERS signal of 1,4-dyethylnylbenzene obtained using this sensor system was 3.6 times stronger than that obtained using the Ag colloidal due to the nanogap of approximately 1.3 nm within the generated hot spots. This sensor system based on tyramine-mediated crosslinked Ag NPs was evaluated as a promising tool to achieve a solution based sensitive detection of various pesticide molecules that cannot be adsorbed on the surfaces of typical SERS substrates such as metal nanoparticles.

TiO2 Decorated Low-Molecular Chitosan a Microsized Adsorbent for a 68Ge/68Ga Generator System.

We report column material for a 68Ge/68Ga generator with acid resistance and excellent adsorption and desorption capacity of 68Ge and 68Ga, respectively. Despite being a core element of the 68Ge/68Ga generator system, research on this has been insufficient. Therefore, we synthesized a low molecular chitosan-based TiO2 (LC-TiO2) adsorbent via a physical trapping method as a durable 68Ge/68Ga generator column material. The adsorption/desorption studies exhibited a higher separation factor of 68Ge/68Ga in the concentration range of HCl examined (0.01 M to 1.0 M). The prepared LC-TiO2 adsorbent showed acid resistance capabilities with >93% of 68Ga elution yield and 1.6 × 10−4% of 68Ge breakthrough. In particular, the labeling efficiency of DOTA and NOTA, by using the generator eluted 68Ga, was quite encouraging and confirmed to be 99.65 and 99.69%, respectively. Accordingly, the resulting behavior of LC-TiO2 towards 68Ge/68Ga adsorption/desorption capacity and stability with aqueous HCl exhibited a high potential for ion-exchange solid-phase extraction for the 68Ge/68Ga generator column material.

Estimating Caprock Impact on CO2 Migration in the Gassum Formation Using 2D Seismic Line Data

Realizable CO2 storage potential for saline formations without closed lateral boundaries depends on the combined effects of physical and chemical trapping mechanisms to prevent long-term migration out of the defined storage area. One such mechanism is the topography of the caprock surface, which may retain CO2 in structural pockets along the migration path. Past theoretical and modeling studies suggest that even traps too small to be accurately described by seismic data may play a significant role. In this study, we use real but scarce seismic data from the Gassum Formation of the Norwegian Continental shelf to estimate the impact of topographical features of the top seal in limiting CO2 migration. We seek to estimate the amount of macro- and sub-scale trapping potential of the formation based on a few dozen interpreted 2D seismic lines and identified faults. We generate multiple high-resolution realizations of the top surface, constructed to be faithful to both large-scale topography and small-scale statistical properties. The structural trapping and plume retardation potential of these top surfaces is subsequently estimated using spill-point (static) analysis and dynamical flow simulation. By applying these techniques on a large ensemble of top surface realizations generated using a combination of stochastic realizations and systematic variation of key model parameters, we explore the range of possible impacts on plume advancement, physical trapping and migration direction. The stochastic analysis of trapping capacity and retardation efficiency in statistically generated, sub-seismic resolution features may also be applied for surfaces generated from 3D data.

Hydrocolloid coated oleosomes for development of oleogels

Oleosomes are a micron sized mass of oil droplets enclosed by a specific membrane of protein-phospholipid mixtures typically found in plants and microorganisms to serve as an energy reserve for potential needs. Interest in plant-derived oleosomes in the food industry has recently grown significantly, as these unique natural emulsions are made of unrefined natural oil phase. In a similar way, there is also significant interest in converting liquid oil emulsions into soft solid oleogel structures through physical trapping with water-soluble biopolymers. Natural oleosome suspensions were stabilized with xanthan and pectin hydrocolloids and converted for the first time in this study into oleosome templated oleogel structures. 1–1.5% of hydrocolloid was sufficient to encapsulate oleosomes when electrostatic deposition was used and upon drying a soft solid structure was obtained. Oleosomes coated with xanthan gum resulted in oleogels structures with higher firmness and elastic modulus values compared pectin coated samples. These findings provided novel information in designing the gels structures composed of unrefined, natural oil in the form of oleosomes.

Geochemical reactions and their effect on CO2 storage efficiency during the whole process of CO2 EOR and subsequent storage

CO2-formation water-rock geochemical reactions can occur, affecting the reservoir physical properties and CO2 trapping forms during the CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) process. In this paper, based on the properties of the reservoir and fluids in a high-temperature oil reservoir, a comprehensive model, including formation water evaporation, dissolution, diffusion of CO2 in water, CO2-water-rock geochemical reactions, and relation of porosity and permeability, is established to simulate the CO2 EOR process and subsequent geological storage. The geochemical reactions and CO2 trapping forms in these two stages are analyzed using this model, and the influences of reservoir heterogeneity and different CO2 injection schemes on EOR and CO2 geological storage are studied. The results show that the geochemical reactions can change reservoir porosity and permeability, but their effect is little, and most of the injected CO2 is trapped as the supercritical gas during the CO2 EOR process. During the stage of CO2 geological storage, the supercritical CO2 continuously converts into mineral form under the action of geochemical reactions, which results in the reservoir pressure decreasing. Whether the reservoir is heterogeneous or homogenous, the water-alternating-gas (WAG) scheme should be the first choice because it can enhance both oil recovery and CO2 storage efficiency in the EOR process. The injection of CO2 after the CO2 EOR process can improve the CO2 storage capacity and simultaneously maintain the reservoir pressure stabilization.